# 40 - Human Performance and Limitations Total questions: 52 --- ### Q1: The majority of aviation accidents are caused by... ^q1 - A) Technical failure. - B) Meteorological influences. - C) Human failure. - D) Geographical influences. **Correct: C)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q2: The swiss cheese model can be used to explain the... ^q2 - A) State of readiness of a pilot. - B) Procedure for an emergency landing. - C) Optimal problem solution. - D) Error chain. **Correct: D)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q3: What is the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere at 6000 ft? ^q3 - A) 78 % - B) 12 % - C) 21 % - D) 18.9 % **Correct: C)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q4: What is the percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere? ^q4 - A) 21 % - B) 78 % - C) 0.1 % - D) 1 % **Correct: B)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q5: At which altitude is the atmospheric pressure approximately half the MSL value (1013 hPa)? ^q5 - A) 18000 ft - B) 22000 ft - C) 10000 ft - D) 5000 ft **Correct: A)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q6: Air consists of oxygen, nitrogen and other gases. What is the approximate percentage of other gases? ^q6 - A) 21 % - B) 1 % - C) 78 % - D) 0.1 % **Correct: B)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q7: Carbon monoxide poisoning can be caused by... ^q7 - A) Alcohol. - B) Unhealthy food. - C) Little sleep. - D) Smoking. **Correct: D)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q8: What does the term Red-out mean? ^q8 - A) "Red vision" during negative g-loads - B) Falsified colour perception during sunrise and sunset - C) Anaemia caused by an injury - D) Rash during decompression sickness **Correct: A)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q9: Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hyperventilaton? ^q9 - A) Cyanose - B) Disturbance of consciousness - C) Spasm - D) Tingling **Correct: A)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q10: Which of the following symptoms may indicate hypoxia? ^q10 - A) Joint pain in knees and feet - B) Muscle cramps in the upper body area - C) Blue discolouration of lips and fingernails - D) Blue marks all over the body **Correct: C)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q11: Which of the human senses is most influenced by hypoxia? ^q11 - A) The oltfactory perception (smell) - B) The tactile perception (sense of touch) - C) The auditory perception (hearing) - D) The visual perception (vision) **Correct: D)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q12: From which altitude on does the body usually react to the decreasing atmospheric pressure? ^q12 - A) 2000 feet - B) 10000 feet - C) 12000 feet - D) 7000 feet **Correct: D)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q13: Which altitude marks the lower limit where the the body is unable to completely compensate the effects of the low atmospheric pressure? ^q13 - A) 5000 feet - B) 22000 feet - C) 12000 feet - D) 7000 feet **Correct: C)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q14: What is the function of the red blood cells (erythrocytes)? ^q14 - A) Blood coagulation - B) Blood sugar regulation - C) Oxygen transport - D) Immune defense **Correct: C)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q15: Which of the following is responsible for the blood coagulation? ^q15 - A) Capillaries of the arteries - B) Red blood cells (erythrocytes) - C) Blood plates (thrombocytes) - D) White blood cells (leucocytes) **Correct: C)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q16: What is the function of the white blood cells (leucocytes)? ^q16 - A) Immune defense - B) Blood coagulation - C) Oxygen transport - D) Blood sugar regulation **Correct: A)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q17: What is the function of the blood platelets (thrombocytes)? ^q17 - A) Oxygen transport - B) Blood sugar regulation - C) Immune defense - D) Blood coagulation **Correct: D)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q18: Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for hypoxia? ^q18 - A) Blood donation - B) Smoking - C) Menstruation - D) Diving **Correct: D)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q19: What is an appropriate reaction when a passenger during cruise flight suddenly feels uncomfortable? ^q19 - A) Avoid conversation and choose a higher airspeed - B) Adjust cabin temperature and prevent excessive bank - C) Switch on the heater blower and provide thermal blankets - D) Give additional oxygen and avoid low load factors **Correct: B)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q20: What ist the correct term for an involuntary and stereotypical reaction of an organism to the stimulation of a receptor? ^q20 - A) Reduction - B) Coherence - C) Virulence - D) Reflex **Correct: D)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q21: What is the correct term for the system which, among others, controls breathing, digestion, and heart frequency? ^q21 - A) Critical nervous system - B) Autonomic nervous system - C) Automatical nervous system - D) Compliant nervous system **Correct: B)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q22: What is the parallax error? ^q22 - A) Wrong interpretation of instruments caused by the angle of vision - B) Misperception of speed during taxiing - C) Long-sightedness due to aging especially during night - D) A decoding error in communication between pilots **Correct: A)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q23: Which characteristic is important when choosing sunglasses used by pilots? ^q23 - A) Curved sidepiece - B) Non-polarised - C) Unbreakable - D) No UV filter **Correct: B)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q24: The connection between middle ear and nose and throat region is called... ^q24 - A) Inner ear. - B) Eardrum. - C) Cochlea. - D) Eustachian tube. **Correct: D)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q25: In which situation is it NOT possible to achieve a pressure compensation between the middle ear and the environment? ^q25 - A) During a light and slow climb - B) Breathing takes place using the mouth only - C) All windows are completely closed - D) The eustachien tube is blocked **Correct: D)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q26: Wings level after a longer period of turning can lead to the impression of... ^q26 - A) Starting a climb. - B) Steady turning in the same direction as before. - C) Turning into the opposite direction. - D) Starting a descent. **Correct: C)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q27: Which of the following options does NOT stimulate motion sickness (disorientation)? ^q27 - A) Non-accelerated straight and level flight - B) Head movements during turns - C) Turbulence in level flight - D) Flying under the influence of alcohol **Correct: A)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q28: Which optical illusion might be caused by a runway with an upslope during the approach? ^q28 - A) The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too low and therefore approaches the runway above the regular glide slope - B) The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too slow and speeds up above the normal approach speed - C) The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too fast and reduces the speed below the normal approach speed - D) The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too high and therefore descents below the regular glide slope **Correct: D)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q29: What impression may be caused when approaching a runway with an upslope? ^q29 - A) An undershoot - B) A landing beside the centerline - C) An overshoot - D) A hard landing **Correct: C)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q30: The occurence of a vertigo is most likely when moving the head... ^q30 - A) During a turn. - B) During a straight horizontal flight. - C) During a climb. - D) During a descent. **Correct: A)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q31: A Grey-out is the result of... ^q31 - A) Hyperventilation. - B) Tiredness. - C) Hypoxia. - D) Positive g-forces. **Correct: D)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q32: Visual illusions are mostly caused by... ^q32 - A) Binocular vision. - B) Colour blindness. - C) Rapid eye movements. - D) Misinterpretation of the brain. **Correct: D)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q33: The average decrease of blood alcohol level for an adult in one hour is approximately... ^q33 - A) 0.01 percent. - B) 0.03 percent. - C) 0.1 percent. - D) 0.3 percent. **Correct: A)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q34: Which answer states a risk factor for diabetes? ^q34 - A) Sleep deficiency - B) Overweight - C) Smoking - D) Alcohol consumption **Correct: B)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q35: A risk factor for decompression sickness is... ^q35 - A) Sports. - B) 100 % oxygen after decompression. - C) Scuba diving prior to flight. - D) Smoking. **Correct: C)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q36: Which statement is correct with regard to the short-term memory? ^q36 - A) It can store 7 (±2) items for 10 to 20 seconds - B) It can store 5 (±2) items for 1 to 2 minutes - C) It can store 10 (±5) items for 30 to 60 seconds - D) It can store 3 (±1) items for 5 to 10 seconds **Correct: A)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q37: For what approximate time period can the short-time memory store information? ^q37 - A) 3 to 7 seconds - B) 10 to 20 seconds - C) 35 to 50 seconds - D) 30 to 40 seconds **Correct: B)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q38: What is a latent error? ^q38 - A) An error which only has consequences after landing - B) An error which has an immediate effect on the controls - C) An error which is made by the pilot actively and consciously - D) An error which remains undetected in the system for a long time **Correct: D)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q39: The ongoing process to monitor the current flight situation is called... ^q39 - A) Situational thinking. - B) Situational awareness. - C) Anticipatory check procedure. - D) Constant flight check. **Correct: B)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q40: Regarding the communication model, how can the use of the same code during radio communication be ensured? ^q40 - A) By the use of proper headsets - B) By a particular frequency allocation - C) By the use of radio phraseology - D) By using radios certified for aviation use only **Correct: C)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q41: In what different ways can a risk be handled appropriately? ^q41 - A) Avoid, ignore, palliate, reduce - B) Avoid, reduce, transfer, accept - C) Extrude, avoid, palliate, transfer - D) Ignore, accept, transfer, extrude **Correct: B)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q42: Under which circumstances is it more likely to accept higher risks? ^q42 - A) Due to group-dynamic effects - B) If there is not enough information available - C) During check flights due to a high level of nervousness - D) During flight planning when excellent weather is forecast **Correct: A)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q43: Which dangerous attitudes are often combined? ^q43 - A) Invulnerability and self-abandonment - B) Self-abandonment and macho - C) Macho and invulnerability - D) Impulsivity and carefulness **Correct: C)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q44: What is an indication for a macho attitude? ^q44 - A) Risky flight maneuvers to impress spectators on ground - B) Comprehensive risk assessment when faced with unfamiliar situations - C) Quick resignation in complex and critical situations - D) Careful walkaround procedure **Correct: A)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q45: Which factor can lead to human error? ^q45 - A) Proper use of checklists - B) The bias to see what we expect to see - C) Double check of relevant actions - D) To be doubtful if something looks unclear or ambiguous **Correct: B)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q46: What is the best combination of traits with respect to the individual attitude and behaviour for a pilot? ^q46 - A) Introverted - stable - B) Introverted - unstable - C) Extroverted - stable - D) Extroverted - unstable **Correct: C)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q47: Complacency is a risk due to... ^q47 - A) Increased cockpit automation. - B) The high error rate of technical systems. - C) The high number of mistakes normally made by humans. - D) Better training options for young pilots. **Correct: A)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q48: The ideal level of arousal is at which point in the diagram? See figure (HPL- 002) P = Performance A = Arousal / Stress Siehe Anlage 1 ^q48 - A) Point B - B) Point C - C) Point D - D) Point A **Correct: A)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q49: At which point in the diagram will a pilot find himself to be overstrained? See figure (HPL-002) P = Perfromance A = Arousal / Stress Siehe Anlage 1 ^q49 - A) Point B - B) Point C - C) Point A - D) Point D **Correct: D)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q50: Which of the following qualities are influenced by stress? 1. Attention 2. Concentration 3. Responsiveness 4. Memory ^q50 - A) .1, 2, 3 - B) .2, 4 - C) 1 - D) 1, 2, 3, 4 **Correct: D)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q51: Which answer is correct concerning stress? ^q51 - A) Everybody reacts to stress in the same manner - B) Stress and its different symptoms are irrelevant for flight safety - C) Stress can occur if there seems to be no solution for a given problem - D) Training and experience have no influence on the occurence of stress **Correct: C)** > **Explanation:** --- ### Q52: During flight you have to solve a problem, how to you proceed? ^q52 - A) There is no time for solving problems during flight - B) Solve problem immediately, otherwise refer to the operationg handbook - C) Contact other pilot via radio for help, keep flying - D) Primarily fly the airplane and keep it stable, then attend to the problem and keep flying the airplane **Correct: D)** > **Explanation:** ---