# Flight Performance and Planning --- ### Q91: The upper limit of LO R 16 equals... See annex (PFP-056) Siehe Anlage 1... ^t30q91 - A) 1 500 m MSL. - B) FL150. - C) 1 500 ft MSL. - D) 1.500 ft GND. **Correct: C)** > **Explanation:** The correct answer is C because restricted airspace areas (LO R) on Austrian and German aeronautical charts specify vertical limits using standard altitude references, and the annex PFP-056 shows 1,500 ft MSL as the upper limit. A (1,500 m MSL) confuses metres with feet -- 1,500 m is approximately 4,920 ft, over three times higher. B (FL150) represents flight level 150 at roughly 15,000 ft, entirely disproportionate for a low-level restricted area. D (1,500 ft GND) means above ground level, which would vary with terrain and is not the reference used for this published limit. ### Q92: The upper limit of LO R 4 equals... See annex (PFP-030) Siehe Anlage 2... ^t30q92 - A) 4.500 ft AGL. - B) 4.500 ft MSL - C) 1.500 ft AGL - D) 1.500 ft MSL. **Correct: B)** > **Explanation:** The correct answer is B because the annex PFP-030 shows restricted area LO R 4 with an upper limit of 4,500 ft MSL, a fixed altitude above mean sea level used as the standard reference for published airspace boundaries. A (4,500 ft AGL) uses an above-ground reference, which would produce different absolute altitudes over varying terrain. C (1,500 ft AGL) is both the wrong altitude value and the wrong datum. D (1,500 ft MSL) is too low by a factor of three and does not match the annex data. ### Q93: Up to which altitude is an overflight prohibited according to the NOTAM? See figure (PFP-024) Siehe Anlage 3... ^t30q93 - A) Height 9500 ft - B) Altitude 9500 ft MSL - C) Flight Level 95 - D) Altitude 9500 m MSL **Correct: B)** > **Explanation:** The correct answer is B because the NOTAM specifies the prohibition ceiling as 9,500 ft MSL (altitude above mean sea level). A uses "Height," which by ICAO convention means above ground level (AGL), a different reference. C (FL 95) is a pressure altitude referenced to 1013.25 hPa, which differs from an MSL altitude when the actual pressure deviates from standard. D (9,500 m MSL) confuses metres with feet -- 9,500 m is approximately 31,200 ft, far exceeding the intended restriction. ### Q94: (For this question, please use annex PFP-061) According ICAO, what symbol indicates a group of unlighted obstacles? (2,00 P.) Siehe Anlage 4... ^t30q94 - A) D - B) C - C) B - D) A **Correct: B)** > **Explanation:** The correct answer is B because ICAO Annex 4 aeronautical chart symbology uses distinct symbols for single vs. group obstacles and lighted vs. unlighted types. Based on the PFP-061 annex, symbol C represents a group of unlighted obstacles. A (symbol D) typically represents a group of lighted obstacles. C (symbol B) represents a single unlighted obstacle. D (symbol A) represents a single lighted obstacle. The symbols use specific ICAO-standard depictions with dots or asterisks to indicate lighting status. ### Q95: (For this question, please use annex PFP-062) According ICAO, what symbol indicates a civil airport (not international airport) with paved runway? (2,00 P.) Siehe Anlage 5... ^t30q95 - A) D - B) A - C) C - D) B **Correct: B)** > **Explanation:** The correct answer is B because ICAO Annex 4 defines specific symbols for different aerodrome types. Based on the PFP-062 annex, symbol A corresponds to a civil airport (non-international) with a paved runway. The other symbols (C, B, D) represent international airports, military aerodromes, or airports with unpaved runways. Correctly identifying aerodrome symbols on charts is essential for flight planning and navigation. ### Q96: (For this question, please use annex PFP-063) According ICAO, what symbol indicates a general spot elevation? (2,00 P.) Siehe Anlage 6... ^t30q96 - A) A - B) B - C) D - D) C **Correct: D)** > **Explanation:** The correct answer is D because on ICAO aeronautical charts, a general spot elevation (a surveyed terrain height point not associated with an obstacle) uses a specific dot-and-number symbol. Based on the PFP-063 annex, symbol C corresponds to this marking. A, B, and D represent other elevation-related symbols such as maximum elevation figures, obstruction elevations, or critical spot heights, each with distinct ICAO-standard depictions. ### Q97: The term center of gravity is defined as... ^t30q97 - A) Half the distance between the neutral point and the datum line. - B) Another designation for the neutral point. - C) Half the distance between the neutral point and the datum line. - D) The heaviest point on an aeroplane. **Correct: A)** > **Explanation:** The correct answer is A because the centre of gravity (CG) is the single point through which the total gravitational force on the aircraft acts -- it is the balance point of the entire mass distribution. Note that A and C present identical text; the correct definition is the point where total weight is considered to act. B is wrong because the neutral point is an aerodynamic stability reference, not the same as the CG. D is wrong because the CG is not the "heaviest point" but rather the point where the sum of all mass moments balances. ### Q98: The term moment with regard to a mass and balance calculation is referred to as... ^t30q98 - A) Sum of a mass and a balance arm. - B) Product of a mass and a balance arm. - C) Quotient of a mass and a balance arm. - D) Difference of a mass and a balance arm. **Correct: B)** > **Explanation:** The correct answer is B because in mass and balance calculations, a moment is defined as Moment = Mass x Arm (the product of a mass and its distance from the datum). This fundamental relationship allows the CG to be calculated by summing all moments and dividing by total mass. A (sum), C (quotient), and D (difference) are incorrect mathematical operations that do not yield a moment in the physical sense. ### Q99: The term balance arm in the context of a mass and balance calculation defines the... ^t30q99 - A) Point on the longitudinal axis of an aeroplane or its extension from which the centers of gravity of all masses are referenced. - B) Distance of a mass from the center of gravity - C) Distance from the datum to the center of gravity of a mass. - D) Point through which the force of gravity is said to act on a mass. **Correct: C)** > **Explanation:** The correct answer is C because the balance arm (moment arm) is the horizontal distance measured from the datum reference point to the centre of gravity of a particular mass item. A describes the datum itself, not the arm. B describes the distance from the aircraft CG, not from the datum. D defines the centre of gravity of an item, not the arm. The distinction between datum, arm, and CG is fundamental to all weight-and-balance calculations. ### Q100: Which is the purpose of interception lines in visual navigation? ^t30q100 - A) To mark the next available en-route airport during the flight - B) To visualize the range limitation from the departure aerodrome - C) They help to continue the flight when flight visibility drops below VFR minima - D) They are used as easily recognizable guidance upon a possible loss of orientation **Correct: D)** > **Explanation:** The correct answer is D because interception lines (also called catching lines or line features) are prominent linear ground features -- such as motorways, rivers, railways, or coastlines -- that a pilot deliberately navigates toward when orientation is lost. By flying perpendicular to a known interception line, the pilot can re-establish position. A is wrong because they are not used to mark airports. B is wrong because they do not indicate range limitations. C is wrong because flying below VFR minima is prohibited regardless of navigation aids.