From f3c802d4ecca5c384605162019dff2b440d28032 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Matthias Nott <mnott@mnsoft.org> Date: Sun, 22 Mar 2026 13:38:21 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] fix: answer corrections (Q82/Q104/Q110/20-Q82), single-term formatting, priority tables, formula terms --- SPL Exam Questions EN/80 - Principles of Flight.md | 77 ++++++++++++++++++++++---------------- 1 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-) diff --git a/SPL Exam Questions EN/80 - Principles of Flight.md b/SPL Exam Questions EN/80 - Principles of Flight.md index e605f2c..bab7a12 100644 --- a/SPL Exam Questions EN/80 - Principles of Flight.md +++ b/SPL Exam Questions EN/80 - Principles of Flight.md @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **AoA** = Angle of Attack +AoA = Angle of Attack ### Q4: Which component is responsible for pitch stabilisation during cruise? ^t80q4 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q4) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q4) @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **AoA** = Angle of Attack +AoA = Angle of Attack ### Q5: What can happen when the never-exceed speed (VNE) is surpassed in flight? ^t80q5 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q5) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q5) @@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed +VNE = Never Exceed Speed ### Q6: What effect does a rearward centre of gravity position have on a glider's handling? ^t80q6 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q6) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q6) @@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **CG** = Centre of Gravity +CG = Centre of Gravity ### Q7: What purpose does the vertical tail fin (rudder assembly) serve? ^t80q7 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q7) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q7) @@ -161,6 +161,7 @@ #### Key Terms - **n** — Load Factor (ratio of lift to weight: n = L/W) +n — Load Factor (ratio of lift to weight: n = L/W) ### Q9: What is the relationship between aspect ratio and induced drag? ^t80q9 @@ -182,9 +183,9 @@ #### Key Terms - **D_induced** — Induced Drag — drag created as a by-product of generating lift +- **CL** — Lift Coefficient — dimensionless measure of aerodynamic lift - **AR** — Aspect Ratio — ratio of wingspan² to wing area - **e** — Oswald Efficiency Factor — wing efficiency factor (1.0 for ideal elliptical lift distribution) -- **CL** — Lift Coefficient — dimensionless measure of aerodynamic lift ### Q10: When the elevator trim tab is deflected downward, what is the resulting pitch tendency? ^t80q10 @@ -223,6 +224,7 @@ #### Key Terms - **m** — mass of the aircraft +m — mass of the aircraft ### Q12: In straight and level flight, what happens to the required angle of attack as speed increases? ^t80q12 @@ -417,7 +419,8 @@ #### Key Terms -- **CL** = Lift Coefficient +- **CL** — Lift Coefficient — dimensionless measure of aerodynamic lift +CL = Lift Coefficient ### Q22: What is the primary function of an elevator trim tab? ^t80q22 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q22) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q22) @@ -455,6 +458,7 @@ #### Key Terms - **n** — Load Factor (ratio of lift to weight: n = L/W) +n — Load Factor (ratio of lift to weight: n = L/W) ### Q24: What is the centre of pressure of an aerofoil? ^t80q24 @@ -496,7 +500,8 @@ #### Key Terms -- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed +- **VNE** — Never Exceed Speed +VNE = Never Exceed Speed ### Q26: What is the Bernoulli principle as applied to an aerofoil? ^t80q26 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q26) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q26) @@ -550,7 +555,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **AGL** = Above Ground Level +AGL = Above Ground Level ### Q29: What does the term "washout" refer to in wing design? ^t80q29 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q29) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q29) @@ -706,7 +711,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **CL** = Lift Coefficient +CL = Lift Coefficient ### Q37: In which direction does the centre of pressure move as the angle of attack increases (pre-stall)? ^t80q37 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q37) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q37) @@ -726,7 +731,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **AoA** = Angle of Attack +AoA = Angle of Attack ### Q38: What determines the critical angle of attack at which a wing stalls? ^t80q38 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q38) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q38) @@ -832,7 +837,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **AoA** = Angle of Attack +AoA = Angle of Attack ### Q43: During a stall, how do lift and drag behave? ^t80q43 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q43) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q43) @@ -930,7 +935,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **AoA** = Angle of Attack +AoA = Angle of Attack ### Q47: The laminar boundary layer on the aerofoil lies between ^t80q47 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q47) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q47) @@ -1018,7 +1023,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere +ISA = International Standard Atmosphere ### Q52: During a sideslip, the permitted flap position is ^t80q52 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q52) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q52) @@ -1110,7 +1115,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization +ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization ### Q57: Density altitude always corresponds to ^t80q57 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q57) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q57) @@ -1195,7 +1200,8 @@ #### Key Terms -- **CG** = Centre of Gravity +- **CG** — Centre of Gravity +CG = Centre of Gravity ### Q61: The angle between the aerofoil chord line and the aircraft's longitudinal axis is called ^t80q61 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q61) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q61) @@ -1420,7 +1426,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **VA** = Manoeuvring Speed +VA = Manoeuvring Speed ### Q72: Wing tip vortices are caused by pressure equalisation from: ^t80q72 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q72) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q72) @@ -1474,7 +1480,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization +ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization ### Q75: Regarding airflow, the simplified continuity equation states: At the same moment, the same mass of air passes through different cross-sections. Therefore: ^t80q75 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q75) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q75) @@ -1564,7 +1570,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere +ISA = International Standard Atmosphere ### Q80: The speed displayed on the airspeed indicator (ASI) is a measurement of: ^t80q80 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q80) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q80) @@ -1618,7 +1624,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **CL** = Lift Coefficient +CL = Lift Coefficient ### Q83: The aerodynamic centre of an aerofoil in an airflow is the point of application of: ^t80q83 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q83) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q83) @@ -1672,7 +1678,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **TAS** = True Airspeed +TAS = True Airspeed ### Q86: Yaw stability of an aircraft is provided by: ^t80q86 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q86) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q86) @@ -1746,6 +1752,7 @@ #### Key Terms - **ρ** (rho) — air density +ρ (rho) — air density ### Q90: In the drawing below, the aerofoil chord is represented by: ^t80q90 @@ -1789,7 +1796,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **AoA** = Angle of Attack +AoA = Angle of Attack ### Q92: Given equal frontal area and equal airflow speed, what determines the drag of a body? ^t80q92 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q92) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q92) @@ -1952,7 +1959,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **AoA** = Angle of Attack +AoA = Angle of Attack ### Q99: What is the mean gravitational acceleration at the surface of the Earth? ^t80q99 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q99) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q99) @@ -1976,7 +1983,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere +ISA = International Standard Atmosphere ### Q100: True Airspeed (TAS) is obtained from the airspeed indicator (ASI) reading by: ^t80q100 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q100) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q100) @@ -2027,7 +2034,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **CG** = Centre of Gravity +CG = Centre of Gravity ### Q102: The high-lift device shown in the diagram is a: ^t80q102 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q102) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q102) @@ -2094,7 +2101,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization +ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization ### Q105: The airspeed indicator (ASI) reading is based on a measurement of: ^t80q105 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q105) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q105) @@ -2192,6 +2199,7 @@ #### Key Terms - **D** — Drag +D — Drag ### Q109: Barometric pressure in the Earth's atmosphere has the characteristic of: ^t80q109 @@ -2410,7 +2418,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **CG** = Centre of Gravity +CG = Centre of Gravity ### Q119: What benefit does differential aileron deflection provide? ^t80q119 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q119) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q119) @@ -2768,7 +2776,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **CG** = Centre of Gravity +CG = Centre of Gravity ### Q135: What distinguishes a spin from a spiral dive? ^t80q135 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q135) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q135) @@ -2812,7 +2820,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **CG** = Centre of Gravity +CG = Centre of Gravity ### Q137: Which structural element provides directional stability? ^t80q137 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q137) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q137) @@ -2858,7 +2866,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **AoA** = Angle of Attack +AoA = Angle of Attack ### Q139: What is one function of the horizontal tail? ^t80q139 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q139) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q139) @@ -2923,7 +2931,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **AoA** = Angle of Attack +AoA = Angle of Attack ### Q142: How is the force balance affected during a banked turn? ^t80q142 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q142) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q142) @@ -2971,7 +2979,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **TMG** = Touring Motor Glider +TMG = Touring Motor Glider ### Q144: What effect is known as "adverse yaw"? ^t80q144 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q144) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q144) @@ -3060,7 +3068,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **CG** = Centre of Gravity +CG = Centre of Gravity ### Q148: While approaching the next updraft, the variometer shows 3 m/s descent. You expect a mean climb rate of 2 m/s in the thermal. How should you set the McCready ring? ^t80q148 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q148) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q148) @@ -3106,6 +3114,7 @@ #### Key Terms - **D** — Drag +D — Drag ### Q150: On the aerofoil diagram, what does point number 3 represent? ^t80q150 @@ -3218,7 +3227,7 @@ #### Key Terms -- **CG** = Centre of Gravity +CG = Centre of Gravity ### Q155: Which description characterises static stability? ^t80q155 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q155) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q155) @@ -3306,6 +3315,7 @@ #### Key Terms - **D** — Drag +D — Drag ### Q159: "Longitudinal stability" refers to stability around which axis? ^t80q159 @@ -3352,6 +3362,7 @@ #### Key Terms - **D** — Drag +D — Drag ### Q161: What phenomenon is known as adverse yaw? ^t80q161 -- Gitblit v1.3.1