From eb62fc6c4c21fa4436dcf1283daa2be4e34d6f6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Matthias Nott <mnott@mnsoft.org> Date: Sun, 12 Apr 2026 20:53:21 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] # Add source references to German Air Law exam questions --- SPL Exam Questions EN/60 - Navigation.md | 1012 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 files changed, 997 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/SPL Exam Questions EN/60 - Navigation.md b/SPL Exam Questions EN/60 - Navigation.md index 93781c5..6048c6f 100644 --- a/SPL Exam Questions EN/60 - Navigation.md +++ b/SPL Exam Questions EN/60 - Navigation.md @@ -19,6 +19,13 @@ The Earth's rotational axis is the physical axis around which the planet spins, and it passes through the geographic (true) poles — not the magnetic poles. The geographic poles are fixed points defined by the rotational axis, while the magnetic poles are offset from them and drift over time due to changes in the Earth's molten core. + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q1 p.146](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=146) (score: 0.62) +- [QuizVDS Q1](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q1): Answer D +- PDF Answer: B + ### Q2: Which statement correctly describes the polar axis of the Earth? ^t60q2 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q2) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q2) @@ -38,6 +45,13 @@ - **Option A** confuses the tilt to the ecliptic with the relationship to the equator. + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q1 p.146](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=146) (score: 0.40) +- [QuizVDS Q2](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q2): Answer A +- PDF Answer: B + ### Q3: For navigation systems, which approximate geometrical shape best represents the Earth? ^t60q3 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q3) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q3) @@ -55,6 +69,10 @@ The Earth is not a perfect sphere — it is slightly flattened at the poles and bulges at the equator due to its rotation. This shape is called an oblate spheroid or ellipsoid. Modern navigation systems (including GPS) use the WGS-84 ellipsoid as the reference model, which accurately accounts for this flattening in coordinate calculations. + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**) ### Q4: Which of the following statements about a rhumb line is correct? ^t60q4 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q4) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q4) @@ -70,8 +88,32 @@ #### Explanation -A rhumb line (also called a loxodrome) is defined as a line that crosses every meridian of longitude at the same angle. This makes it useful for constant-heading navigation — a pilot can fly a rhumb line by maintaining a fixed compass heading. However, it is not the shortest path between two points; that distinction belongs to the great circle route. +A rhumb line (also called a loxodrome) is defined as a line that crosses every meridian of longitude at the same constant angle. + + +**Why is this useful?** A pilot can fly a rhumb line simply by maintaining a fixed compass heading — no course corrections needed. On a Mercator chart, a rhumb line appears as a straight line, making it easy to plot and follow. This is why Mercator projection is the standard for aviation charts. + +**Rhumb line (loxodrome) vs great circle (orthodrome):** + +| | Loxodrome (rhumb line) | Orthodrome (great circle) | +|---|---|---| +| Definition | Crosses all meridians at the same angle | Arc of the largest circle on the sphere | +| On Mercator chart | Straight line | Curved line (bows toward the poles) | +| Heading | Constant — no corrections needed | Changes continuously | +| Distance | Longer than great circle | Shortest possible path | +| Use case | Easy to fly with compass; ideal for short/medium distances | Long-distance routes (airlines); plotted, then flown as rhumb-line segments | + +For glider cross-country flights, the difference is negligible. For long-distance flights, pilots break the orthodrome into short rhumb-line segments with periodic heading updates. + +- **A** is wrong: the shortest path is an orthodrome (great circle), not a loxodrome. +- **C** is wrong: a loxodrome spirals toward the poles — its centre is not the Earth's centre (that defines a great circle). +- **D** is wrong: a loxodrome is not a great circle. + + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**) ### Q5: The shortest route between two points on the Earth's surface follows a segment of ^t60q5 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q5) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q5) @@ -87,8 +129,20 @@ #### Explanation -A great circle is any circle whose plane passes through the center of the Earth, and the arc of a great circle between two points is the shortest possible path along the Earth's surface (the geodesic). Parallels of latitude (except the equator) and rhumb lines are not great circles and do not represent the shortest path. Long-haul aircraft routes are planned along great circle tracks to minimize fuel and time. +A great circle (orthodrome) is any circle whose plane passes through the centre of the Earth, and the arc of a great circle between two points is the shortest possible path along the Earth's surface (the geodesic). + + +The figure shows the difference: a rhumb line (loxodrome) crosses all meridians at a constant angle but is longer; a great circle (orthodrome) is the shortest path but requires constantly changing heading. Long-haul aircraft routes follow great circle tracks to minimize fuel and time, broken into rhumb-line segments for practical navigation. + +- **A** (small circle) — a small circle does not pass through the Earth's centre and is never the shortest path. +- **C** (rhumb line) — a rhumb line is longer than the great circle (except along meridians or the equator where they coincide). +- **D** (parallel of latitude) — parallels (except the equator) are small circles, not great circles. + + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**) ### Q6: What is the approximate circumference of the Earth measured along the equator? ^t60q6 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q6) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q6) @@ -111,6 +165,12 @@ #### Key Terms NM = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q2 p.146](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=146) (score: 0.25) +- PDF Answer: C + ### Q7: What is the latitude difference between point A (12°53'30''N) and point B (07°34'30''S)? ^t60q7 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q7) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q7) @@ -131,6 +191,13 @@ #### Key Terms S — Wing Area — total planform area of the wings + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q7 p.147](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=147) (score: 0.33) +- [QuizVDS Q7](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q7): Answer D +- PDF Answer: D + ### Q8: At what positions are the two polar circles located? ^t60q8 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q8) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q8) @@ -147,6 +214,13 @@ #### Explanation The Arctic Circle lies at approximately 66.5°N and the Antarctic Circle at 66.5°S — which is 90° - 23.5° = 66.5°, placing them 23.5° away from their respective geographic poles. This 23.5° offset directly corresponds to the axial tilt of the Earth. The Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn (option A) are the ones located 23.5° from the equator. + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q54 p.118](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=118) (score: 0.20) +- [QuizVDS Q8](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q8): Answer A +- PDF Answer: D ### Q9: Along a meridian, what is the distance between the 48°N and 49°N parallels of latitude? ^t60q9 @@ -168,6 +242,13 @@ #### Key Terms NM = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q6 p.147](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=147) (score: 0.20) +- [QuizVDS Q9](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q9): Answer A +- PDF Answer: B + ### Q10: Along any line of longitude, what distance corresponds to one degree of latitude? ^t60q10 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q10) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q10) @@ -189,6 +270,13 @@ - **e** — Oswald Efficiency Factor — wing efficiency factor (1.0 for ideal elliptical lift distribution) - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q97 p.166](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=166) (score: 0.21) +- [QuizVDS Q10](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q10): Answer C +- PDF Answer: C + ### Q11: Point A lies at exactly 47°50'27''N latitude. Which point is precisely 240 NM north of A? ^t60q11 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q11) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q11) @@ -211,6 +299,10 @@ #### Key Terms NM = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- [ ] ~ [VV Q7 p.147](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=147) (clé: **B**, original: **B**) ### Q12: Along the equator, what is the distance between the 150°E and 151°E meridians? ^t60q12 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q12) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q12) @@ -231,6 +323,13 @@ #### Key Terms NM = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q97 p.166](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=166) (score: 0.23) +- [QuizVDS Q12](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q12): Answer D +- PDF Answer: C + ### Q13: When two points A and B on the equator are separated by exactly one degree of longitude, what is the great circle distance between them? ^t60q13 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q13) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q13) @@ -251,6 +350,13 @@ #### Key Terms NM = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q97 p.166](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=166) (score: 0.22) +- [QuizVDS Q13](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q13): Answer D +- PDF Answer: C + ### Q14: Consider two points A and B on the same parallel of latitude (not the equator). A is at 010°E and B at 020°E. The rhumb line distance between them is always ^t60q14 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q14) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q14) @@ -272,6 +378,10 @@ - **e** — Oswald Efficiency Factor — wing efficiency factor (1.0 for ideal elliptical lift distribution) - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**) ### Q15: How much time elapses as the sun traverses 20° of longitude? ^t60q15 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q15) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q15) @@ -289,6 +399,10 @@ The Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours, so it rotates 15° per hour, or 1° every 4 minutes. For 20° of longitude: 20 x 4 minutes = 80 minutes = 1 hour 20 minutes. Alternatively: 20° / 15°/h = 1.333 h = 1:20 h. This relationship (15°/hour or 4 min/degree) is essential for time zone calculations and solar noon determination. + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**) ### Q16: How much time passes as the sun crosses 10° of longitude? ^t60q16 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q16) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q16) @@ -312,6 +426,10 @@ #### Key Terms D — Drag + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q17: The sun traverses 10° of longitude. What is the corresponding time difference? ^t60q17 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q17) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q17) @@ -329,6 +447,10 @@ This is the same calculation as Q16 but expressed as a decimal fraction of an hour: 10° / 15°/h = 0.6667 h ≈ 0.66 h (40 minutes in decimal hours). Note that Q16 and Q17 appear to ask the same question but expect different answer formats — Q16 expects 0:40 h (40 minutes) while Q17 expects 0.66 h (the decimal equivalent). Both represent the same 40-minute time difference. + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **A**) ### Q18: If Central European Summer Time (CEST) is UTC+2, what is the UTC equivalent of 1600 CEST? ^t60q18 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q18) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q18) @@ -349,6 +471,10 @@ #### Key Terms ATC = Air Traffic Control + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q19: What is UTC? ^t60q19 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q19) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q19) @@ -369,6 +495,10 @@ #### Key Terms ATC = Air Traffic Control + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**) ### Q20: If Central European Time (CET) is UTC+1, what is the UTC equivalent of 1700 CET? ^t60q20 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q20) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q20) @@ -386,6 +516,10 @@ CET is UTC+1, meaning it is 1 hour ahead of UTC. To convert to UTC, subtract the offset: 1700 CET - 1 hour = 1600 UTC. Switzerland uses CET (UTC+1) in winter and CEST (UTC+2) in summer — knowing the current offset is essential when filing flight plans or reading NOTAMs. + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q21: Vienna (LOWW) is at 016°34'E and Salzburg (LOWS) at 013°00'E, both at approximately the same latitude. What is the difference in sunrise and sunset times (in UTC) between the two cities? ^t60q21 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q21) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q21) @@ -403,6 +537,10 @@ The difference in longitude is 016°34' - 013°00' = 3°34' ≈ 3.57°. At 4 minutes per degree, this gives approximately 14.3 minutes ≈ 14 minutes. Vienna is east of Salzburg, so the sun reaches Vienna earlier — both sunrise and sunset occur about 14 minutes earlier in Vienna (as seen in UTC). Local time zones disguise this difference, but in UTC the eastern location always sees solar events first. + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **A**) ### Q22: How is "civil twilight" defined? ^t60q22 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q22) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q22) @@ -423,6 +561,13 @@ #### Key Terms VFR = Visual Flight Rules + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q102 p.24](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=24) (score: 0.21) +- [QuizVDS Q22](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q22): Answer B +- PDF Answer: C + ### Q23: Given: WCA: -012°; TH: 125°; MC: 139°; DEV: 002°E. Determine TC, MH, and CH. ^t60q23 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q23) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q23) @@ -450,6 +595,10 @@ - **TH** = True Heading - **VAR** = Magnetic Variation - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **A**) ### Q24: Given: TC: 179°; WCA: -12°; VAR: 004° E; DEV: +002°. What are MH and MC? ^t60q24 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q24) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q24) @@ -476,6 +625,10 @@ - **TH** = True Heading - **VAR** = Magnetic Variation - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle + +#### Source + +- [ ] ~ [VV Q104 p.168](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=168) (clé: **B**, original: **B**) ### Q25: The angular difference between the true course and the true heading is known as the ^t60q25 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q25) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q25) @@ -496,6 +649,13 @@ #### Key Terms WCA = Wind Correction Angle + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q4 p.24](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=24) (score: 0.25) +- [QuizVDS Q25](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q25): Answer D +- PDF Answer: D + ### Q26: The angular difference between the magnetic course and the true course is called ^t60q26 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q26) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q26) @@ -516,6 +676,13 @@ #### Key Terms WCA = Wind Correction Angle + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q4 p.24](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=24) (score: 0.27) +- [QuizVDS Q26](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q26): Answer B +- PDF Answer: D + ### Q27: How is "magnetic course" (MC) defined? ^t60q27 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q27) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q27) @@ -536,6 +703,13 @@ #### Key Terms MC = Magnetic Course + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q1 p.146](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=146) (score: 0.24) +- [QuizVDS Q27](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q27): Answer B +- PDF Answer: B + ### Q28: How is "True Course" (TC) defined? ^t60q28 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q28) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q28) @@ -556,6 +730,13 @@ #### Key Terms TC = True Course + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q1 p.146](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=146) (score: 0.24) +- [QuizVDS Q28](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q28): Answer D +- PDF Answer: B + ### Q29: Given: TC: 183°; WCA: +011°; MH: 198°; CH: 200°. What are TH and VAR? ^t60q29 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q29) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q29) @@ -582,6 +763,13 @@ - **TH** = True Heading - **VAR** = Magnetic Variation - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q6 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.24) +- [QuizVDS Q29](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q29): Answer B +- PDF Answer: C + ### Q30: Given: TC: 183°; WCA: +011°; MH: 198°; CH: 200°. What are TH and DEV? ^t60q30 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q30) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q30) @@ -607,6 +795,10 @@ - **TC** = True Course - **TH** = True Heading - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**) ### Q31: Given: TC: 183°; WCA: +011°; MH: 198°; CH: 200°. Determine VAR and DEV. ^t60q31 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q31) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q31) @@ -634,6 +826,13 @@ - **TH** = True Heading - **VAR** = Magnetic Variation - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q6 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.22) +- [QuizVDS Q31](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q31): Answer D +- PDF Answer: C + ### Q32: At what location does magnetic inclination reach its minimum value? ^t60q32 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q32) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q32) @@ -650,6 +849,12 @@ #### Explanation Magnetic inclination (dip) is the angle at which the Earth's magnetic field lines intersect the horizontal plane. At the magnetic equator (the "aclinic line"), the field lines are horizontal and the dip angle is 0° — the lowest possible value. At the magnetic poles, the field lines are vertical (inclination = 90°). The magnetic equator does not coincide with the geographic equator. + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q25 p.151](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=151) (score: 0.20) +- PDF Answer: A ### Q33: The angular difference between compass north and magnetic north is referred to as ^t60q33 @@ -671,6 +876,13 @@ #### Key Terms WCA = Wind Correction Angle + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q4 p.24](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=24) (score: 0.25) +- [QuizVDS Q33](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q33): Answer C +- PDF Answer: D + ### Q34: What does "compass north" (CN) refer to? ^t60q34 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q34) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q34) @@ -688,6 +900,10 @@ Compass north is the direction the compass needle actually points, which is determined by the combined effect of the Earth's magnetic field AND any local magnetic interference from the aircraft itself. Because of this aircraft-induced deviation, compass north differs from magnetic north. The compass reads this resultant direction, not pure magnetic north — hence the need for a deviation correction card. + +#### Source + +- [ ] ~ [VV Q21 p.111](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=111) (clé: **C**, original: **D**) ### Q35: An "isogonal" or "isogonic line" on an aeronautical chart connects all points sharing the same value of ^t60q35 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q35) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q35) @@ -705,6 +921,13 @@ Isogonic lines (also called isogonals) connect all points on Earth that have the same magnetic variation value. They are printed on aeronautical charts so pilots can read the local variation at their position and convert between true and magnetic headings. The agonic line is the special case where variation = 0°. Lines of equal magnetic inclination are called isoclinic lines; lines of equal field intensity are isodynamic lines. + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q21 p.111](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=111) (score: 0.25) +- [QuizVDS Q35](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q35): Answer C +- PDF Answer: B + ### Q36: An "agonic line" on the Earth or on an aeronautical chart connects all points where the ^t60q36 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q36) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q36) @@ -721,6 +944,13 @@ #### Explanation The agonic line is a special isogonic line where magnetic variation equals zero — meaning true north and magnetic north coincide along this line. Aircraft flying along the agonic line need not apply any variation correction; true course equals magnetic course. There are currently two main agonic lines on Earth, passing through North America and through parts of Asia/Australia. + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q21 p.111](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=111) (score: 0.22) +- [QuizVDS Q36](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q36): Answer D +- PDF Answer: B ### Q37: Which are the official standard units for horizontal distances in aeronautical navigation? ^t60q37 @@ -742,6 +972,10 @@ #### Key Terms NM = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q38: How many metres are equivalent to 1000 ft? ^t60q38 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q38) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q38) @@ -759,6 +993,10 @@ 1 foot = 0.3048 meters, so 1000 ft = 304.8 m ≈ 300 m. The quick conversion rule is: feet x 0.3 ≈ meters, or equivalently from the exam table: m = ft x 3 / 10. This approximation is accurate enough for practical navigation. For exam purposes: 1000 ft ≈ 300 m, 3000 ft ≈ 900 m, 10,000 ft ≈ 3000 m. + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q39: How many feet correspond to 5500 m? ^t60q39 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q39) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q39) @@ -779,6 +1017,10 @@ #### Key Terms FL = Flight Level + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**) ### Q40: What might cause the runway designation at an aerodrome to change (e.g. from runway 06 to runway 07)? ^t60q40 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q40) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q40) @@ -796,6 +1038,10 @@ Runway numbers are based on the magnetic heading of the runway, rounded to the nearest 10° and divided by 10. Because the magnetic north pole drifts slowly over time, the local magnetic variation changes — even if the physical runway has not moved, its magnetic bearing changes. When this change is large enough to shift the rounded designation (e.g., from 055° to 065°), the runway is renumbered (from "06" to "07"). Major airports periodically update runway designations for this reason. + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q41: Which flight instrument is affected by electronic devices operated on board the aircraft? ^t60q41 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q41) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q41) @@ -813,6 +1059,10 @@ The direct reading (magnetic) compass is sensitive to any magnetic field, including those generated by electrical equipment, avionics, and metal components in the aircraft. This interference is called deviation. Electronic devices that draw current create electromagnetic fields that can deflect the compass needle. That is why pilots are required to record the deviation on a compass card and why compasses are mounted as far from interference sources as possible. + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **A**) ### Q42: What are the key characteristics of a Mercator chart? ^t60q42 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q42) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q42) @@ -830,6 +1080,12 @@ The Mercator projection is a cylindrical conformal projection where meridians and parallels are straight lines intersecting at right angles. Rhumb lines (constant bearing courses) appear as straight lines — making it useful for constant-heading navigation. However, the scale increases with latitude (Greenland appears as large as Africa) and great circles appear as curved lines. It is not an equal-area projection and is not suitable for high-latitude navigation. + + + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q43: On a direct Mercator chart, how do rhumb lines and great circles appear? ^t60q43 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q43) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q43) @@ -847,6 +1103,12 @@ On a Mercator chart, rhumb lines (constant compass bearing courses) appear as straight lines because the chart is constructed so that meridians are parallel vertical lines and parallels are horizontal lines — any line crossing meridians at a constant angle (a rhumb line) is therefore straight. Great circles, which follow the shortest path on the globe, curve toward the poles when projected onto the Mercator chart and therefore appear as curved lines (bowing toward the nearest pole). + + + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **A**) ### Q44: What are the characteristics of a Lambert conformal chart? ^t60q44 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q44) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q44) @@ -862,11 +1124,16 @@ #### Explanation -The Lambert Conformal Conic projection is the standard for aeronautical charts (including ICAO charts used in Europe). It is conformal (angles and shapes are preserved locally), nearly true to scale between its two standard parallels, and great circles are approximately straight lines (making it excellent for plotting direct routes). It is NOT an equal-area projection. The Swiss ICAO 1:500,000 chart uses this projection. +The Lambert Conformal Conic projection is the standard for aeronautical charts (including ICAO charts used in Europe). It is conformal (angles and shapes are preserved locally), nearly true to scale between its two standard parallels, and great circles (orthodromes) are approximately straight lines — making it excellent for plotting direct routes. Rhumb lines (loxodromes) appear slightly curved. It is NOT an equal-area projection. The Swiss ICAO 1:500,000 chart uses this projection. -#### Key Terms + -ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization +Note the contrast with Mercator: on Lambert, great circles are (nearly) straight and rhumb lines curve; on Mercator it's the opposite. + + +#### Source + +- [ ] ~ [VV Q13 p.148](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=148) (clé: **D**, original: **C**) ### Q45: The distance between two airports is 220 NM. On an aeronautical chart, a pilot measures 40.7 cm for this distance. What is the chart scale? ^t60q45 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q45) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q45) @@ -890,6 +1157,13 @@ - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s) - **SPL** = Sailplane Pilot Licence + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q13 p.148](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=148) (score: 0.26) +- [QuizVDS Q45](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q45): Answer B +- PDF Answer: A + ### Q46: What is the distance from Grenchen (LSZG) to Bern-Belp (LSZB)? ^t60q46 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q46) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q46) @@ -929,6 +1203,10 @@ - **LSZG** = Grenchen aerodrome. - **LSZB** = Bern-Belp aerodrome. - **Departure formula**: distance ≈ √((Δlat·60)² + (Δlon·60·cos φ)²) NM, valid for short legs. + +#### Source + +- [ ] ~ [VV Q13 p.148](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=148) (clé: **D**, original: **A**) ### Q47: On an aeronautical chart, 7.5 cm represents 60.745 NM in reality. What is the chart scale? ^t60q47 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q47) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q47) @@ -950,6 +1228,10 @@ - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**) ### Q48: A pilot extracts this data from the chart for a short flight from A to B: True course: 245°. Magnetic variation: 7° W. The magnetic course (MC) equals ^t60q48 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q48) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q48) @@ -973,6 +1255,10 @@ - **MC** = Magnetic Course - **TC** = True Course - **VAR** = Magnetic Variation + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q49: Given: True course from A to B: 250°. Ground distance: 210 NM. TAS: 130 kt. Headwind component: 15 kt. ETD: 0915 UTC. What is the ETA? ^t60q49 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q49) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q49) @@ -997,6 +1283,10 @@ - **ETA** = Estimated Time of Arrival - **ETD** = Estimated Time of Departure - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**) ### Q50: Given: True course from A to B: 283°. Ground distance: 75 NM. TAS: 105 kt. Headwind component: 12 kt. ETD: 1242 UTC. What is the ETA? ^t60q50 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q50) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q50) @@ -1027,6 +1317,10 @@ - **ETD** = Estimated Time of Departure - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q51: What is the latest time we must land? ^t60q51 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q51) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q51) @@ -1043,6 +1337,10 @@ #### Key Terms VFR = Visual Flight Rules + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q52: What does the large number 87 near Freiburg on the ICAO chart mean? ^t60q52 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q52) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q52) @@ -1060,6 +1358,10 @@ - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization - **MSA** = Minimum Safe Altitude - **MSL** = Mean Sea Level + +#### Source + +- [ ] ~ [VV Q7 p.75](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=75) (clé: **A**) ### Q53: What entry should always be made on the navigation chart before a cross-country flight? ^t60q53 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q53) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q53) @@ -1078,6 +1380,12 @@ - **MC** = Magnetic Course - **TC** = True Course - **TH** = True Heading + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q7 p.75](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=75) (score: 0.24) +- PDF Answer: D + ### Q54: How should a final approach over navigationally challenging terrain be conducted? ^t60q54 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q54) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q54) @@ -1090,6 +1398,10 @@ When approaching a destination over navigationally challenging terrain (forests, featureless plains, or complex topography), the pilot should monitor progress using elapsed time against a pre-calculated time scale, and positively identify known landmarks (towns, rivers, roads) and mark them on the chart. This technique — essentially dead reckoning with regular position fixes — prevents the pilot from overflying the destination or becoming lost. In a glider without GPS, time management is critical to ensure arrival with sufficient altitude. + +#### Source + +- [ ] ~ [VV Q16 p.149](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=149) (clé: **D**) ### Q55: What does GND mean on the cover page of the gliding chart? ^t60q55 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q55) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q55) @@ -1101,6 +1413,12 @@ #### Explanation On the Swiss gliding chart cover page, "GND" indicates the lower limit (ground) of certain restricted areas, and the term specifically refers to the upper boundary of LS-R (Luftraum-Segelflug-Reservate) available for gliders operating with reduced cloud separation minima. These zones allow gliders to fly in conditions that would otherwise require instrument flight rules, provided specific weather minima are met. Understanding the legend on the gliding chart cover page is essential for Swiss exam candidates. + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q16 p.149](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=149) (score: 0.30) +- PDF Answer: C ### Q56: Glider frequencies (ground-to-air, air-to-air, regions)? ^t60q56 @@ -1114,6 +1432,12 @@ The Swiss gliding chart cover page contains a complete list of glider frequencies, including ground-to-air and air-to-air communication frequencies organized by region. Common Swiss glider frequencies include 122.300 MHz (universal glider frequency) and regional variants. These must be known before flight as gliders may need to coordinate with each other and with ground stations, especially in busy areas like the Alps or near controlled airspace. + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q86 p.164](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=164) (score: 0.22) +- PDF Answer: D + ### Q57: Military air traffic service hours? ^t60q57 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q57) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q57) @@ -1125,6 +1449,12 @@ #### Explanation The operating hours of Swiss military airspace and military air traffic services are printed in the lower right corner of the Swiss gliding chart. Military restricted areas (such as those associated with Payerne, Meiringen, and Emmen air bases) may only be active during specific hours, and knowing these hours is critical for planning routes through or near militarily controlled areas. Outside activation times, these areas revert to standard civil airspace classifications. + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q61 p.158](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=158) (score: 0.20) +- PDF Answer: D ### Q58: Height of the Stockhorn in ft and m? Height of the Stockhorn cable car AGL? ^t60q58 @@ -1143,6 +1473,10 @@ - **AGL** = Above Ground Level - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization - **MSL** = Mean Sea Level + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q59: How tall is the tower on the Bantiger (46 58.7 N / 7 31.7 E)? ^t60q59 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q59) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q59) @@ -1159,6 +1493,10 @@ - **AGL** = Above Ground Level - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q60: How high are you allowed to climb over Egerkingen (32.4 km, 060 from LSZG)? ^t60q60 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q60) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q60) @@ -1177,6 +1515,12 @@ - **FL** = Flight Level - **MSL** = Mean Sea Level - **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q113 p.26](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=26) (score: 0.20) +- PDF Answer: A + ### Q61: What information do we find on the gliding chart for Les Eplatures aerodrome (47 05 N, 6 47.5 E)? ^t60q61 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q61) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q61) @@ -1189,6 +1533,10 @@ Les Eplatures (LSGC) near La Chaux-de-Fonds appears on the Swiss gliding chart with symbols decoded in the chart legend. The legend distinguishes between towered (controlled) and non-towered airfields, glider-specific aerodromes, military fields, and emergency landing strips. Candidates must be able to read the legend and determine the relevant operational information (radio frequencies, runway orientation, airspace class) for any airfield depicted on the chart. + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q62: Usage conditions for LS-R69 T (near Schaffhausen)? ^t60q62 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q62) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q62) @@ -1205,6 +1553,10 @@ - **MSL** = Mean Sea Level - **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q63: Coordinates of Birrfeld aerodrome? ^t60q63 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q63) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q63) @@ -1221,6 +1573,12 @@ - **ATC** = Air Traffic Control - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q86 p.164](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=164) (score: 0.33) +- PDF Answer: D + ### Q64: Coordinates of Montricher aerodrome? ^t60q64 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q64) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q64) @@ -1237,6 +1595,12 @@ - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q86 p.164](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=164) (score: 0.60) +- PDF Answer: D + ### Q65: Which place is at N 47 07', E 8 00'? ^t60q65 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q65) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q65) @@ -1252,6 +1616,10 @@ #### Key Terms ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q66: Which place is at N 46 11', E 6 16'? ^t60q66 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q66) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q66) @@ -1267,6 +1635,10 @@ #### Key Terms ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q67: TC from Grenchen aerodrome to Neuchatel aerodrome? ^t60q67 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q67) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q67) @@ -1282,6 +1654,10 @@ #### Key Terms TC = True Course + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q68: TC from Langenthal aerodrome to Kaegiswil aerodrome? ^t60q68 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q68) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q68) @@ -1298,6 +1674,10 @@ - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization - **TC** = True Course + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q69: Distance Laax - Oberalp in km, NM, sm? ^t60q69 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q69) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q69) @@ -1314,6 +1694,10 @@ - **e** — Oswald Efficiency Factor — wing efficiency factor (1.0 for ideal elliptical lift distribution) - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q70: Flight time from Laax 14:52 to Oberalp 15:09? ^t60q70 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q70) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q70) @@ -1325,6 +1709,12 @@ #### Explanation Simply subtract departure time from arrival time: 15:09 - 14:52 = 17 minutes. This elapsed flight time, combined with the distance from Q69, gives the speed for Q71. In practice, timing legs of a cross-country flight allows the pilot to verify actual groundspeed against planned groundspeed and detect headwind or tailwind differences from the forecast. + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q44 p.155](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=155) (score: 0.20) +- PDF Answer: C ### Q71: Speed in km/h, kts, mph? ^t60q71 @@ -1338,6 +1728,10 @@ Ground speed = distance / time = 46.3 km / (17/60) h = 46.3 / 0.2833 = 163.4 km/h ≈ 163 km/h. Converting: kts = km/h / 1.852 ≈ 163 / 2 + 10% ≈ 88 kts; mph = km/h / 1.609 ≈ 101 mph. This three-unit speed result is typical of Swiss navigation exam questions, requiring fluency with all three speed units and their conversion relationships. + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q72: Route LSTB-Buochs-Jungfrau-LSTB: How long in km and NM? ^t60q72 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q72) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q72) @@ -1353,6 +1747,10 @@ #### Key Terms NM = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q73: From Eriswil to Buochs in 18 min - how fast? ^t60q73 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q73) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q73) @@ -1365,6 +1763,10 @@ Ground speed = (distance / time) x 60 to convert minutes to hours: (43 km / 18 min) x 60 = 143.3 km/h ≈ 143 km/h. The 43 km distance is taken from the chart measurement for this leg. Converting: kts ≈ 143 / 1.852 ≈ 77 kts; mph ≈ 143 / 1.609 ≈ 89 mph. This type of in-flight speed check — measuring elapsed time between two known points — is how glider pilots monitor actual vs. planned groundspeed during cross-country flights. + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **A**) ### Q74: Which airspaces between Bellechasse and Buochs at 1500 m MSL? ^t60q74 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q74) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q74) @@ -1387,6 +1789,10 @@ - **MSL** = Mean Sea Level - **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area - **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q75: TC from Jungfrau to Bellechasse? ^t60q75 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q75) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q75) @@ -1402,6 +1808,10 @@ #### Key Terms TC = True Course + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q76: Glide from Jungfrau (4200 m MSL) to Bellechasse with glide ratio 1:30 at 150 km/h - arrival altitude? ^t60q76 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q76) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q76) @@ -1418,6 +1828,10 @@ - **AGL** = Above Ground Level - **MSL** = Mean Sea Level + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q77: Wind triangle Jungfrau-Bellechasse: TAS 140 km/h, wind 040/15 kts ^t60q77 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q77) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q77) @@ -1437,6 +1851,10 @@ - **TC** = True Course - **TH** = True Heading - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q78: MH from Jungfrau to Bellechasse (variation 3 E)? ^t60q78 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q78) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q78) @@ -1454,6 +1872,10 @@ - **MH** = Magnetic Heading - **TH** = True Heading - **VAR** = Magnetic Variation + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q79: If variation is 25 W - MH? ^t60q79 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q79) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q79) @@ -1472,6 +1894,10 @@ - **MH** = Magnetic Heading - **TH** = True Heading - **VAR** = Magnetic Variation + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q80: Transponder codes ^t60q80 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q80) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q80) @@ -1494,6 +1920,10 @@ - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization - **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area - **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q81: Unit conversion formulas (exam reference) ^t60q81 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q81) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q81) @@ -1509,6 +1939,10 @@ | m/s from ft/min | ft/min / 200 | | ft/min from m/s | m/s × 200 | + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q82: You are flying below an airspace with a lower limit at FL75, maintaining a 300 m safety margin. Assuming QNH is 1013 hPa, at approximately what altitude are you flying? ^t60q82 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q82) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q82) @@ -1531,6 +1965,12 @@ - **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level - **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level - **FL** = Flight Level + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q14 p.26](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=26) (score: 0.68) +- PDF Answer: C + ### Q83: A friend departs from France on 6 June (summer time) at 1000 UTC for a cross-country flight toward the Jura. You want to take off from Les Eplatures at the same time. What does your watch show? ^t60q83 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q83) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q83) @@ -1547,6 +1987,12 @@ #### Explanation In Switzerland on 6 June, summer time is in effect (CEST = UTC+2). To take off at 1000 UTC, your watch must show 1000 + 2h = 1200 LT. France also uses CEST (UTC+2) in summer, so both pilots take off at the same UTC time, but your watches both show 1200 LT. + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q8 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.58) +- PDF Answer: D ### Q84: Given: TT 220°, WCA -15°, VAR 5°W. What is the MH? ^t60q84 @@ -1572,6 +2018,12 @@ - **TH** = True Heading - **VAR** = Magnetic Variation - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q6 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.73) +- PDF Answer: C + ### Q85: You intend to follow a TC of 090° from your current position. The wind is a headwind from the right. ^t60q85 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q85) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q85) @@ -1587,13 +2039,32 @@ #### Explanation -With a TC of 090° (flying east) and wind from the right (from the north), the aircraft drifts to the left (southward). To maintain TC 090°, the pilot must fly a TH towards the north-east (positive WCA). The air position is where the aircraft would be without wind, in the direction of the TH. The DR position is displaced by the wind to the south-west relative to the air position — so the DR position is to the south-west of the air position, meaning the air position is to the north-east of the DR position, i.e. the estimated position is to the north-west of the air position (since wind pushes south = DR is south of Air Position, and TH is north-east of TC, so Air Position is north of DR). +Flying east (TC 090°), your right side is **south**. A "headwind from the right" means wind from the **south-east** — it has both a headwind component (slowing you) and a crosswind from the right (pushing you left/northward). + +- **Drift:** The crosswind pushes the aircraft north (left of track). +- **Headwind:** Slows ground speed, so you cover less distance than expected. +- **Air position** (no-wind): lies along the TH, which is crabbed right (south-east of TC) to correct for drift — so the air position is ahead and slightly south of the estimated position. +- **Estimated (DR) position:** north (due to drift) and short (due to headwind) of the air position → the estimated position is to the **north-west** of the air position. + +**D is correct.** + +- **A** (south-east) — opposite of the actual displacement. +- **B** (north-east) — wrong: headwind makes you short, not ahead. +- **C** — wrong: headwind means ground distance is less than air distance, not more. #### Key Terms -- **TC** = True Course -- **TH** = True Heading -- **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle +- **TC** = True Course (desired track over the ground) +- **TH** = True Heading (direction the nose points, corrected for wind) +- **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle (crab angle into the wind) +- **DR** = Dead Reckoning (estimated position from heading + speed + time + wind) +- **Air position** = where the aircraft would be with no wind (TH × TAS × time) + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q11 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.55) +- PDF Answer: B + ### Q86: The turning error of a magnetic compass is caused by ^t60q86 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q86) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q86) @@ -1611,6 +2082,12 @@ The turning error of the magnetic compass is caused by magnetic dip (inclination). When the aircraft turns, the vertical component of the Earth's magnetic field acts on the tilted needle, causing erroneous indications. This error is particularly pronounced at high latitudes where the dip is strong. It manifests during turns passing through magnetic north or south. + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q4 p.24](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=24) (score: 0.58) +- PDF Answer: D + ### Q87: What term describes the deflection of a compass needle caused by electric fields? ^t60q87 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q87) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q87) @@ -1622,11 +2099,21 @@ #### Answer -C) +D) #### Explanation -The movement of the compass needle caused by electric (or stray magnetic) fields onboard is called deviation. However, the answer key gives C (declination) — which may seem surprising. In this BAZL context, the disturbance of the needle by local electric fields onboard is treated as an additional form of deviation. Note: terminology may vary by source; technically, deviation is caused by the aircraft's own magnetic fields, while electric fields can also disturb the instrument. +**Deviation** is the deflection of the compass needle caused by magnetic or electric fields generated by the aircraft itself (avionics, wiring, metal structures). It varies with heading and is recorded on a deviation card. + +- **A (Variation)** = the angular difference between true north and magnetic north at a given location. Caused by the Earth's magnetic field, not the aircraft. +- **B (Inclination)** = the dip of the magnetic field lines toward the Earth's surface. Causes turning and acceleration errors, but is not "deflection by electric fields." +- **C (Declination)** = synonym for variation in some contexts. Also an Earth-based phenomenon, not aircraft-induced. + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q7 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.44) +- PDF Answer: C ### Q88: Which statement applies to a chart produced using the Mercator projection (cylinder tangent to the equator)? ^t60q88 @@ -1643,7 +2130,24 @@ #### Explanation -The Mercator projection is conformal (it preserves angles and local shapes) but not equidistant (scale varies with latitude). On this projection, meridians and parallels appear as straight lines perpendicular to each other. However, the poles cannot be represented and the scale increases towards the poles, distorting areas. + + +The diagram shows how the Mercator projection works: a cylinder is wrapped around the globe, tangent at the equator. The globe's surface is projected outward onto the cylinder, which is then unrolled into a flat map. + +- **"Cylinder tangent at equator"** — the cylinder touches the globe only at the equator, where the scale is exactly 1:1. Away from the equator, scale increases. +- **"Meridians and parallels as straight lines"** — on the resulting chart, all lines of longitude (meridians) appear as evenly spaced vertical lines, and all lines of latitude (parallels) appear as horizontal lines. They intersect at right angles. +- **"Conformal"** — angles are preserved everywhere, making it ideal for navigation (a compass bearing plotted on the chart is the true bearing). +- **"Not equidistant"** — distances are only true at the equator. Toward the poles, everything is stretched (Greenland appears as large as Africa). + +- **A** is wrong: Mercator is conformal, not equidistant (it says the opposite). Meridians don't converge — they're parallel. +- **B** is wrong: it IS conformal, and lines are straight, not curved. +- **C** is wrong: it's not equidistant, and meridians don't converge. + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q1 p.24](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=24) (score: 0.40) +- PDF Answer: C ### Q89: You measure 12 cm on a 1:200,000 scale chart. What is the actual ground distance? ^t60q89 @@ -1662,9 +2166,17 @@ At a scale of 1:200,000, 1 cm on the chart corresponds to 200,000 cm = 2 km on the ground. Therefore 12 cm on the chart = 12 × 2 km = 24 km on the ground. Simple calculation: actual distance = chart distance × scale denominator = 12 cm × 200,000 = 2,400,000 cm = 24 km. + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q2 p.24](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=24) (score: 0.55) +- PDF Answer: C + ### Q90: Which description matches the information shown on the Swiss ICAO chart for MULHOUSE-HABSHEIM aerodrome (approx. N47°44'/E007°26')? ^t60q90 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q90) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q90) + + - **A)** Civil and military, elevation 789 ft AMSL, hard-surface runway, longest runway 1000 m. - **B)** Open to public traffic, elevation 789 ft AMSL, hard-surface runway, longest runway 1000 ft. @@ -1677,15 +2189,33 @@ #### Explanation -On the Swiss ICAO chart, the symbol for Mulhouse-Habsheim indicates a civil aerodrome open to public traffic (filled circle symbol), with an elevation of 789 ft AMSL. The runway has a hard surface and the maximum length is 1000 m (not 1000 ft). +Reading the ICAO chart symbol for Mulhouse-Habsheim: -- **Option A** is incorrect because the aerodrome is not military. -- **Option B** confuses metres and feet for the runway length. +- **Circle with 4 tick marks at 90° intervals** = civil aerodrome **open to public traffic** +- **Diagonal bar** across the circle = **hard-surface (paved) runway**, oriented in the runway direction +- **789** = aerodrome elevation in **feet AMSL** +- **10** = longest runway in **hectometres** (hundreds of metres) → 10 × 100 = **1000 m** + +**How to read ICAO aerodrome symbols:** +- Open circle with ticks = civil, open to public traffic +- Filled circle with ticks = military or civil/military +- Bar = hard surface; no bar = grass/unpaved +- Number after elevation = runway length in hectometres (NOT metres, NOT feet) + +- **A** is wrong: the tick-mark symbol indicates civil only, not military (military uses a filled circle). +- **B** is wrong: "10" means 10 hectometres = 1000 m, not 1000 ft. +- **D** is wrong: "10" is the runway length, not the runway direction (which would be shown by the bar orientation). #### Key Terms - **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q3 p.24](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=24) (score: 0.65) +- PDF Answer: A + ### Q91: After a thermal flight in the Alps, you glide in a straight line from Erstfeld (46°49'00"N/008°38'00"E) towards Fricktal-Schupfart (47°30'32"N/007°57'00"). You pass through several control zones. On which frequency do you call the third control zone? ^t60q91 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q91) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q91) @@ -1715,6 +2245,12 @@ - **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area **Permitted exam aids:** Swiss ICAO chart 1:500,000, Swiss gliding chart, protractor, ruler, mechanical DR computer, compass, non-programmable scientific calculator (TI-30 ECO RS recommended). No alphanumeric or electronic navigation computers are permitted. + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q5 p.24](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=24) (score: 0.62) +- PDF Answer: B + ### Q92: Which geographic features are most useful for orientation during flight? ^t60q92 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q92) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q92) @@ -1735,6 +2271,10 @@ - **Option A** (forest clearings) can be ambiguous and difficult to distinguish from each other. - **Options C** (mountain ranges) and D (coastlines) are useful for general orientation along an extended line feature but lack the pinpoint precision needed for accurate position fixing. + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**) ### Q93: During flight, you notice that you are drifting to the left. What action do you take to stay on your desired track? ^t60q93 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q93) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q93) @@ -1755,6 +2295,12 @@ - **Option A** is poor airmanship since it allows unnecessary track deviation before correcting. - **Option D** would worsen the drift by turning further away from the wind. - **Option C** describes banking, not heading correction, and sustained banking is not a proper wind correction technique. + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q10 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.36) +- PDF Answer: D ### Q94: During a cross-country flight, you must land at Saanen aerodrome (46°29'11"N/007°14'55"E). On which frequency do you establish radio contact? ^t60q94 @@ -1781,6 +2327,12 @@ - **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q16 p.26](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=26) (score: 0.54) +- PDF Answer: C + ### Q95: Up to what altitude may you fly a glider over the Oberalppass (146°/52 km from Lucerne) without air traffic control authorisation? ^t60q95 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q95) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q95) @@ -1808,6 +2360,12 @@ - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization - **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area - **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q17 p.27](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=27) (score: 0.43) +- PDF Answer: D + ### Q96: On the aeronautical chart, north of the Furka Pass (070°/97 km from Sion), there is a red-hatched area marked LS-R8. What does this represent? ^t60q96 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q96) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q96) @@ -1832,6 +2390,12 @@ #### Key Terms ATC = Air Traffic Control + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q18 p.27](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=27) (score: 0.44) +- PDF Answer: C + ### Q97: The coordinates 46°45'43" N / 006°36'48'' correspond to which aerodrome? ^t60q97 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q97) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q97) @@ -1857,6 +2421,12 @@ #### Key Terms ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q15 p.26](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=26) (score: 0.50) +- PDF Answer: A + ### Q98: After a thermal flight in the Alps, you plan to fly in a straight line from the Gemmi Pass (171°/58 km from Bern Belp) to Grenchen aerodrome. Which magnetic course (MC) do you select? ^t60q98 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q98) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q98) @@ -1881,6 +2451,12 @@ - **MC** = Magnetic Course - **TC** = True Course + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q13 p.26](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=26) (score: 0.63) +- PDF Answer: C + ### Q99: On a cross-country flight from Birrfeld aerodrome (47°26'N, 008°13'E) you turn at Courtelary aerodrome (47°10'N, 007°05'E). On the return leg you land at Grenchen aerodrome (47°10'N, 007°25'E). According to the Swiss gliding chart, the distance flown is ^t60q99 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q99) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q99) @@ -1903,6 +2479,12 @@ - **Option A** (58 km) accounts for only the first leg. - **Option B** (232 km) is roughly double the correct total. - **Option D** (156 km) likely adds a third leg back to Birrfeld, but the pilot landed at Grenchen. + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q12 p.26](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=26) (score: 0.61) +- PDF Answer: B ### Q100: What onboard equipment does your aircraft need for you to determine your position using a VDF bearing? ^t60q100 @@ -1928,6 +2510,12 @@ #### Key Terms VHF = Very High Frequency + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q19 p.27](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=27) (score: 0.68) +- PDF Answer: A + ### Q101: Which phenomenon is most likely to degrade GPS indications? ^t60q101 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q101) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q101) @@ -1949,6 +2537,10 @@ - **Option B** (thunderstorms) do not block GPS signals. - **Option C** (heading changes) have no effect on satellite signal reception. + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q102: Given: MC 225 degrees, magnetic declination (variation) 5 degrees E. What is the TC? ^t60q102 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q102) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q102) @@ -1975,9 +2567,15 @@ - **MC** = Magnetic Course - **TC** = True Course + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q103: In poor visibility, you fly from Gruyeres (222°/46 km from Bern) towards Lausanne (051°/52 km from Geneva). Which true course (TC) do you select? ^t60q103 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q103) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q103) + + - A) 282 degrees - B) 268 degrees @@ -1999,6 +2597,10 @@ - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization - **TC** = True Course + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**) ### Q104: You want to determine your position using a VDF bearing, but the controller reports the signals are too weak for assessment. What is the likely reason? ^t60q104 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q104) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q104) @@ -2024,6 +2626,10 @@ - **D** — Drag - **VHF** = Very High Frequency + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **A**) ### Q105: What does the term "agonic line" mean? ^t60q105 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q105) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q105) @@ -2045,6 +2651,10 @@ - **Option C** defines the broader category of isogonic lines, of which the agonic line is a special case. - **Option D** describes local magnetic anomalies, not the agonic line. + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**) ### Q106: What is 4572 m expressed in feet? ^t60q106 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q106) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q106) @@ -2065,6 +2675,10 @@ - **Option A** (1500 ft) and option D (1393 ft) are an order of magnitude too small. - **Option C** (13,935 ft) results from an incorrect conversion factor. + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q107: Which of the following statements is correct? ^t60q107 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q107) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q107) @@ -2089,6 +2703,12 @@ #### Key Terms NM = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q6 p.147](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=147) (score: 0.21) +- PDF Answer: B + ### Q108: Which value must you mark on the navigation chart before a cross-country flight? ^t60q108 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q108) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q108) @@ -2112,6 +2732,12 @@ - **MH** = Magnetic Heading - **TC** = True Course - **TH** = True Heading + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q72 p.161](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=161) (score: 0.37) +- PDF Answer: C + ### Q109: In flight, you notice a drift to the right. How do you correct? ^t60q109 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q109) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q109) @@ -2132,6 +2758,12 @@ - **Option A** is vague but could be interpreted as correct — however, option C is more precise in specifying the heading adjustment. - **Option B** (flying more slowly) would actually increase the drift angle. - **Option D** (decreasing the heading) would turn away from the wind and worsen the drift. + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q39 p.154](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=154) (score: 0.39) +- PDF Answer: A ### Q110: Up to what maximum altitude may you fly a glider over Lenzburg (255°/28 km from Zurich) without notification or authorisation? ^t60q110 @@ -2159,6 +2791,12 @@ - **ATC** = Air Traffic Control - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization - **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q66 p.159](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=159) (score: 0.26) +- PDF Answer: A + ### Q111: How does the map grid appear in a Lambert (normal conic) projection? ^t60q111 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q111) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q111) @@ -2180,6 +2818,11 @@ - **Option B** reverses the characteristics of meridians and parallels. - **Option D** does not describe any standard cartographic projection. + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q10 p.30](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=30) (score: 0.63) + ### Q112: You depart from Bern on 10 June (summer time) at 1030 LT. The flight duration is 80 minutes. At what UTC time do you land? ^t60q112 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q112) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q112) @@ -2200,6 +2843,11 @@ - **Option A** (1050 UTC) appears to use UTC+1 instead of UTC+2. - **Option B** (1350 UTC) adds the time difference instead of subtracting it. - **Option C** (1250 UTC) likely applies only a one-hour offset and rounds incorrectly. + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q11 p.30](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=30) (score: 0.88) ### Q113: What are the coordinates of Bellechasse aerodrome (285°/28 km from Bern)? ^t60q113 @@ -2224,6 +2872,11 @@ #### Key Terms ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q12 p.30](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=30) (score: 0.88) + ### Q114: During a cross-country flight, "POOR GPS COVERAGE" appears on the screen. What could be the cause? ^t60q114 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q114) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q114) @@ -2245,6 +2898,11 @@ - **Option B** overstates how satellite repositioning works, as GPS receivers continuously update orbital data without manual intervention. - **Option D** (thunderstorms) does not affect GPS microwave signals. + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q13 p.30](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=30) (score: 0.57) + ### Q115: The magnetic compass of an aircraft is affected by metallic parts and electrical equipment. What is this influence called? ^t60q115 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q115) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q115) @@ -2264,6 +2922,12 @@ - **Option A** (variation) and option B (declination) both refer to the angular difference between true north and magnetic north, which is a property of the Earth's magnetic field, not the aircraft. - **Option D** (inclination or dip) is the angle at which the Earth's magnetic field lines intersect the surface, which affects compass behavior but is not the same as the aircraft-induced error. + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q7 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.30) +- PDF Answer: C ### Q116: You plan a cross-country flight Courtelary (315°/43 km from Bern-Belp) - Dittingen (192°/18 km from Basel-Mulhouse) - Birrfeld (265°/24 km from Zurich) - Courtelary. What is the total distance? ^t60q116 @@ -2289,6 +2953,11 @@ #### Key Terms ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q14 p.30](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=30) (score: 0.31) + ### Q117: Your GPS displays heights in metres, but you need feet. Can you change this? ^t60q117 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q117) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q117) @@ -2309,6 +2978,11 @@ - **Option A** incorrectly suggests that a workshop visit is needed. - **Option C** confuses the aeronautical database (which contains waypoints and airspace data) with display settings. - **Option D** invents a certification restriction that does not exist for GPS unit settings. + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q16 p.31](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=31) (score: 0.45) ### Q118: On a map, 5 cm correspond to a distance of 10 km. What is the scale? ^t60q118 @@ -2332,6 +3006,12 @@ - **Option C** (1:500,000) would mean 5 cm = 25 km. - Only 1:200,000 produces the correct 5 cm = 10 km relationship. + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q17 p.31](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=31) (score: 0.70) +- [QuizVDS Q47](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q47): Answer B + ### Q119: During a long approach over a difficult navigation area, which method is most effective? ^t60q119 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q119) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q119) @@ -2353,6 +3033,11 @@ - **Option B** (monitoring the compass) maintains heading but provides no position information. - **Option D** (thumb tracking) works well for shorter legs but is less systematic for long approaches. + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q18 p.31](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=31) (score: 0.60) + ### Q120: If you are south of the Montreux - Thun - Lucerne - Rapperswil line, on which frequency do you communicate with other glider pilots? ^t60q120 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q120) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q120) @@ -2369,6 +3054,11 @@ #### Explanation In Switzerland, glider-to-glider communication frequencies are divided geographically. South of the Montreux-Thun-Lucerne-Rapperswil line, the designated common glider frequency is 122.475 MHz. This frequency is used for traffic awareness, thermal information sharing, and safety communication among glider pilots operating in the southern Swiss Alps and surrounding areas. The other listed frequencies are either assigned to the northern sector or serve different aviation purposes. + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q19 p.31](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=31) (score: 0.56) ### Q121: What does the designation LS-R6, shown as a red hatched area north of Grindelwald (127°/52 km from Bern), mean? ^t60q121 @@ -2391,6 +3081,10 @@ - **Option B** misclassifies it as a danger zone (that would be LS-D). - **Option C** describes a prohibited zone (LS-P), which is a different category entirely. + +#### Source + +- [ ] ~ [VV Q27 p.151](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=151) (clé: **A**, original: **D**) ### Q122: How do you find the magnetic declination (variation) values for a given location? ^t60q122 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q122) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q122) @@ -2415,6 +3109,12 @@ #### Key Terms ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q30 p.152](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=152) (score: 0.20) +- PDF Answer: D + ### Q123: In flight, you notice a drift to the left. How do you correct? ^t60q123 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q123) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q123) @@ -2431,6 +3131,12 @@ #### Explanation If the aircraft drifts to the left, the wind is pushing it from the right side of the flight path. To correct, the pilot must turn into the wind by increasing the heading value (turning right). This applies a wind correction angle that offsets the crosswind component. Turning left (option A) or decreasing the heading (option C) would worsen the drift. Flying faster (option D) reduces drift angle slightly but does not correct it — proper heading adjustment is the correct technique. + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q39 p.154](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=154) (score: 0.32) +- PDF Answer: A ### Q124: What does the indication GND on the cover of the gliding chart (top left, approximately 15 NM west of St Gallen-Altenrhein, 088°/75 km from Zurich-Kloten) mean? ^t60q124 @@ -2456,6 +3162,10 @@ #### Key Terms NM = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**) ### Q125: Given: TC 180 degrees, MC 200 degrees. What is the magnetic declination (variation)? ^t60q125 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q125) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q125) @@ -2481,6 +3191,10 @@ - **MC** = Magnetic Course - **TC** = True Course + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q126: During a triangle flight Grenchen (350°/31 km from Bern-Belp) - Kagiswil (090°/57 km from Bern-Belp) - Buttwil (221°/28 km from Zurich-Kloten) - Grenchen, on the return from Buttwil you must land at Langenthal (032°/35 km from Bern-Belp). What is the straight-line distance flown? ^t60q126 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q126) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q126) @@ -2504,6 +3218,10 @@ #### Key Terms ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **A**) ### Q127: South of Gruyeres aerodrome there is a zone designated LS-D7. What is this? ^t60q127 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q127) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q127) @@ -2529,6 +3247,12 @@ - **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level - **AGL** = Above Ground Level + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q112 p.169](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=169) (score: 0.23) +- PDF Answer: C + ### Q128: On a map, 4 cm correspond to 10 km. What is the scale? ^t60q128 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q128) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q128) @@ -2550,6 +3274,11 @@ - **Option B** (1:100,000) would mean 4 cm = 4 km. - **Option C** (1:400,000) would mean 4 cm = 16 km. - Only 1:250,000 yields the correct 4 cm = 10 km relationship. + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q17 p.31](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=31) (score: 0.45) ### Q129: Up to what altitude does the Locarno CTR (352°/18 km from Lugano-Agno) extend? ^t60q129 @@ -2578,6 +3307,12 @@ - **AGL** = Above Ground Level - **FL** = Flight Level - **CTR** = Control Zone + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q74 p.161](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=161) (score: 0.25) +- PDF Answer: A + ### Q130: You are above Fraubrunnen (north of Bern-Belp airport), N47°05'/E007°32', at 4500 ft AMSL. Your height above the ground is approximately 3000 ft. In which airspace are you? ^t60q130 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q130) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q130) @@ -2604,6 +3339,12 @@ - **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level - **CTR** = Control Zone - **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q82 p.163](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=163) (score: 0.29) +- PDF Answer: C + ### Q131: Your GPS displays distances in NM, but you need km for your calculations. Can you change this? ^t60q131 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q131) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q131) @@ -2628,6 +3369,11 @@ #### Key Terms NM = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q16 p.31](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=31) (score: 0.40) + ### Q132: You depart from Bern on 5 June (summer time) at 0945 UTC for a glider flight lasting 45 minutes. At what local time do you land? ^t60q132 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q132) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q132) @@ -2646,6 +3392,11 @@ On 5 June, Switzerland observes Central European Summer Time (CEST), which is UTC+2. Departure is at 0945 UTC, and the flight lasts 45 minutes, so landing occurs at 0945 + 0045 = 1030 UTC. Converting to local time: 1030 UTC + 2 hours = 1230 CEST. However, the correct answer given is B (1130 LT), which would correspond to UTC+1 conversion. This suggests the question intends standard CET (UTC+1) or uses a different convention. - **Options A and C** yield times before departure, which are impossible, and option D overshoots. + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q11 p.30](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=30) (score: 0.42) ### Q133: 54 NM correspond to: ^t60q133 @@ -2673,6 +3424,11 @@ - **D** — Drag - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q17 p.31](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=31) (score: 0.22) + ### Q134: Which statement about GPS is correct? ^t60q134 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q134) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q134) @@ -2694,6 +3450,10 @@ - **Option C** overstates GPS capability — it does not replace basic pilotage skills, and airspace warnings depend on database currency. - **Option D** is incorrect because GPS does not automatically update its aviation database; this requires manual updates by the user. + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**) ### Q135: What is meant by an "isogonic line"? ^t60q135 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q135) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q135) @@ -2715,6 +3475,10 @@ - **Option B** describes the agonic line, which is the special case where declination equals zero — a subset, not the general definition. - **Option D** describes an isobar (equal pressure). + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**) ### Q136: In poor visibility, you fly from the Saentis (110°/65 km from Zurich-Kloten) towards Amlikon (075°/40 km from Zurich-Kloten). Which true course (TC) do you select? ^t60q136 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q136) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q136) @@ -2738,6 +3502,10 @@ #### Key Terms TC = True Course + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**) ### Q137: What onboard equipment must your glider have for you to determine your position using a VDF bearing? ^t60q137 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q137) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q137) @@ -2763,6 +3531,12 @@ - **ELT** = Emergency Locator Transmitter - **VHF** = Very High Frequency + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q19 p.27](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=27) (score: 0.37) +- PDF Answer: A + ### Q138: How does the map grid appear in a normal cylindrical projection (Mercator projection)? ^t60q138 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q138) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q138) @@ -2783,6 +3557,11 @@ - **Option A** describes a conic projection where meridians converge. - **Option B** incorrectly calls them curves. - **Option D** reverses the convergence — in a Mercator projection, neither meridians nor parallels converge. + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q10 p.30](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=30) (score: 0.48) ### Q139: Up to what maximum altitude may you fly a glider over Burgdorf (035°/19 km from Bern-Belp) without notification or authorisation? ^t60q139 @@ -2810,6 +3589,12 @@ - **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level - **AGL** = Above Ground Level - **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q66 p.159](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=159) (score: 0.30) +- PDF Answer: A + ### Q140: What is the name of the location at coordinates 46°29' N / 007°15' E? ^t60q140 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q140) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q140) @@ -2833,6 +3618,10 @@ - **Option A** (Sanetsch Pass) is a mountain pass between Sion and the Bernese Oberland at a different position. - **Option D** (Gstaad/Grund heliport) is nearby but has different precise coordinates. + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q141: What is meant by the "geographic longitude" of a location? ^t60q141 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q141) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q141) @@ -2853,6 +3642,12 @@ - **Options A and B** incorrectly reference the equator — distance from the equator is latitude, not longitude. - **Option C** describes a co-latitude measurement from the north pole, which is also a form of latitude. - Only option D correctly identifies longitude as the angular measure from the Greenwich meridian. + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q6 p.147](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=147) (score: 0.59) +- PDF Answer: B ### Q142: The term 'magnetic course' (MC) is defined as ^t60q142 @@ -2879,6 +3674,13 @@ - **MC** = Magnetic Course - **TC** = True Course + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q1 p.146](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=146) (score: 0.24) +- [QuizVDS Q27](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q27): Answer B +- PDF Answer: B + ### Q143: An aircraft is flying at FL 75 with an outside air temperature (OAT) of -9°C. The QNH altitude is 6500 ft. The true altitude equals ^t60q143 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q143) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q143) @@ -2903,6 +3705,10 @@ - **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level - **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere - **FL** = Flight Level + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **A**) ### Q144: An aircraft flies at a pressure altitude of 7000 ft with OAT +11°C. The QNH altitude is 6500 ft. The true altitude equals ^t60q144 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q144) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q144) @@ -2929,6 +3735,10 @@ - **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere - **OAT** — Outside Air Temperature - **D** — Drag + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q145: An aircraft flies at a pressure altitude of 7000 ft with OAT +21°C. The QNH altitude is 6500 ft. The true altitude equals ^t60q145 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q145) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q145) @@ -2952,6 +3762,10 @@ - **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level - **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q146: Given: True course: 255°. TAS: 100 kt. Wind: 200°/10 kt. The true heading equals ^t60q146 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q146) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q146) @@ -2976,6 +3790,10 @@ - **TAS** = True Airspeed - **TC** = True Course + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q147: Given: True course: 165°. TAS: 90 kt. Wind: 130°/20 kt. Distance: 153 NM. The true heading equals ^t60q147 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q147) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q147) @@ -3003,6 +3821,10 @@ - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s) - **TAS** = True Airspeed - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**) ### Q148: An aircraft follows a true course (TC) of 040° at a constant TAS of 180 kt. The wind vector is 350°/30 kt. The groundspeed (GS) equals ^t60q148 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q148) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q148) @@ -3028,6 +3850,10 @@ - **TAS** = True Airspeed - **GS** = Ground Speed - **TC** = True Course + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q149: Given: True course: 120°. TAS: 120 kt. Wind: 150°/12 kt. The WCA equals ^t60q149 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q149) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q149) @@ -3053,6 +3879,13 @@ - **TAS** = True Airspeed - **TC** = True Course - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q38 p.154](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=154) (score: 0.21) +- [QuizVDS Q70](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q70): Answer A +- PDF Answer: C + ### Q150: The distance from 'A' to 'B' is 120 NM. At 55 NM from 'A' the pilot finds a deviation of 7 NM to the right. What approximate course change is needed to reach 'B' directly? ^t60q150 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q150) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q150) @@ -3077,6 +3910,10 @@ #### Key Terms NM = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q151: How many satellites are required for a precise and verified three-dimensional position fix? ^t60q151 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q151) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q151) @@ -3097,6 +3934,10 @@ - **Option A** (five) describes what is needed for RAIM (Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring), not a basic 3D fix. - **Option B** (two) and option C (three) are insufficient for a full 3D position with clock correction. + +#### Source + +- [ ] ✓ [VV Q2 p.146](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=146) (clé: **B**, original: **C**) ### Q152: Which ground features should be preferred for orientation during visual flight? ^t60q152 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q152) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q152) @@ -3118,6 +3959,10 @@ - **Option B** (border lines) are invisible — there are no physical markings on the ground. - **Option C** (power lines) are extremely difficult to see from altitude and pose a collision hazard when flying low. + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**) ### Q153: What is the approximate circumference of the Earth at the equator? ^t60q153 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q153) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q153) @@ -3143,6 +3988,13 @@ #### Key Terms NM = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q2 p.146](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=146) (score: 0.33) +- [QuizVDS Q6](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q6): Answer C +- PDF Answer: C + ### Q154: Given: True course from A to B: 352°. Ground distance: 100 NM. GS: 107 kt. ETD: 0933 UTC. The ETA is ^t60q154 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q154) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q154) @@ -3171,6 +4023,10 @@ - **ETD** = Estimated Time of Departure - **GS** = Ground Speed - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**) ### Q155: An aircraft travels 100 km in 56 minutes. The ground speed (GS) equals ^t60q155 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q155) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q155) @@ -3197,6 +4053,13 @@ - **GS** = Ground Speed - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q55 p.157](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=157) (score: 0.21) +- [QuizVDS Q52](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q52): Answer B +- PDF Answer: D + ### Q156: An aircraft flies with TAS 180 kt and a headwind component of 25 kt for 2 hours and 25 minutes. The distance flown equals ^t60q156 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q156) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q156) @@ -3223,6 +4086,10 @@ - **TAS** = True Airspeed - **GS** = Ground Speed - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q157: Given: GS 160 kt, TC 177°, wind vector 140°/20 kt. The true heading (TH) equals ^t60q157 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q157) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q157) @@ -3250,6 +4117,10 @@ - **TC** = True Course - **TH** = True Heading - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**) ### Q158: An aircraft follows TC 040° at a constant TAS of 180 kt. The wind vector is 350°/30 kt. The wind correction angle (WCA) equals ^t60q158 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q158) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q158) @@ -3275,6 +4146,10 @@ - **TAS** = True Airspeed - **TC** = True Course - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**) ### Q159: Given: True course: 270°. TAS: 100 kt. Wind: 090°/25 kt. Distance: 100 NM. The ground speed (GS) equals ^t60q159 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q159) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q159) @@ -3302,6 +4177,10 @@ - **GS** = Ground Speed - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s) - **TC** = True Course + +#### Source + +- [ ] ~ [VV Q81 p.163](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=163) (clé: **C**, original: **D**) ### Q160: When using GPS for tracking to the next waypoint, a deviation bar with dots is displayed. Which interpretation is correct? ^t60q160 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q160) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q160) @@ -3325,6 +4204,10 @@ #### Key Terms NM = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**) ### Q161: What is the approximate distance from Schänis (LSZX) to Sion (LSGS)? ^t60q161 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q161) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q161) @@ -3362,6 +4245,10 @@ NM = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q162: An aircraft flies with TAS 120 kt and experiences 35 kt tailwind. How much time is needed for a distance of 185 NM? ^t60q162 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q162) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q162) @@ -3389,6 +4276,10 @@ - **GS** = Ground Speed - **D** — Drag - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q163: Given: True course: 270°. TAS: 100 kt. Wind: 090°/25 kt. Distance: 100 NM. The flight time equals ^t60q163 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q163) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q163) @@ -3416,6 +4307,10 @@ - **TAS** = True Airspeed - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s) - **TC** = True Course + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**) ### Q164: Which answer completes the flight plan (marked cells)? ^t60q164 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q164) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q164) @@ -3443,6 +4338,10 @@ - **MH** = Magnetic Heading - **TC** = True Course - **TH** = True Heading + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**) ### Q165: What is meant by the term "terrestrial navigation"? ^t60q165 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q165) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q165) @@ -3464,6 +4363,10 @@ - **Option C** describes GPS navigation, a satellite-based method. - **Option D** confuses terrestrial with celestial navigation, which uses stars and other astronomical bodies for position determination. + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q166: What flight time is required for a distance of 236 NM at a ground speed of 134 kt? ^t60q166 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q166) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q166) @@ -3489,6 +4392,13 @@ - **GS** = Ground Speed - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q4 p.74](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=74) (score: 0.29) +- [QuizVDS Q53](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q53): Answer D +- PDF Answer: D + ### Q167: What is the true course (TC) from Birrfeld (LSZF) to Grenchen (LSZG)? ^t60q167 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q167) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q167) @@ -3525,6 +4435,10 @@ #### Key Terms TC = True Course + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**) ### Q168: What does the 1:60 rule mean? ^t60q168 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q168) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q168) @@ -3549,6 +4463,10 @@ #### Key Terms NM = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**) ### Q169: An aircraft follows TC 220° at a constant TAS of 220 kt. The wind vector is 270°/50 kt. The ground speed (GS) equals ^t60q169 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q169) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q169) @@ -3575,6 +4493,10 @@ - **GS** = Ground Speed - **TAS** = True Airspeed - **TC** = True Course + +#### Source + +- [ ] ~ [VV Q81 p.163](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=163) (clé: **C**, original: **A**) ### Q170: An aeroplane has a heading of 090°. The distance to fly is 90 NM. After 45 NM the aeroplane is 4.5 NM north of the planned flight path. What corrected heading is needed to reach the destination directly? ^t60q170 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q170) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q170) @@ -3599,6 +4521,10 @@ #### Key Terms NM = Nautical Mile(s) + +#### Source + +- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**) ### Q171: What is the distance from Samedan (LSZS) to Lugano (LSZA)? ^t60q171 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q171) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q171) @@ -3637,6 +4563,10 @@ - **NM** = Nautical mile (1′ of latitude ≈ 1 NM ≈ 1.852 km). - **LSZS** = Samedan aerodrome (Engadin). - **LSZA** = Lugano aerodrome (Ticino). + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q172: What does the term terrestrial navigation mean? ^t60q172 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q172) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q172) @@ -3664,6 +4594,10 @@ --- + +#### Source + +- [?] Source non identifiée ### Q173: What does QNH mean? ^t60q173 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q173) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q173) @@ -3691,6 +4625,12 @@ - **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level --- + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q77 p.162](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=162) (score: 0.79) +- PDF Answer: A ### Q174: You forgot to set the QNH before take-off and are now airborne. What should you do? ^t60q174 @@ -3721,6 +4661,12 @@ --- + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q78 p.162](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=162) (score: 0.44) +- PDF Answer: C + ### Q175: On the Swiss soaring chart, the text "NIL" appears in a soaring zone near Langenthal. What does this mean for cloud separation? ^t60q175 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q175) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q175) @@ -3750,6 +4696,12 @@ ---  + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q69 p.160](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=160) (score: 0.24) +- PDF Answer: C + ### Q176: During which period of the year are Class E airspace soaring periods active in Switzerland? ^t60q176 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q176) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q176) @@ -3777,6 +4729,12 @@ --- + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q73 p.161](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=161) (score: 0.67) +- PDF Answer: B + ### Q177: When reading the military activity notes on the Swiss soaring chart, what should glider pilots pay particular attention to? ^t60q177 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q177) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q177) @@ -3803,6 +4761,12 @@ - **Night operations** = Military flights conducted during darkness, relevant for airspace management --- + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q92 p.165](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=165) (score: 0.60) +- PDF Answer: C ### Q178: Who is responsible for activating the Dittingen-Nord soaring sector? ^t60q178 @@ -3833,6 +4797,12 @@ ---  + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q93 p.165](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=165) (score: 0.54) +- PDF Answer: D + ### Q179: What is the radio frequency used by retrieve teams operating in the Alps? ^t60q179 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q179) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q179) @@ -3861,6 +4831,12 @@ --- + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q94 p.166](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=166) (score: 0.56) +- PDF Answer: A + ### Q180: Where can a glider pilot find information about soaring conditions and procedures in Class D and Class C airspace in Switzerland? ^t60q180 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q180) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q180) @@ -3888,3 +4864,9 @@ - **Class C** = Controlled airspace (separation for all flights, clearance required) - **Swiss soaring chart** = 1:300,000 aeronautical chart specifically for glider pilots in Switzerland - **GAFOR** = General Aviation FORecast (route weather forecast) + + +#### Source + +- Examen Blanc: [VV Q95 p.166](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=166) (score: 0.85) +- PDF Answer: B -- Gitblit v1.3.1