From e07a553414967d3a090c9b2feea2d1fdfab082a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matthias Nott <mnott@mnsoft.org>
Date: Thu, 09 Apr 2026 18:01:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] Graphic updates.

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 SPL Exam Questions EN/10 - Air Law.md |  793 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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 #### Key Terms
 
 ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
+
+### Q145: What does a steady green light signal directed at a glider in flight mean? ^t10q145
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q145) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q145)
+
+- A) Return to land
+- B) Cleared to land
+- C) Cleared to land but immediately take off again
+- D) Give way to another aircraft and continue circling
+
+#### Answer
+
+B)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+In accordance with ICAO Annex 2 and SERA, a steady green light directed at an aircraft in flight means cleared to land. This is the standard signal used by a control tower or flight information service when radio communication is unavailable.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
+- **SERA** = Standardised European Rules of the Air
+
+### Q146: What does a steady red light signal directed at a glider in flight mean? ^t10q146
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q146) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q146)
+
+- A) Give way to other aircraft and continue circling
+- B) Return to your departure aerodrome
+- C) Aerodrome unsafe, do not land
+- D) Land at this aerodrome and taxi to your parking position
+
+#### Answer
+
+A)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+A steady red light directed at an aircraft in flight means: give way to other aircraft and continue circling in the aerodrome traffic circuit. This signal indicates that landing is not yet possible due to other traffic.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
+
+### Q147: What does a flashing green light signal directed at a glider in flight mean? ^t10q147
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q147) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q147)
+
+- A) Return for landing
+- B) Return to your departure aerodrome
+- C) Cleared to land
+- D) Give way to another aircraft and continue circling
+
+#### Answer
+
+A)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+A flashing green light directed at an aircraft in flight means: return for landing. This signal tells the pilot to join the aerodrome circuit with the intention of landing, but does not yet grant final clearance.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
+
+### Q148: What does a flashing red light signal directed at a glider in flight mean? ^t10q148
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q148) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q148)
+
+- A) Return to your departure aerodrome
+- B) Give way to another aircraft and continue circling
+- C) Do not land
+- D) Return for landing
+
+#### Answer
+
+C)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+A flashing red light directed at an aircraft in flight means: do not land (for the time being). The pilot must continue flying and must not initiate a landing approach. This signal may be used in case of an aerodrome emergency or other priority traffic.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
+
+### Q149: What does a flashing white light signal directed at a glider in flight mean? ^t10q149
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q149) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q149)
+
+- A) Return to your departure aerodrome
+- B) Land at this aerodrome and proceed to your parking position
+- C) Notwithstanding previous instructions, do not land now
+- D) Give way to another aircraft and continue circling
+
+#### Answer
+
+B)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+A flashing white light directed at an aircraft in flight means: land at this aerodrome and proceed to the parking area. This signal instructs the pilot to land and immediately proceed to the designated parking position.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
+
+### Q150: What does a red pyrotechnic signal directed at a glider in flight mean? ^t10q150
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q150) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q150)
+
+- A) Notwithstanding any previous instructions, do not land for the time being
+- B) Give way to another aircraft and continue circling
+- C) Return to your departure aerodrome
+- D) Land at this aerodrome and taxi to your parking position
+
+#### Answer
+
+A)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+A red pyrotechnic signal (flare) fired towards an aircraft in flight means that, notwithstanding any previous instructions, the aircraft must not land for the time being. It is an emergency signal used when there is an immediate hazard on or near the runway.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
+
+### Q151: What does a steady green light signal directed at a glider on the ground mean? ^t10q151
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q151) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q151)
+
+- A) Cleared to taxi
+- B) Taxi back to your parking position on this aerodrome
+- C) Cleared for take-off
+- D) Clear the runway/take-off area
+
+#### Answer
+
+C)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+A steady green light directed at an aircraft on the ground means: cleared for take-off. It is the standard signal indicating that the runway is clear and the aircraft may proceed with its take-off.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
+
+### Q152: What does a steady red light signal directed at a glider on the ground mean? ^t10q152
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q152) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q152)
+
+- A) Stop
+- B) Clear the landing area
+- C) Taxi back to your parking position
+- D) Cleared for take-off
+
+#### Answer
+
+A)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+A steady red light directed at an aircraft on the ground means: stop. The aircraft must stop immediately and await further instructions.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
+
+### Q153: What does a flashing green light signal directed at a glider on the ground mean? ^t10q153
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q153) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q153)
+
+- A) Cleared for take-off
+- B) Cleared to taxi
+- C) Clear the landing area
+- D) Taxi back to parking
+
+#### Answer
+
+B)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+A flashing green light directed at an aircraft on the ground means: cleared to taxi. This signal gives the pilot clearance to move on the ground towards the take-off position.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
+
+### Q154: What does a flashing red light signal directed at a glider on the ground mean? ^t10q154
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q154) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q154)
+
+- A) Stop
+- B) Clear the runway in use
+- C) Return to parking position
+- D) Cleared to taxi
+
+#### Answer
+
+B)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+A flashing red light directed at an aircraft on the ground means: clear the landing area in use. This signal is used to move an aircraft away from a runway or landing area without commanding a full stop.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
+
+### Q155: What does a flashing white light signal directed at a glider on the ground mean? ^t10q155
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q155) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q155)
+
+- A) Return to starting point on the aerodrome
+- B) Clear the landing area
+- C) Stop
+- D) Cleared to taxi
+
+#### Answer
+
+A)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+A flashing white light directed at an aircraft on the ground means: return to starting point on the aerodrome (go back to the runway threshold or initial holding point). This signal is used to redirect an aircraft back to its departure point.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
+
+### Q156: How does a glider in flight acknowledge receipt of a light signal during the day? ^t10q156
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q156) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q156)
+
+- A) By rocking the wings
+- B) By moving the ailerons and rudder
+- C) By switching the landing light on and off
+- D) By switching the navigation lights on and off
+
+#### Answer
+
+A)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+During the day, an aircraft in flight acknowledges receipt of a light signal by rocking the wings (lateral wing movement). This visual signal confirms to the flight service that the pilot has received and understood the light signal.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
+
+### Q157: Is wing rocking mandatory to acknowledge a light signal in all phases of flight? ^t10q157
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q157) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q157)
+
+- A) Yes
+- B) No, it is not required on base leg or final approach
+- C) No, only to confirm prohibitions
+- D) No, only during training flights
+
+#### Answer
+
+B)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+Wing rocking is not required on base leg or final approach, as these phases near landing require the pilot's full attention. In that case, switching the landing light on and off may be used instead.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
+
+### Q158: What does a brightly coloured right-angle arrow on the signal area mean? ^t10q158
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q158) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q158)
+
+- A) Gliding activity is in progress at this aerodrome
+- B) Before landing and after take-off, direction changes are only permitted to the right
+- C) After take-off, only right turns are permitted. Before landing the direction is unrestricted
+- D) Before landing, right turns are permitted. After take-off the direction is unrestricted
+
+#### Answer
+
+B)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+A brightly coloured right-angle arrow (broken arrow) on the signal area indicates that direction changes are permitted only to the right, both for landing and take-off. This applies when the terrain or obstacles impose a right-hand circuit.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
+- **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
+
+### Q159: What does a black letter C on a yellow background placed vertically mean? ^t10q159
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q159) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q159)
+
+- A) Gliding activity is in progress at this aerodrome
+- B) Different runways are used for take-off and landing
+- C) Location where pilots must report to the aerodrome management or flight service
+- D) Caution on approach and landing
+
+#### Answer
+
+C)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+A black letter C on a yellow background is the signal marking the location where pilots must report (announce themselves) to the aerodrome management or flight service. It generally marks the position of the flight information office or control tower.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
+- **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
+
+### Q160: What does a white two-arm cross on the signal area mean? ^t10q160
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q160) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q160)
+
+- A) Gliding activity is in progress at this aerodrome
+- B) Aerodrome with civil and military activity
+- C) Aerodrome closed to all activity
+- D) Caution on approach and landing
+
+#### Answer
+
+A)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+A white two-arm cross (X shape) on the signal area indicates that gliding activity is in progress at this aerodrome. This signal warns other pilots of the presence of gliders and the possibility of active soaring areas.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
+
+### Q161: What is the validity period of a short-term permit (permis de brève durée) in Switzerland? ^t10q161
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q161) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q161)
+
+- A) 20 days
+- B) 60 days
+- C) 3 months
+- D) 6 months
+
+#### Answer
+
+B)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+In Switzerland, a short-term permit (Kurzfristbewilligung) is valid for 60 days. It allows a candidate who has passed the practical examination to exercise pilot privileges while waiting for the official licence to be issued by FOCA.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **FOCA** = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
+
+### Q162: May a holder of a short-term permit fly abroad? ^t10q162
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q162) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q162)
+
+- A) Yes, without restriction
+- B) Yes, but only with the instructor's authorisation
+- C) Yes, but only with the authorisation of foreign authorities
+- D) No
+
+#### Answer
+
+D)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+A short-term permit is valid only within Switzerland. The holder may not fly abroad, as this document is not internationally recognised as a pilot licence under the Chicago Convention.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **FOCA** = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
+
+### Q163: May a pilot fly when their capabilities no longer allow them to ensure flight safety? ^t10q163
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q163) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q163)
+
+- A) Yes
+- B) Yes, but only when flying alone
+- C) Yes, provided a person holding at least a student pilot certificate is on board
+- D) No
+
+#### Answer
+
+D)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+In accordance with Swiss and European regulations (SERA.2010), a pilot is strictly prohibited from flying when their physical or mental capabilities are impaired to the extent that they jeopardise flight safety. This prohibition applies in all circumstances, regardless of whether passengers are on board.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **SERA** = Standardised European Rules of the Air
+- **FOCA** = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
+
+### Q164: May the holder of a glider pilot licence perform aerobatic flight (vol de virtuosité)? ^t10q164
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q164) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q164)
+
+- A) Yes, without restriction
+- B) Yes, but only rolls, hammerheads and loops
+- C) Yes, but only over uninhabited areas
+- D) No, they must hold an aerobatic extension to their licence
+
+#### Answer
+
+D)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+In Switzerland, aerobatic flight requires a specific extension to the glider pilot licence. The basic licence alone is not sufficient. The pilot must have completed specialised training and obtained authorisation from FOCA.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **FOCA** = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
+
+### Q165: Where can a glider pilot licence normally be renewed in Switzerland? ^t10q165
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q165) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q165)
+
+- A) At FOCA
+- B) At a flying school
+- C) By a flying instructor
+- D) At an authorised aerodrome director or airport management
+
+#### Answer
+
+D)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+In Switzerland, the ordinary renewal of a glider pilot licence is carried out by the aerodrome director or the management of an aerodrome authorised for this purpose by FOCA. It is not necessary to go directly to FOCA for a routine renewal.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **FOCA** = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
+
+### Q166: What conditions must a glider pilot licence holder meet to fly a powered glider (motorglider)? ^t10q166
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q166) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q166)
+
+- A) Hold a glider pilot licence
+- B) Hold the motorglider extension
+- C) Prove at least 20 hours of glider flight
+- D) Prove at least 10 hours of glider flight
+
+#### Answer
+
+B)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+To fly a powered glider (motorglider), the glider pilot licence holder must have a specific motorglider extension. The basic glider licence alone is not sufficient, since the use of the engine requires an additional qualification.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **FOCA** = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
+
+### Q167: For renewal of a glider pilot licence, may a pilot count powered aircraft hours instead of glider hours? ^t10q167
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q167) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q167)
+
+- A) Yes, up to the full number of required hours
+- B) Yes, up to half of the required flight hours
+- C) Yes, up to one quarter of the required hours
+- D) No
+
+#### Answer
+
+B)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+In Switzerland, powered aircraft hours may be counted up to half (50 %) of the flight hours required for renewal of a glider pilot licence. The other half must be flown on a glider or motorglider.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **FOCA** = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
+
+### Q168: You are flying in a soaring area (zone de vol à voile). What minimum cloud clearances must you observe? ^t10q168
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q168) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q168)
+
+- A) Vertically 100 m and horizontally 300 m
+- B) Vertically 50 m and horizontally 100 m
+- C) Vertically 300 m and horizontally 1.5 km
+- D) Clear of clouds with permanent view of the ground or water
+
+#### Answer
+
+B)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+In a soaring area (Segelfluggebiet), specific Swiss rules allow flying with reduced minimum cloud clearances: 50 m vertically and 100 m horizontally. These values are lower than standard Class E VMC minima to accommodate conditions specific to thermal soaring.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **FOCA** = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
+- **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
+
+### Q169: What cloud clearances must you maintain in an active cloud-flying zone above 600 m AGL if you do not hold a cloud-flying extension? ^t10q169
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q169) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q169)
+
+- A) Vertically 50 m and horizontally 100 m
+- B) Vertically 100 m and horizontally 300 m
+- C) Vertically 300 m and horizontally 1.5 km
+- D) Clear of clouds with permanent view of the ground or water
+
+#### Answer
+
+C)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+In an active cloud-flying zone above 600 m AGL, a pilot without a cloud-flying extension must observe standard VMC clearances: 300 m vertically and 1.5 km horizontally. Even when the zone is activated for cloud flying, pilots without the qualification must maintain VMC separation.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **FOCA** = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
+- **VMC** = Visual Meteorological Conditions
+
+### Q170: What is the minimum flight altitude above densely populated areas when flying a glider? ^t10q170
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q170) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q170)
+
+- A) 600 m AGL
+- B) You must be able to land outside the built-up area
+- C) 300 m AGL above any built-up area within a radius of 600 m from the glider
+- D) 300 m AGL
+
+#### Answer
+
+D)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+In accordance with Swiss regulations (FOCA), the minimum overflight height above densely populated areas is 300 m AGL. This rule is intended to protect people and property in the event of an emergency landing and to limit noise nuisance.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
+- **FOCA** = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
+
+### Q171: What is the minimum flight height for a glider flying along a slope in the countryside? ^t10q171
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q171) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q171)
+
+- A) 120 m AGL
+- B) 60 m AGL
+- C) 80 m AGL
+- D) There is no fixed numerical limit - you must always be able to turn away
+
+#### Answer
+
+B)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+For slope soaring in the countryside, Swiss regulations set a minimum height of 60 m AGL above the slope. This value is an absolute minimum and the pilot must always ensure sufficient space to carry out a turn safely.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
+- **FOCA** = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
+
+### Q172: You are flying in a thermal and you see a glider circling 50 m above you. Which direction of turn do you choose? ^t10q172
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q172) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q172)
+
+- A) You must maintain a minimum height difference of 150 m
+- B) I am free to choose the direction of turn
+- C) I turn in the opposite direction to better observe other gliders
+- D) I turn in the same direction
+
+#### Answer
+
+D)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+When thermal soaring with other gliders, the rule is that all aircraft must turn in the same direction as the first glider that entered the thermal. This reduces the risk of collision and makes traffic management within the thermal easier. The direction is set by the first glider circling in that air mass.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
+
+### Q173: You are flying in a thermal with no other gliders nearby. Which direction of turn is prescribed? ^t10q173
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q173) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q173)
+
+- A) There is no legal requirement
+- B) Turn to the right
+- C) Turn to the left
+- D) Fly in a figure-8 in the best lift
+
+#### Answer
+
+A)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+When there are no other gliders in the thermal, there is no legal requirement specifying a particular direction of turn. The pilot is free to choose the direction that allows them to remain in the best lift. A direction is only prescribed when another glider is already circling in the thermal.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
+
+### Q174: Is water ballast jettisoning from a glider permitted during flight? ^t10q174
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q174) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q174)
+
+- A) No
+- B) Yes
+- C) Yes, but only in the traffic circuit
+- D) Yes, with authorisation from FOCA
+
+#### Answer
+
+B)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+Water ballast jettisoning is permitted from a glider in flight. This common practice in competition and performance soaring allows the glider to be lightened when thermal conditions improve. However, the pilot must ensure that jettisoning is not carried out over populated areas or other aircraft.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **FOCA** = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
+
+### Q175: What is the maximum speed you must fly at in Swiss airspace below 3000 m AMSL? ^t10q175
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q175) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q175)
+
+- A) Only below the speed of sound
+- B) Below 3000 m AMSL maximum 250 KT
+- C) Below 3000 m AMSL maximum 500 KT
+- D) No breaking the sound barrier below 6000 m AMSL
+
+#### Answer
+
+B)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+Below 3000 m AMSL in Swiss airspace, the maximum permitted speed is 250 knots (KT) IAS. This limitation is intended to reduce collision risks with other aircraft and limit noise nuisance in low-altitude areas.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
+- **IAS** = Indicated Air Speed
+- **KT** = Knots
+
+### Q176: What rights did contracting states agree upon in the Chicago Convention for non-commercial aircraft on international flights? ^t10q176
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q176) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q176)
+
+- A) The right of overflight and landing for non-commercial flights
+- B) Only the right of overflight
+- C) Only the right of landing for non-commercial flights but not overflight
+- D) The right to make landings without customs formalities
+
+#### Answer
+
+A)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+The 1944 Chicago Convention (Article 5) grants civil aircraft of contracting states conducting non-commercial flights the right to overfly the territory of other contracting states and the right to land for technical stops, without prior authorisation required.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
+
+### Q177: Does a state have the right to prohibit the entry or overflight of part or all of its territory by foreign aircraft? ^t10q177
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q177) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q177)
+
+- A) Yes
+- B) Yes, but only for commercial flights
+- C) Yes, but only for military aircraft
+- D) No
+
+#### Answer
+
+A)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+In accordance with Article 9 of the Chicago Convention, each contracting state may, for reasons of military necessity or public safety, restrict or prohibit aircraft of other states from flying over certain areas of its territory. The state must publish these restrictions in the AIP.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
+- **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
+
+### Q178: When turning for landing or after take-off, to which side must the turn be made in the absence of specific instructions? ^t10q178
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q178) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q178)
+
+- A) To the left in both cases
+- B) To the right in both cases
+- C) To the left for landing approach and to the right after take-off
+- D) To the right for landing approach and to the left after take-off
+
+#### Answer
+
+A)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+In the absence of specific instructions, the standard circuit calls for left-hand turns, both on landing approach and after take-off. This is the default rule under SERA and international usage. Right-hand turns are possible if indicated in the AIP or by the control tower.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **SERA** = Standardised European Rules of the Air
+- **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
+
+### Q179: How must the landing approach be made when no radio contact has been established with the aerodrome? ^t10q179
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q179) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q179)
+
+- A) Make a direct approach to minimise disruption to other traffic
+- B) Fly at least one full circuit before landing
+- C) Fly at least one half-circuit before landing
+- D) Fly a 360° over the signal square then a full circuit before landing
+
+#### Answer
+
+C)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+In accordance with Swiss regulations, when no radio contact has been established with the aerodrome, the pilot must fly at least one half-circuit before landing. This half-circuit gives the flight information service time to see the incoming aircraft and, if necessary, to provide light signals.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **FOCA** = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
+- **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
+
+### Q180: Within what period must an appeal be lodged against a FOCA decision to refuse or withdraw a licence? ^t10q180
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q180) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q180)
+
+- A) Within 10 days of receiving the decision
+- B) Within 20 days of receiving the decision
+- C) Within 30 days of receiving the decision
+- D) Within 40 days of receiving the decision
+
+#### Answer
+
+C)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+In accordance with the Federal Administrative Procedure Act (PA) and the Aviation Act (LA), an appeal against a FOCA decision (refusal or withdrawal of a licence) must be lodged within 30 days of receiving the decision. The appeal is addressed to the competent federal department (DETEC).
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **FOCA** = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
+- **DETEC** = Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications
+
+### Q181: Before which authority may an appeal be lodged against FOCA in case of refusal or withdrawal of a licence? ^t10q181
+
+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q181) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q181)
+
+- A) Before the Federal Court
+- B) Before the Federal Council
+- C) Before the Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC)
+- D) Before the Federal Aviation Commission
+
+#### Answer
+
+C)
+
+#### Explanation
+
+Appeals against FOCA decisions regarding licences must be addressed to DETEC (Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications), which is the direct supervisory authority of FOCA. A DETEC decision may then be further appealed to the Federal Administrative Tribunal.
+
+#### Key Terms
+
+- **FOCA** = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
+- **DETEC** = Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications
+

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