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Matthias Nott
2026-03-22 f3c802d4ecca5c384605162019dff2b440d28032 
 SPL Exam Questions EN/80 - Principles of Flight.md
....@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
6363 
6464 #### Key Terms
6565 
66
-- **AoA** = Angle of Attack
66
+AoA = Angle of Attack
6767 ### Q4: Which component is responsible for pitch stabilisation during cruise? ^t80q4
6868 
6969 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q4) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q4)
....@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
8383 
8484 #### Key Terms
8585 
86
-- **AoA** = Angle of Attack
86
+AoA = Angle of Attack
8787 ### Q5: What can happen when the never-exceed speed (VNE) is surpassed in flight? ^t80q5
8888 
8989 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q5) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q5)
....@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@
103103 
104104 #### Key Terms
105105 
106
-- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed
106
+VNE = Never Exceed Speed
107107 ### Q6: What effect does a rearward centre of gravity position have on a glider's handling? ^t80q6
108108 
109109 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q6) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q6)
....@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
123123 
124124 #### Key Terms
125125 
126
-- **CG** = Centre of Gravity
126
+CG = Centre of Gravity
127127 ### Q7: What purpose does the vertical tail fin (rudder assembly) serve? ^t80q7
128128 
129129 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q7) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q7)
....@@ -161,6 +161,7 @@
161161 #### Key Terms
162162 
163163 - **n** — Load Factor (ratio of lift to weight: n = L/W)
164
+n — Load Factor (ratio of lift to weight: n = L/W)
164165 
165166 ### Q9: What is the relationship between aspect ratio and induced drag? ^t80q9
166167 
....@@ -182,9 +183,9 @@
182183 #### Key Terms
183184 
184185 - **D_induced** — Induced Drag — drag created as a by-product of generating lift
186
+- **CL** — Lift Coefficient — dimensionless measure of aerodynamic lift
185187 - **AR** — Aspect Ratio — ratio of wingspan² to wing area
186188 - **e** — Oswald Efficiency Factor — wing efficiency factor (1.0 for ideal elliptical lift distribution)
187
-- **CL** — Lift Coefficient — dimensionless measure of aerodynamic lift
188189 
189190 ### Q10: When the elevator trim tab is deflected downward, what is the resulting pitch tendency? ^t80q10
190191 
....@@ -223,6 +224,7 @@
223224 #### Key Terms
224225 
225226 - **m** — mass of the aircraft
227
+m — mass of the aircraft
226228 
227229 ### Q12: In straight and level flight, what happens to the required angle of attack as speed increases? ^t80q12
228230 
....@@ -417,7 +419,8 @@
417419 
418420 #### Key Terms
419421 
420
-- **CL** = Lift Coefficient
422
+- **CL** — Lift Coefficient — dimensionless measure of aerodynamic lift
423
+CL = Lift Coefficient
421424 ### Q22: What is the primary function of an elevator trim tab? ^t80q22
422425 
423426 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q22) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q22)
....@@ -455,6 +458,7 @@
455458 #### Key Terms
456459 
457460 - **n** — Load Factor (ratio of lift to weight: n = L/W)
461
+n — Load Factor (ratio of lift to weight: n = L/W)
458462 
459463 ### Q24: What is the centre of pressure of an aerofoil? ^t80q24
460464 
....@@ -496,7 +500,8 @@
496500 
497501 #### Key Terms
498502 
499
-- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed
503
+- **VNE** — Never Exceed Speed
504
+VNE = Never Exceed Speed
500505 ### Q26: What is the Bernoulli principle as applied to an aerofoil? ^t80q26
501506 
502507 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q26) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q26)
....@@ -550,7 +555,7 @@
550555 
551556 #### Key Terms
552557 
553
-- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
558
+AGL = Above Ground Level
554559 ### Q29: What does the term "washout" refer to in wing design? ^t80q29
555560 
556561 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q29) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q29)
....@@ -706,7 +711,7 @@
706711 
707712 #### Key Terms
708713 
709
-- **CL** = Lift Coefficient
714
+CL = Lift Coefficient
710715 ### Q37: In which direction does the centre of pressure move as the angle of attack increases (pre-stall)? ^t80q37
711716 
712717 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q37) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q37)
....@@ -726,7 +731,7 @@
726731 
727732 #### Key Terms
728733 
729
-- **AoA** = Angle of Attack
734
+AoA = Angle of Attack
730735 ### Q38: What determines the critical angle of attack at which a wing stalls? ^t80q38
731736 
732737 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q38) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q38)
....@@ -832,7 +837,7 @@
832837 
833838 #### Key Terms
834839 
835
-- **AoA** = Angle of Attack
840
+AoA = Angle of Attack
836841 ### Q43: During a stall, how do lift and drag behave? ^t80q43
837842 
838843 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q43) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q43)
....@@ -930,7 +935,7 @@
930935 
931936 #### Key Terms
932937 
933
-- **AoA** = Angle of Attack
938
+AoA = Angle of Attack
934939 ### Q47: The laminar boundary layer on the aerofoil lies between ^t80q47
935940 
936941 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q47) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q47)
....@@ -1018,7 +1023,7 @@
10181023 
10191024 #### Key Terms
10201025 
1021
-- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
1026
+ISA = International Standard Atmosphere
10221027 ### Q52: During a sideslip, the permitted flap position is ^t80q52
10231028 
10241029 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q52) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q52)
....@@ -1110,7 +1115,7 @@
11101115 
11111116 #### Key Terms
11121117 
1113
-- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
1118
+ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
11141119 ### Q57: Density altitude always corresponds to ^t80q57
11151120 
11161121 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q57) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q57)
....@@ -1195,7 +1200,8 @@
11951200 
11961201 #### Key Terms
11971202 
1198
-- **CG** = Centre of Gravity
1203
+- **CG** — Centre of Gravity
1204
+CG = Centre of Gravity
11991205 ### Q61: The angle between the aerofoil chord line and the aircraft's longitudinal axis is called ^t80q61
12001206 
12011207 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q61) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q61)
....@@ -1420,7 +1426,7 @@
14201426 
14211427 #### Key Terms
14221428 
1423
-- **VA** = Manoeuvring Speed
1429
+VA = Manoeuvring Speed
14241430 ### Q72: Wing tip vortices are caused by pressure equalisation from: ^t80q72
14251431 
14261432 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q72) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q72)
....@@ -1474,7 +1480,7 @@
14741480 
14751481 #### Key Terms
14761482 
1477
-- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
1483
+ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
14781484 ### Q75: Regarding airflow, the simplified continuity equation states: At the same moment, the same mass of air passes through different cross-sections. Therefore: ^t80q75
14791485 
14801486 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q75) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q75)
....@@ -1564,7 +1570,7 @@
15641570 
15651571 #### Key Terms
15661572 
1567
-- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
1573
+ISA = International Standard Atmosphere
15681574 ### Q80: The speed displayed on the airspeed indicator (ASI) is a measurement of: ^t80q80
15691575 
15701576 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q80) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q80)
....@@ -1618,7 +1624,7 @@
16181624 
16191625 #### Key Terms
16201626 
1621
-- **CL** = Lift Coefficient
1627
+CL = Lift Coefficient
16221628 ### Q83: The aerodynamic centre of an aerofoil in an airflow is the point of application of: ^t80q83
16231629 
16241630 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q83) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q83)
....@@ -1672,7 +1678,7 @@
16721678 
16731679 #### Key Terms
16741680 
1675
-- **TAS** = True Airspeed
1681
+TAS = True Airspeed
16761682 ### Q86: Yaw stability of an aircraft is provided by: ^t80q86
16771683 
16781684 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q86) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q86)
....@@ -1746,6 +1752,7 @@
17461752 #### Key Terms
17471753 
17481754 - **ρ** (rho) — air density
1755
+ρ (rho) — air density
17491756 
17501757 ### Q90: In the drawing below, the aerofoil chord is represented by: ^t80q90
17511758 
....@@ -1789,7 +1796,7 @@
17891796 
17901797 #### Key Terms
17911798 
1792
-- **AoA** = Angle of Attack
1799
+AoA = Angle of Attack
17931800 ### Q92: Given equal frontal area and equal airflow speed, what determines the drag of a body? ^t80q92
17941801 
17951802 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q92) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q92)
....@@ -1952,7 +1959,7 @@
19521959 
19531960 #### Key Terms
19541961 
1955
-- **AoA** = Angle of Attack
1962
+AoA = Angle of Attack
19561963 ### Q99: What is the mean gravitational acceleration at the surface of the Earth? ^t80q99
19571964 
19581965 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q99) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q99)
....@@ -1976,7 +1983,7 @@
19761983 
19771984 #### Key Terms
19781985 
1979
-- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
1986
+ISA = International Standard Atmosphere
19801987 ### Q100: True Airspeed (TAS) is obtained from the airspeed indicator (ASI) reading by: ^t80q100
19811988 
19821989 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q100) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q100)
....@@ -2027,7 +2034,7 @@
20272034 
20282035 #### Key Terms
20292036 
2030
-- **CG** = Centre of Gravity
2037
+CG = Centre of Gravity
20312038 ### Q102: The high-lift device shown in the diagram is a: ^t80q102
20322039 
20332040 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q102) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q102)
....@@ -2094,7 +2101,7 @@
20942101 
20952102 #### Key Terms
20962103 
2097
-- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
2104
+ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
20982105 ### Q105: The airspeed indicator (ASI) reading is based on a measurement of: ^t80q105
20992106 
21002107 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q105) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q105)
....@@ -2192,6 +2199,7 @@
21922199 #### Key Terms
21932200 
21942201 - **D** — Drag
2202
+D — Drag
21952203 
21962204 ### Q109: Barometric pressure in the Earth's atmosphere has the characteristic of: ^t80q109
21972205 
....@@ -2410,7 +2418,7 @@
24102418 
24112419 #### Key Terms
24122420 
2413
-- **CG** = Centre of Gravity
2421
+CG = Centre of Gravity
24142422 ### Q119: What benefit does differential aileron deflection provide? ^t80q119
24152423 
24162424 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q119) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q119)
....@@ -2768,7 +2776,7 @@
27682776 
27692777 #### Key Terms
27702778 
2771
-- **CG** = Centre of Gravity
2779
+CG = Centre of Gravity
27722780 ### Q135: What distinguishes a spin from a spiral dive? ^t80q135
27732781 
27742782 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q135) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q135)
....@@ -2812,7 +2820,7 @@
28122820 
28132821 #### Key Terms
28142822 
2815
-- **CG** = Centre of Gravity
2823
+CG = Centre of Gravity
28162824 ### Q137: Which structural element provides directional stability? ^t80q137
28172825 
28182826 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q137) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q137)
....@@ -2858,7 +2866,7 @@
28582866 
28592867 #### Key Terms
28602868 
2861
-- **AoA** = Angle of Attack
2869
+AoA = Angle of Attack
28622870 ### Q139: What is one function of the horizontal tail? ^t80q139
28632871 
28642872 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q139) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q139)
....@@ -2923,7 +2931,7 @@
29232931 
29242932 #### Key Terms
29252933 
2926
-- **AoA** = Angle of Attack
2934
+AoA = Angle of Attack
29272935 ### Q142: How is the force balance affected during a banked turn? ^t80q142
29282936 
29292937 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q142) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q142)
....@@ -2971,7 +2979,7 @@
29712979 
29722980 #### Key Terms
29732981 
2974
-- **TMG** = Touring Motor Glider
2982
+TMG = Touring Motor Glider
29752983 ### Q144: What effect is known as "adverse yaw"? ^t80q144
29762984 
29772985 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q144) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q144)
....@@ -3060,7 +3068,7 @@
30603068 
30613069 #### Key Terms
30623070 
3063
-- **CG** = Centre of Gravity
3071
+CG = Centre of Gravity
30643072 ### Q148: While approaching the next updraft, the variometer shows 3 m/s descent. You expect a mean climb rate of 2 m/s in the thermal. How should you set the McCready ring? ^t80q148
30653073 
30663074 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q148) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q148)
....@@ -3106,6 +3114,7 @@
31063114 #### Key Terms
31073115 
31083116 - **D** — Drag
3117
+D — Drag
31093118 
31103119 ### Q150: On the aerofoil diagram, what does point number 3 represent? ^t80q150
31113120 
....@@ -3218,7 +3227,7 @@
32183227 
32193228 #### Key Terms
32203229 
3221
-- **CG** = Centre of Gravity
3230
+CG = Centre of Gravity
32223231 ### Q155: Which description characterises static stability? ^t80q155
32233232 
32243233 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/80%20-%20Grundlagen%20des%20Fliegens.md#^t80q155) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/80%20-%20Principes%20du%20vol.md#^t80q155)
....@@ -3306,6 +3315,7 @@
33063315 #### Key Terms
33073316 
33083317 - **D** — Drag
3318
+D — Drag
33093319 
33103320 ### Q159: "Longitudinal stability" refers to stability around which axis? ^t80q159
33113321 
....@@ -3352,6 +3362,7 @@
33523362 #### Key Terms
33533363 
33543364 - **D** — Drag
3365
+D — Drag
33553366 
33563367 ### Q161: What phenomenon is known as adverse yaw? ^t80q161
33573368