Graphic updates.

Matthias Nott

5 days ago e07a553414967d3a090c9b2feea2d1fdfab082a7

 SPL Exam Questions EN/70 - Operational Procedures.md
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 #### Key Terms
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 CG = Centre of Gravity
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+### Q129: Which system is available at every aerodrome for meteorological briefing for glider flights? ^t70q129
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+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/70%20-%20Betriebliche%20Verfahren.md#^t70q129) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/70%20-%20Proc%C3%A9dures%20op%C3%A9rationnelles.md#^t70q129)
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+- A) AMIE
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+- B) GAFOR
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+- C) KOSIF
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+- D) METAR
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+
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+#### Answer
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+A)
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+#### Explanation
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+AMIE (Automated Meteorological Information for Enquirers) is the automated weather briefing system available at all Swiss aerodromes. It provides pilots with standardised pre-flight weather information for glider operations.
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+---
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+
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+### Q130: In which section of the AIP can you find specific regulations for glider operations in Switzerland? ^t70q130
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+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/70%20-%20Betriebliche%20Verfahren.md#^t70q130) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/70%20-%20Proc%C3%A9dures%20op%C3%A9rationnelles.md#^t70q130)
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+- A) AIP GEN 3-5
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+- B) AIP ENR 2-1
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+- C) AIP ENR 5-2
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+- D) AIP RAC 6-1
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+
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+#### Answer
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+D)
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+#### Explanation
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+AIP RAC 6-1 contains the specific rules and regulations for glider and motorglider operations in Switzerland, including airspace usage, tow procedures, and operational requirements specific to gliders.
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+---
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+### Q131: What does the manoeuvring speed V(A) represent? ^t70q131
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+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/70%20-%20Betriebliche%20Verfahren.md#^t70q131) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/70%20-%20Proc%C3%A9dures%20op%C3%A9rationnelles.md#^t70q131)
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+- A) The maximum speed in turbulence
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+- B) The maximum speed at which full control deflection can be applied without exceeding structural limits
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+- C) The speed at which the glider stalls
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+- D) The maximum airspeed of the glider
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+
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+#### Answer
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+B)
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+#### Explanation
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+V(A) is the manoeuvring speed - the maximum speed at which full and abrupt control deflections can be applied without exceeding the structural design limits of the aircraft. Below V(A), the wing will stall before structural damage occurs.
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+---
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+
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+### Q132: A glide ratio of 45 means: ^t70q132
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+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/70%20-%20Betriebliche%20Verfahren.md#^t70q132) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/70%20-%20Proc%C3%A9dures%20op%C3%A9rationnelles.md#^t70q132)
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+- A) For every 45 m of horizontal distance, the glider descends 1 m
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+- B) The glider can fly for 45 minutes without thermals
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+- C) The glider descends 45 m for every 1 m of horizontal distance
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+- D) The glider has a minimum sink rate of 45 cm/s
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+
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+#### Answer
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+A)
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+#### Explanation
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+Glide ratio (also called best glide or finesse) is the ratio of horizontal distance to altitude lost. A glide ratio of 45:1 means the glider travels 45 metres horizontally for every 1 metre of altitude lost. This is a measure of aerodynamic efficiency.
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+
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+---
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+
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+### Q133: What is the risk of flying a glider above V(NE)? ^t70q133
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+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/70%20-%20Betriebliche%20Verfahren.md#^t70q133) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/70%20-%20Proc%C3%A9dures%20op%C3%A9rationnelles.md#^t70q133)
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+- A) Loss of yaw control
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+- B) The glider will stall
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+- C) Flutter and structural failure
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+- D) The airspeed indicator becomes unreliable
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+#### Answer
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+C)
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+#### Explanation
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+Exceeding V(NE) (never-exceed speed) risks aeroelastic flutter - a self-sustaining, potentially catastrophic oscillation of structural components. Flutter can develop rapidly and lead to structural failure. V(NE) is the absolute speed limit that must never be exceeded.
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+---
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+### Q134: In which speed range can structural overload occur? ^t70q134
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+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/70%20-%20Betriebliche%20Verfahren.md#^t70q134) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/70%20-%20Proc%C3%A9dures%20op%C3%A9rationnelles.md#^t70q134)
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+- A) Below V(S)
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+- B) Between V(A) and V(NE)
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+- C) Only above V(NE)
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+- D) Between V(S) and V(A)
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+
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+#### Answer
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+B)
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+#### Explanation
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+Between V(A) and V(NE), full control deflection can cause structural overload because the aircraft has enough speed to generate forces exceeding structural limits before a stall occurs. Below V(A), a stall provides protection; above V(NE), flutter is the primary risk.
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+---
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+### Q135: Compared to straight and level flight, the stall speed in a banked turn is: ^t70q135
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+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/70%20-%20Betriebliche%20Verfahren.md#^t70q135) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/70%20-%20Proc%C3%A9dures%20op%C3%A9rationnelles.md#^t70q135)
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+- A) Lower, because centrifugal force assists lift
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+- B) Higher, because the effective load factor increases
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+- C) The same, as stall speed depends only on aircraft weight
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+- D) Lower in shallow turns, higher in steep turns
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+#### Answer
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+B)
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+#### Explanation
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+In a banked turn, the wing must support a higher load factor (n = 1/cos(bank angle)) to maintain altitude. Since stall speed increases with the square root of the load factor, stall speed increases significantly in steep turns. At 60° bank, stall speed is 1.41 times the wings-level value.
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+---
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+### Q136: What is the consequence of repeatedly exceeding the maximum permissible load factor? ^t70q136
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+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/70%20-%20Betriebliche%20Verfahren.md#^t70q136) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/70%20-%20Proc%C3%A9dures%20op%C3%A9rationnelles.md#^t70q136)
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+- A) The glider's glide ratio decreases permanently
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+- B) The control forces increase
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+- C) The stall speed increases permanently
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+- D) Material fatigue and risk of structural failure
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+#### Answer
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+D)
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+#### Explanation
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+Repeatedly exceeding structural load limits causes cumulative material fatigue. Each overload cycle weakens the structure, eventually leading to premature failure at loads that would normally be safe. A glider subjected to overload must be inspected by a licensed maintenance engineer before further flight.
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+---
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+### Q137: Why is it dangerous to fly at minimum speed in strong turbulence? ^t70q137
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+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/70%20-%20Betriebliche%20Verfahren.md#^t70q137) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/70%20-%20Proc%C3%A9dures%20op%C3%A9rationnelles.md#^t70q137)
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+- A) The airspeed indicator becomes unreliable at low speeds
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+- B) The glider loses radio contact at low altitude
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+- C) A gust can instantly reduce angle of attack below the stall angle
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+- D) Flutter is more likely at low speeds
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+#### Answer
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+C)
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+#### Explanation
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+In turbulence, gusts can change the effective angle of attack suddenly. Flying near minimum speed (close to stall) leaves almost no margin: a downward gust can instantly push the wing beyond the critical angle of attack, causing an unexpected stall. The recommended turbulence penetration speed provides adequate stall margin.
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+---
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+### Q138: When lost and uncertain of your position, which radio service can provide a bearing to help you navigate? ^t70q138
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+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/70%20-%20Betriebliche%20Verfahren.md#^t70q138) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/70%20-%20Proc%C3%A9dures%20op%C3%A9rationnelles.md#^t70q138)
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+- A) ATIS
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+- B) VOLMET
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+- C) VDF (VHF Direction Finding)
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+- D) ACARS
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+#### Answer
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+C)
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+#### Explanation
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+VDF (VHF Direction Finding) is a ground-based radio direction finding service. When a pilot transmits on the appropriate frequency, the VDF station can provide a QDM (magnetic heading to steer to reach the station) or QTE (true bearing from the station), helping a lost pilot determine their position and navigate to safety.
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+---
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+### Q139: What colour coding identifies medical oxygen cylinders approved for aviation use? ^t70q139
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+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/70%20-%20Betriebliche%20Verfahren.md#^t70q139) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/70%20-%20Proc%C3%A9dures%20op%C3%A9rationnelles.md#^t70q139)
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+- A) Blue body / blue-white shoulder / green label
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+- B) Green body / white shoulder / blue label
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+- C) White body / blue shoulder / green label
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+- D) Black body / white shoulder / red label
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+#### Answer
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+A)
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+#### Explanation
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+Medical oxygen cylinders for aviation use are identified by a blue body with a blue-white shoulder and a green label indicating medical-grade oxygen. Industrial oxygen must never be used for aviation breathing purposes as it may contain impurities harmful at altitude.
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+---
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+### Q140: Which external factor most significantly reduces the strength of a parachute? ^t70q140
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+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/70%20-%20Betriebliche%20Verfahren.md#^t70q140) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/70%20-%20Proc%C3%A9dures%20op%C3%A9rationnelles.md#^t70q140)
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+- A) Prolonged exposure to sunlight (UV radiation)
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+- B) Exposure to high humidity
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+- C) Repeated packing and unpacking
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+- D) Low temperatures during storage
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+#### Answer
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+A)
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+#### Explanation
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+UV radiation from sunlight degrades nylon and other synthetic fibres used in parachute canopies and lines. Even brief exposure to direct sunlight causes measurable strength reduction, which is why parachutes must be stored away from light, regularly inspected, and repacked by qualified riggers within mandatory intervals.
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