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Matthias Nott
2 days ago eb62fc6c4c21fa4436dcf1283daa2be4e34d6f6f 
 SPL Exam Questions EN/60 - Navigation.md
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1919 
2020 The Earth's rotational axis is the physical axis around which the planet spins, and it passes through the geographic (true) poles — not the magnetic poles. The geographic poles are fixed points defined by the rotational axis, while the magnetic poles are offset from them and drift over time due to changes in the Earth's molten core.
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+#### Source
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+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q1 p.146](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=146) (score: 0.62)
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+- [QuizVDS Q1](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q1): Answer D
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+- PDF Answer: B
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+
2229 ### Q2: Which statement correctly describes the polar axis of the Earth? ^t60q2
2330 
2431 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q2) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q2)
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3845 
3946 - **Option A** confuses the tilt to the ecliptic with the relationship to the equator.
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+#### Source
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+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q1 p.146](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=146) (score: 0.40)
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+- [QuizVDS Q2](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q2): Answer A
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+- PDF Answer: B
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+
4155 ### Q3: For navigation systems, which approximate geometrical shape best represents the Earth? ^t60q3
4256 
4357 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q3) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q3)
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5569 
5670 The Earth is not a perfect sphere — it is slightly flattened at the poles and bulges at the equator due to its rotation. This shape is called an oblate spheroid or ellipsoid. Modern navigation systems (including GPS) use the WGS-84 ellipsoid as the reference model, which accurately accounts for this flattening in coordinate calculations.
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+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**)
5876 ### Q4: Which of the following statements about a rhumb line is correct? ^t60q4
5977 
6078 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q4) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q4)
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7088 
7189 #### Explanation
7290 
73
-A rhumb line (also called a loxodrome) is defined as a line that crosses every meridian of longitude at the same angle. This makes it useful for constant-heading navigation — a pilot can fly a rhumb line by maintaining a fixed compass heading. However, it is not the shortest path between two points; that distinction belongs to the great circle route.
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+A rhumb line (also called a loxodrome) is defined as a line that crosses every meridian of longitude at the same constant angle.
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+![](figures/loxodrome_orthodrome.png)
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+**Why is this useful?** A pilot can fly a rhumb line simply by maintaining a fixed compass heading — no course corrections needed. On a Mercator chart, a rhumb line appears as a straight line, making it easy to plot and follow. This is why Mercator projection is the standard for aviation charts.
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+**Rhumb line (loxodrome) vs great circle (orthodrome):**
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+| | Loxodrome (rhumb line) | Orthodrome (great circle) |
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+|---|---|---|
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+| Definition | Crosses all meridians at the same angle | Arc of the largest circle on the sphere |
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+| On Mercator chart | Straight line | Curved line (bows toward the poles) |
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+| Heading | Constant — no corrections needed | Changes continuously |
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+| Distance | Longer than great circle | Shortest possible path |
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+| Use case | Easy to fly with compass; ideal for short/medium distances | Long-distance routes (airlines); plotted, then flown as rhumb-line segments |
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+For glider cross-country flights, the difference is negligible. For long-distance flights, pilots break the orthodrome into short rhumb-line segments with periodic heading updates.
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+- **A** is wrong: the shortest path is an orthodrome (great circle), not a loxodrome.
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+- **C** is wrong: a loxodrome spirals toward the poles — its centre is not the Earth's centre (that defines a great circle).
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+- **D** is wrong: a loxodrome is not a great circle.
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+#### Source
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+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**)
75117 ### Q5: The shortest route between two points on the Earth's surface follows a segment of ^t60q5
76118 
77119 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q5) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q5)
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87129 
88130 #### Explanation
89131 
90
-A great circle is any circle whose plane passes through the center of the Earth, and the arc of a great circle between two points is the shortest possible path along the Earth's surface (the geodesic). Parallels of latitude (except the equator) and rhumb lines are not great circles and do not represent the shortest path. Long-haul aircraft routes are planned along great circle tracks to minimize fuel and time.
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+A great circle (orthodrome) is any circle whose plane passes through the centre of the Earth, and the arc of a great circle between two points is the shortest possible path along the Earth's surface (the geodesic).
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+![](figures/loxodrome_orthodrome.png)
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+The figure shows the difference: a rhumb line (loxodrome) crosses all meridians at a constant angle but is longer; a great circle (orthodrome) is the shortest path but requires constantly changing heading. Long-haul aircraft routes follow great circle tracks to minimize fuel and time, broken into rhumb-line segments for practical navigation.
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+- **A** (small circle) — a small circle does not pass through the Earth's centre and is never the shortest path.
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+- **C** (rhumb line) — a rhumb line is longer than the great circle (except along meridians or the equator where they coincide).
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+- **D** (parallel of latitude) — parallels (except the equator) are small circles, not great circles.
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+#### Source
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+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**)
92146 ### Q6: What is the approximate circumference of the Earth measured along the equator? ^t60q6
93147 
94148 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q6) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q6)
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111165 #### Key Terms
112166 
113167 NM = Nautical Mile(s)
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+#### Source
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+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q2 p.146](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=146) (score: 0.25)
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+- PDF Answer: C
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+
114174 ### Q7: What is the latitude difference between point A (12°53'30''N) and point B (07°34'30''S)? ^t60q7
115175 
116176 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q7) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q7)
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131191 #### Key Terms
132192 
133193 S — Wing Area — total planform area of the wings
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+#### Source
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+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q7 p.147](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=147) (score: 0.33)
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+- [QuizVDS Q7](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q7): Answer D
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+- PDF Answer: D
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+
134201 ### Q8: At what positions are the two polar circles located? ^t60q8
135202 
136203 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q8) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q8)
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147214 #### Explanation
148215 
149216 The Arctic Circle lies at approximately 66.5°N and the Antarctic Circle at 66.5°S — which is 90° - 23.5° = 66.5°, placing them 23.5° away from their respective geographic poles. This 23.5° offset directly corresponds to the axial tilt of the Earth. The Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn (option A) are the ones located 23.5° from the equator.
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+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q54 p.118](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=118) (score: 0.20)
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+- [QuizVDS Q8](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q8): Answer A
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+- PDF Answer: D
150224 
151225 ### Q9: Along a meridian, what is the distance between the 48°N and 49°N parallels of latitude? ^t60q9
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168242 #### Key Terms
169243 
170244 NM = Nautical Mile(s)
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+#### Source
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+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q6 p.147](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=147) (score: 0.20)
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+- [QuizVDS Q9](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q9): Answer A
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+- PDF Answer: B
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+
171252 ### Q10: Along any line of longitude, what distance corresponds to one degree of latitude? ^t60q10
172253 
173254 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q10) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q10)
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189270 
190271 - **e** — Oswald Efficiency Factor — wing efficiency factor (1.0 for ideal elliptical lift distribution)
191272 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
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+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q97 p.166](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=166) (score: 0.21)
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+- [QuizVDS Q10](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q10): Answer C
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+- PDF Answer: C
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+
192280 ### Q11: Point A lies at exactly 47°50'27''N latitude. Which point is precisely 240 NM north of A? ^t60q11
193281 
194282 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q11) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q11)
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211299 #### Key Terms
212300 
213301 NM = Nautical Mile(s)
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+- [ ] ~ [VV Q7 p.147](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=147) (clé: **B**, original: **B**)
214306 ### Q12: Along the equator, what is the distance between the 150°E and 151°E meridians? ^t60q12
215307 
216308 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q12) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q12)
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231323 #### Key Terms
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233325 NM = Nautical Mile(s)
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+#### Source
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+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q97 p.166](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=166) (score: 0.23)
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+- [QuizVDS Q12](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q12): Answer D
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+- PDF Answer: C
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+
234333 ### Q13: When two points A and B on the equator are separated by exactly one degree of longitude, what is the great circle distance between them? ^t60q13
235334 
236335 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q13) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q13)
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251350 #### Key Terms
252351 
253352 NM = Nautical Mile(s)
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+#### Source
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+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q97 p.166](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=166) (score: 0.22)
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+- [QuizVDS Q13](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q13): Answer D
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+- PDF Answer: C
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+
254360 ### Q14: Consider two points A and B on the same parallel of latitude (not the equator). A is at 010°E and B at 020°E. The rhumb line distance between them is always ^t60q14
255361 
256362 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q14) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q14)
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272378 
273379 - **e** — Oswald Efficiency Factor — wing efficiency factor (1.0 for ideal elliptical lift distribution)
274380 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
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+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**)
275385 ### Q15: How much time elapses as the sun traverses 20° of longitude? ^t60q15
276386 
277387 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q15) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q15)
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289399 
290400 The Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours, so it rotates 15° per hour, or 1° every 4 minutes. For 20° of longitude: 20 x 4 minutes = 80 minutes = 1 hour 20 minutes. Alternatively: 20° / 15°/h = 1.333 h = 1:20 h. This relationship (15°/hour or 4 min/degree) is essential for time zone calculations and solar noon determination.
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+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**)
292406 ### Q16: How much time passes as the sun crosses 10° of longitude? ^t60q16
293407 
294408 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q16) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q16)
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312426 #### Key Terms
313427 
314428 D — Drag
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+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**)
315433 ### Q17: The sun traverses 10° of longitude. What is the corresponding time difference? ^t60q17
316434 
317435 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q17) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q17)
....@@ -329,6 +447,10 @@
329447 
330448 This is the same calculation as Q16 but expressed as a decimal fraction of an hour: 10° / 15°/h = 0.6667 h ≈ 0.66 h (40 minutes in decimal hours). Note that Q16 and Q17 appear to ask the same question but expect different answer formats — Q16 expects 0:40 h (40 minutes) while Q17 expects 0.66 h (the decimal equivalent). Both represent the same 40-minute time difference.
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+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **A**)
332454 ### Q18: If Central European Summer Time (CEST) is UTC+2, what is the UTC equivalent of 1600 CEST? ^t60q18
333455 
334456 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q18) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q18)
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349471 #### Key Terms
350472 
351473 ATC = Air Traffic Control
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+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**)
352478 ### Q19: What is UTC? ^t60q19
353479 
354480 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q19) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q19)
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369495 #### Key Terms
370496 
371497 ATC = Air Traffic Control
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+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**)
372502 ### Q20: If Central European Time (CET) is UTC+1, what is the UTC equivalent of 1700 CET? ^t60q20
373503 
374504 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q20) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q20)
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386516 
387517 CET is UTC+1, meaning it is 1 hour ahead of UTC. To convert to UTC, subtract the offset: 1700 CET - 1 hour = 1600 UTC. Switzerland uses CET (UTC+1) in winter and CEST (UTC+2) in summer — knowing the current offset is essential when filing flight plans or reading NOTAMs.
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389523 ### Q21: Vienna (LOWW) is at 016°34'E and Salzburg (LOWS) at 013°00'E, both at approximately the same latitude. What is the difference in sunrise and sunset times (in UTC) between the two cities? ^t60q21
390524 
391525 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q21) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q21)
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403537 
404538 The difference in longitude is 016°34' - 013°00' = 3°34' ≈ 3.57°. At 4 minutes per degree, this gives approximately 14.3 minutes ≈ 14 minutes. Vienna is east of Salzburg, so the sun reaches Vienna earlier — both sunrise and sunset occur about 14 minutes earlier in Vienna (as seen in UTC). Local time zones disguise this difference, but in UTC the eastern location always sees solar events first.
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+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **A**)
406544 ### Q22: How is "civil twilight" defined? ^t60q22
407545 
408546 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q22) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q22)
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423561 #### Key Terms
424562 
425563 VFR = Visual Flight Rules
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+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q102 p.24](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=24) (score: 0.21)
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+- [QuizVDS Q22](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q22): Answer B
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+- PDF Answer: C
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+
426571 ### Q23: Given: WCA: -012°; TH: 125°; MC: 139°; DEV: 002°E. Determine TC, MH, and CH. ^t60q23
427572 
428573 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q23) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q23)
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450595 - **TH** = True Heading
451596 - **VAR** = Magnetic Variation
452597 - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
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+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **A**)
453602 ### Q24: Given: TC: 179°; WCA: -12°; VAR: 004° E; DEV: +002°. What are MH and MC? ^t60q24
454603 
455604 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q24) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q24)
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476625 - **TH** = True Heading
477626 - **VAR** = Magnetic Variation
478627 - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
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+- [ ] ~ [VV Q104 p.168](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=168) (clé: **B**, original: **B**)
479632 ### Q25: The angular difference between the true course and the true heading is known as the ^t60q25
480633 
481634 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q25) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q25)
....@@ -496,6 +649,13 @@
496649 #### Key Terms
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498651 WCA = Wind Correction Angle
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+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q4 p.24](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=24) (score: 0.25)
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+- [QuizVDS Q25](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q25): Answer D
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+- PDF Answer: D
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+
499659 ### Q26: The angular difference between the magnetic course and the true course is called ^t60q26
500660 
501661 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q26) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q26)
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516676 #### Key Terms
517677 
518678 WCA = Wind Correction Angle
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+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q4 p.24](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=24) (score: 0.27)
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+- [QuizVDS Q26](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q26): Answer B
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+- PDF Answer: D
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+
519686 ### Q27: How is "magnetic course" (MC) defined? ^t60q27
520687 
521688 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q27) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q27)
....@@ -536,6 +703,13 @@
536703 #### Key Terms
537704 
538705 MC = Magnetic Course
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+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q1 p.146](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=146) (score: 0.24)
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+- [QuizVDS Q27](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q27): Answer B
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+- PDF Answer: B
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539713 ### Q28: How is "True Course" (TC) defined? ^t60q28
540714 
541715 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q28) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q28)
....@@ -556,6 +730,13 @@
556730 #### Key Terms
557731 
558732 TC = True Course
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+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q1 p.146](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=146) (score: 0.24)
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+- [QuizVDS Q28](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q28): Answer D
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+- PDF Answer: B
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559740 ### Q29: Given: TC: 183°; WCA: +011°; MH: 198°; CH: 200°. What are TH and VAR? ^t60q29
560741 
561742 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q29) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q29)
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582763 - **TH** = True Heading
583764 - **VAR** = Magnetic Variation
584765 - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
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+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q6 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.24)
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+- [QuizVDS Q29](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q29): Answer B
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+- PDF Answer: C
772
+
585773 ### Q30: Given: TC: 183°; WCA: +011°; MH: 198°; CH: 200°. What are TH and DEV? ^t60q30
586774 
587775 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q30) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q30)
....@@ -607,6 +795,10 @@
607795 - **TC** = True Course
608796 - **TH** = True Heading
609797 - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
798
+
799
+#### Source
800
+
801
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**)
610802 ### Q31: Given: TC: 183°; WCA: +011°; MH: 198°; CH: 200°. Determine VAR and DEV. ^t60q31
611803 
612804 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q31) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q31)
....@@ -634,6 +826,13 @@
634826 - **TH** = True Heading
635827 - **VAR** = Magnetic Variation
636828 - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
829
+
830
+#### Source
831
+
832
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q6 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.22)
833
+- [QuizVDS Q31](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q31): Answer D
834
+- PDF Answer: C
835
+
637836 ### Q32: At what location does magnetic inclination reach its minimum value? ^t60q32
638837 
639838 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q32) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q32)
....@@ -650,6 +849,12 @@
650849 #### Explanation
651850 
652851 Magnetic inclination (dip) is the angle at which the Earth's magnetic field lines intersect the horizontal plane. At the magnetic equator (the "aclinic line"), the field lines are horizontal and the dip angle is 0° — the lowest possible value. At the magnetic poles, the field lines are vertical (inclination = 90°). The magnetic equator does not coincide with the geographic equator.
852
+
853
+
854
+#### Source
855
+
856
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q25 p.151](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=151) (score: 0.20)
857
+- PDF Answer: A
653858 
654859 ### Q33: The angular difference between compass north and magnetic north is referred to as ^t60q33
655860 
....@@ -671,6 +876,13 @@
671876 #### Key Terms
672877 
673878 WCA = Wind Correction Angle
879
+
880
+#### Source
881
+
882
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q4 p.24](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=24) (score: 0.25)
883
+- [QuizVDS Q33](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q33): Answer C
884
+- PDF Answer: D
885
+
674886 ### Q34: What does "compass north" (CN) refer to? ^t60q34
675887 
676888 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q34) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q34)
....@@ -688,6 +900,10 @@
688900 
689901 Compass north is the direction the compass needle actually points, which is determined by the combined effect of the Earth's magnetic field AND any local magnetic interference from the aircraft itself. Because of this aircraft-induced deviation, compass north differs from magnetic north. The compass reads this resultant direction, not pure magnetic north — hence the need for a deviation correction card.
690902 
903
+
904
+#### Source
905
+
906
+- [ ] ~ [VV Q21 p.111](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=111) (clé: **C**, original: **D**)
691907 ### Q35: An "isogonal" or "isogonic line" on an aeronautical chart connects all points sharing the same value of ^t60q35
692908 
693909 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q35) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q35)
....@@ -705,6 +921,13 @@
705921 
706922 Isogonic lines (also called isogonals) connect all points on Earth that have the same magnetic variation value. They are printed on aeronautical charts so pilots can read the local variation at their position and convert between true and magnetic headings. The agonic line is the special case where variation = 0°. Lines of equal magnetic inclination are called isoclinic lines; lines of equal field intensity are isodynamic lines.
707923 
924
+
925
+#### Source
926
+
927
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q21 p.111](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=111) (score: 0.25)
928
+- [QuizVDS Q35](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q35): Answer C
929
+- PDF Answer: B
930
+
708931 ### Q36: An "agonic line" on the Earth or on an aeronautical chart connects all points where the ^t60q36
709932 
710933 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q36) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q36)
....@@ -721,6 +944,13 @@
721944 #### Explanation
722945 
723946 The agonic line is a special isogonic line where magnetic variation equals zero — meaning true north and magnetic north coincide along this line. Aircraft flying along the agonic line need not apply any variation correction; true course equals magnetic course. There are currently two main agonic lines on Earth, passing through North America and through parts of Asia/Australia.
947
+
948
+
949
+#### Source
950
+
951
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q21 p.111](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=111) (score: 0.22)
952
+- [QuizVDS Q36](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q36): Answer D
953
+- PDF Answer: B
724954 
725955 ### Q37: Which are the official standard units for horizontal distances in aeronautical navigation? ^t60q37
726956 
....@@ -742,6 +972,10 @@
742972 #### Key Terms
743973 
744974 NM = Nautical Mile(s)
975
+
976
+#### Source
977
+
978
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**)
745979 ### Q38: How many metres are equivalent to 1000 ft? ^t60q38
746980 
747981 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q38) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q38)
....@@ -759,6 +993,10 @@
759993 
760994 1 foot = 0.3048 meters, so 1000 ft = 304.8 m ≈ 300 m. The quick conversion rule is: feet x 0.3 ≈ meters, or equivalently from the exam table: m = ft x 3 / 10. This approximation is accurate enough for practical navigation. For exam purposes: 1000 ft ≈ 300 m, 3000 ft ≈ 900 m, 10,000 ft ≈ 3000 m.
761995 
996
+
997
+#### Source
998
+
999
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**)
7621000 ### Q39: How many feet correspond to 5500 m? ^t60q39
7631001 
7641002 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q39) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q39)
....@@ -779,6 +1017,10 @@
7791017 #### Key Terms
7801018 
7811019 FL = Flight Level
1020
+
1021
+#### Source
1022
+
1023
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**)
7821024 ### Q40: What might cause the runway designation at an aerodrome to change (e.g. from runway 06 to runway 07)? ^t60q40
7831025 
7841026 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q40) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q40)
....@@ -796,6 +1038,10 @@
7961038 
7971039 Runway numbers are based on the magnetic heading of the runway, rounded to the nearest 10° and divided by 10. Because the magnetic north pole drifts slowly over time, the local magnetic variation changes — even if the physical runway has not moved, its magnetic bearing changes. When this change is large enough to shift the rounded designation (e.g., from 055° to 065°), the runway is renumbered (from "06" to "07"). Major airports periodically update runway designations for this reason.
7981040 
1041
+
1042
+#### Source
1043
+
1044
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**)
7991045 ### Q41: Which flight instrument is affected by electronic devices operated on board the aircraft? ^t60q41
8001046 
8011047 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q41) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q41)
....@@ -813,6 +1059,10 @@
8131059 
8141060 The direct reading (magnetic) compass is sensitive to any magnetic field, including those generated by electrical equipment, avionics, and metal components in the aircraft. This interference is called deviation. Electronic devices that draw current create electromagnetic fields that can deflect the compass needle. That is why pilots are required to record the deviation on a compass card and why compasses are mounted as far from interference sources as possible.
8151061 
1062
+
1063
+#### Source
1064
+
1065
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **A**)
8161066 ### Q42: What are the key characteristics of a Mercator chart? ^t60q42
8171067 
8181068 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q42) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q42)
....@@ -830,6 +1080,12 @@
8301080 
8311081 The Mercator projection is a cylindrical conformal projection where meridians and parallels are straight lines intersecting at right angles. Rhumb lines (constant bearing courses) appear as straight lines — making it useful for constant-heading navigation. However, the scale increases with latitude (Greenland appears as large as Africa) and great circles appear as curved lines. It is not an equal-area projection and is not suitable for high-latitude navigation.
8321082 
1083
+![](figures/loxodrome_orthodrome.png)
1084
+
1085
+
1086
+#### Source
1087
+
1088
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**)
8331089 ### Q43: On a direct Mercator chart, how do rhumb lines and great circles appear? ^t60q43
8341090 
8351091 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q43) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q43)
....@@ -847,6 +1103,12 @@
8471103 
8481104 On a Mercator chart, rhumb lines (constant compass bearing courses) appear as straight lines because the chart is constructed so that meridians are parallel vertical lines and parallels are horizontal lines — any line crossing meridians at a constant angle (a rhumb line) is therefore straight. Great circles, which follow the shortest path on the globe, curve toward the poles when projected onto the Mercator chart and therefore appear as curved lines (bowing toward the nearest pole).
8491105 
1106
+![](figures/loxodrome_orthodrome.png)
1107
+
1108
+
1109
+#### Source
1110
+
1111
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **A**)
8501112 ### Q44: What are the characteristics of a Lambert conformal chart? ^t60q44
8511113 
8521114 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q44) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q44)
....@@ -862,11 +1124,16 @@
8621124 
8631125 #### Explanation
8641126 
865
-The Lambert Conformal Conic projection is the standard for aeronautical charts (including ICAO charts used in Europe). It is conformal (angles and shapes are preserved locally), nearly true to scale between its two standard parallels, and great circles are approximately straight lines (making it excellent for plotting direct routes). It is NOT an equal-area projection. The Swiss ICAO 1:500,000 chart uses this projection.
1127
+The Lambert Conformal Conic projection is the standard for aeronautical charts (including ICAO charts used in Europe). It is conformal (angles and shapes are preserved locally), nearly true to scale between its two standard parallels, and great circles (orthodromes) are approximately straight lines — making it excellent for plotting direct routes. Rhumb lines (loxodromes) appear slightly curved. It is NOT an equal-area projection. The Swiss ICAO 1:500,000 chart uses this projection.
8661128 
867
-#### Key Terms
1129
+![](figures/loxodrome_orthodrome.png)
8681130 
869
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1131
+Note the contrast with Mercator: on Lambert, great circles are (nearly) straight and rhumb lines curve; on Mercator it's the opposite.
1132
+
1133
+
1134
+#### Source
1135
+
1136
+- [ ] ~ [VV Q13 p.148](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=148) (clé: **D**, original: **C**)
8701137 ### Q45: The distance between two airports is 220 NM. On an aeronautical chart, a pilot measures 40.7 cm for this distance. What is the chart scale? ^t60q45
8711138 
8721139 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q45) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q45)
....@@ -890,6 +1157,13 @@
8901157 - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
8911158 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
8921159 - **SPL** = Sailplane Pilot Licence
1160
+
1161
+#### Source
1162
+
1163
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q13 p.148](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=148) (score: 0.26)
1164
+- [QuizVDS Q45](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q45): Answer B
1165
+- PDF Answer: A
1166
+
8931167 ### Q46: What is the distance from Grenchen (LSZG) to Bern-Belp (LSZB)? ^t60q46
8941168 
8951169 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q46) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q46)
....@@ -929,6 +1203,10 @@
9291203 - **LSZG** = Grenchen aerodrome.
9301204 - **LSZB** = Bern-Belp aerodrome.
9311205 - **Departure formula**: distance ≈ √((Δlat·60)² + (Δlon·60·cos φ)²) NM, valid for short legs.
1206
+
1207
+#### Source
1208
+
1209
+- [ ] ~ [VV Q13 p.148](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=148) (clé: **D**, original: **A**)
9321210 ### Q47: On an aeronautical chart, 7.5 cm represents 60.745 NM in reality. What is the chart scale? ^t60q47
9331211 
9341212 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q47) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q47)
....@@ -950,6 +1228,10 @@
9501228 
9511229 - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
9521230 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
1231
+
1232
+#### Source
1233
+
1234
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**)
9531235 ### Q48: A pilot extracts this data from the chart for a short flight from A to B: True course: 245°. Magnetic variation: 7° W. The magnetic course (MC) equals ^t60q48
9541236 
9551237 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q48) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q48)
....@@ -973,6 +1255,10 @@
9731255 - **MC** = Magnetic Course
9741256 - **TC** = True Course
9751257 - **VAR** = Magnetic Variation
1258
+
1259
+#### Source
1260
+
1261
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**)
9761262 ### Q49: Given: True course from A to B: 250°. Ground distance: 210 NM. TAS: 130 kt. Headwind component: 15 kt. ETD: 0915 UTC. What is the ETA? ^t60q49
9771263 
9781264 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q49) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q49)
....@@ -997,6 +1283,10 @@
9971283 - **ETA** = Estimated Time of Arrival
9981284 - **ETD** = Estimated Time of Departure
9991285 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
1286
+
1287
+#### Source
1288
+
1289
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**)
10001290 ### Q50: Given: True course from A to B: 283°. Ground distance: 75 NM. TAS: 105 kt. Headwind component: 12 kt. ETD: 1242 UTC. What is the ETA? ^t60q50
10011291 
10021292 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q50) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q50)
....@@ -1027,6 +1317,10 @@
10271317 - **ETD** = Estimated Time of Departure
10281318 - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
10291319 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
1320
+
1321
+#### Source
1322
+
1323
+- [?] Source non identifiée
10301324 ### Q51: What is the latest time we must land? ^t60q51
10311325 
10321326 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q51) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q51)
....@@ -1043,6 +1337,10 @@
10431337 #### Key Terms
10441338 
10451339 VFR = Visual Flight Rules
1340
+
1341
+#### Source
1342
+
1343
+- [?] Source non identifiée
10461344 ### Q52: What does the large number 87 near Freiburg on the ICAO chart mean? ^t60q52
10471345 
10481346 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q52) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q52)
....@@ -1060,6 +1358,10 @@
10601358 - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
10611359 - **MSA** = Minimum Safe Altitude
10621360 - **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
1361
+
1362
+#### Source
1363
+
1364
+- [ ] ~ [VV Q7 p.75](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=75) (clé: **A**)
10631365 ### Q53: What entry should always be made on the navigation chart before a cross-country flight? ^t60q53
10641366 
10651367 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q53) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q53)
....@@ -1078,6 +1380,12 @@
10781380 - **MC** = Magnetic Course
10791381 - **TC** = True Course
10801382 - **TH** = True Heading
1383
+
1384
+#### Source
1385
+
1386
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q7 p.75](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=75) (score: 0.24)
1387
+- PDF Answer: D
1388
+
10811389 ### Q54: How should a final approach over navigationally challenging terrain be conducted? ^t60q54
10821390 
10831391 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q54) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q54)
....@@ -1090,6 +1398,10 @@
10901398 
10911399 When approaching a destination over navigationally challenging terrain (forests, featureless plains, or complex topography), the pilot should monitor progress using elapsed time against a pre-calculated time scale, and positively identify known landmarks (towns, rivers, roads) and mark them on the chart. This technique — essentially dead reckoning with regular position fixes — prevents the pilot from overflying the destination or becoming lost. In a glider without GPS, time management is critical to ensure arrival with sufficient altitude.
10921400 
1401
+
1402
+#### Source
1403
+
1404
+- [ ] ~ [VV Q16 p.149](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=149) (clé: **D**)
10931405 ### Q55: What does GND mean on the cover page of the gliding chart? ^t60q55
10941406 
10951407 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q55) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q55)
....@@ -1101,6 +1413,12 @@
11011413 #### Explanation
11021414 
11031415 On the Swiss gliding chart cover page, "GND" indicates the lower limit (ground) of certain restricted areas, and the term specifically refers to the upper boundary of LS-R (Luftraum-Segelflug-Reservate) available for gliders operating with reduced cloud separation minima. These zones allow gliders to fly in conditions that would otherwise require instrument flight rules, provided specific weather minima are met. Understanding the legend on the gliding chart cover page is essential for Swiss exam candidates.
1416
+
1417
+
1418
+#### Source
1419
+
1420
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q16 p.149](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=149) (score: 0.30)
1421
+- PDF Answer: C
11041422 
11051423 ### Q56: Glider frequencies (ground-to-air, air-to-air, regions)? ^t60q56
11061424 
....@@ -1114,6 +1432,12 @@
11141432 
11151433 The Swiss gliding chart cover page contains a complete list of glider frequencies, including ground-to-air and air-to-air communication frequencies organized by region. Common Swiss glider frequencies include 122.300 MHz (universal glider frequency) and regional variants. These must be known before flight as gliders may need to coordinate with each other and with ground stations, especially in busy areas like the Alps or near controlled airspace.
11161434 
1435
+
1436
+#### Source
1437
+
1438
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q86 p.164](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=164) (score: 0.22)
1439
+- PDF Answer: D
1440
+
11171441 ### Q57: Military air traffic service hours? ^t60q57
11181442 
11191443 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q57) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q57)
....@@ -1125,6 +1449,12 @@
11251449 #### Explanation
11261450 
11271451 The operating hours of Swiss military airspace and military air traffic services are printed in the lower right corner of the Swiss gliding chart. Military restricted areas (such as those associated with Payerne, Meiringen, and Emmen air bases) may only be active during specific hours, and knowing these hours is critical for planning routes through or near militarily controlled areas. Outside activation times, these areas revert to standard civil airspace classifications.
1452
+
1453
+
1454
+#### Source
1455
+
1456
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q61 p.158](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=158) (score: 0.20)
1457
+- PDF Answer: D
11281458 
11291459 ### Q58: Height of the Stockhorn in ft and m? Height of the Stockhorn cable car AGL? ^t60q58
11301460 
....@@ -1143,6 +1473,10 @@
11431473 - **AGL** = Above Ground Level
11441474 - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
11451475 - **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
1476
+
1477
+#### Source
1478
+
1479
+- [?] Source non identifiée
11461480 ### Q59: How tall is the tower on the Bantiger (46 58.7 N / 7 31.7 E)? ^t60q59
11471481 
11481482 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q59) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q59)
....@@ -1159,6 +1493,10 @@
11591493 
11601494 - **AGL** = Above Ground Level
11611495 - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
1496
+
1497
+#### Source
1498
+
1499
+- [?] Source non identifiée
11621500 ### Q60: How high are you allowed to climb over Egerkingen (32.4 km, 060 from LSZG)? ^t60q60
11631501 
11641502 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q60) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q60)
....@@ -1177,6 +1515,12 @@
11771515 - **FL** = Flight Level
11781516 - **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
11791517 - **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
1518
+
1519
+#### Source
1520
+
1521
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q113 p.26](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=26) (score: 0.20)
1522
+- PDF Answer: A
1523
+
11801524 ### Q61: What information do we find on the gliding chart for Les Eplatures aerodrome (47 05 N, 6 47.5 E)? ^t60q61
11811525 
11821526 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q61) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q61)
....@@ -1189,6 +1533,10 @@
11891533 
11901534 Les Eplatures (LSGC) near La Chaux-de-Fonds appears on the Swiss gliding chart with symbols decoded in the chart legend. The legend distinguishes between towered (controlled) and non-towered airfields, glider-specific aerodromes, military fields, and emergency landing strips. Candidates must be able to read the legend and determine the relevant operational information (radio frequencies, runway orientation, airspace class) for any airfield depicted on the chart.
11911535 
1536
+
1537
+#### Source
1538
+
1539
+- [?] Source non identifiée
11921540 ### Q62: Usage conditions for LS-R69 T (near Schaffhausen)? ^t60q62
11931541 
11941542 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q62) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q62)
....@@ -1205,6 +1553,10 @@
12051553 
12061554 - **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
12071555 - **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
1556
+
1557
+#### Source
1558
+
1559
+- [?] Source non identifiée
12081560 ### Q63: Coordinates of Birrfeld aerodrome? ^t60q63
12091561 
12101562 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q63) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q63)
....@@ -1221,6 +1573,12 @@
12211573 
12221574 - **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
12231575 - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
1576
+
1577
+#### Source
1578
+
1579
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q86 p.164](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=164) (score: 0.33)
1580
+- PDF Answer: D
1581
+
12241582 ### Q64: Coordinates of Montricher aerodrome? ^t60q64
12251583 
12261584 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q64) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q64)
....@@ -1237,6 +1595,12 @@
12371595 
12381596 - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
12391597 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
1598
+
1599
+#### Source
1600
+
1601
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q86 p.164](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=164) (score: 0.60)
1602
+- PDF Answer: D
1603
+
12401604 ### Q65: Which place is at N 47 07', E 8 00'? ^t60q65
12411605 
12421606 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q65) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q65)
....@@ -1252,6 +1616,10 @@
12521616 #### Key Terms
12531617 
12541618 ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1619
+
1620
+#### Source
1621
+
1622
+- [?] Source non identifiée
12551623 ### Q66: Which place is at N 46 11', E 6 16'? ^t60q66
12561624 
12571625 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q66) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q66)
....@@ -1267,6 +1635,10 @@
12671635 #### Key Terms
12681636 
12691637 ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1638
+
1639
+#### Source
1640
+
1641
+- [?] Source non identifiée
12701642 ### Q67: TC from Grenchen aerodrome to Neuchatel aerodrome? ^t60q67
12711643 
12721644 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q67) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q67)
....@@ -1282,6 +1654,10 @@
12821654 #### Key Terms
12831655 
12841656 TC = True Course
1657
+
1658
+#### Source
1659
+
1660
+- [?] Source non identifiée
12851661 ### Q68: TC from Langenthal aerodrome to Kaegiswil aerodrome? ^t60q68
12861662 
12871663 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q68) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q68)
....@@ -1298,6 +1674,10 @@
12981674 
12991675 - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
13001676 - **TC** = True Course
1677
+
1678
+#### Source
1679
+
1680
+- [?] Source non identifiée
13011681 ### Q69: Distance Laax - Oberalp in km, NM, sm? ^t60q69
13021682 
13031683 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q69) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q69)
....@@ -1314,6 +1694,10 @@
13141694 
13151695 - **e** — Oswald Efficiency Factor — wing efficiency factor (1.0 for ideal elliptical lift distribution)
13161696 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
1697
+
1698
+#### Source
1699
+
1700
+- [?] Source non identifiée
13171701 ### Q70: Flight time from Laax 14:52 to Oberalp 15:09? ^t60q70
13181702 
13191703 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q70) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q70)
....@@ -1325,6 +1709,12 @@
13251709 #### Explanation
13261710 
13271711 Simply subtract departure time from arrival time: 15:09 - 14:52 = 17 minutes. This elapsed flight time, combined with the distance from Q69, gives the speed for Q71. In practice, timing legs of a cross-country flight allows the pilot to verify actual groundspeed against planned groundspeed and detect headwind or tailwind differences from the forecast.
1712
+
1713
+
1714
+#### Source
1715
+
1716
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q44 p.155](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=155) (score: 0.20)
1717
+- PDF Answer: C
13281718 
13291719 ### Q71: Speed in km/h, kts, mph? ^t60q71
13301720 
....@@ -1338,6 +1728,10 @@
13381728 
13391729 Ground speed = distance / time = 46.3 km / (17/60) h = 46.3 / 0.2833 = 163.4 km/h ≈ 163 km/h. Converting: kts = km/h / 1.852 ≈ 163 / 2 + 10% ≈ 88 kts; mph = km/h / 1.609 ≈ 101 mph. This three-unit speed result is typical of Swiss navigation exam questions, requiring fluency with all three speed units and their conversion relationships.
13401730 
1731
+
1732
+#### Source
1733
+
1734
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**)
13411735 ### Q72: Route LSTB-Buochs-Jungfrau-LSTB: How long in km and NM? ^t60q72
13421736 
13431737 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q72) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q72)
....@@ -1353,6 +1747,10 @@
13531747 #### Key Terms
13541748 
13551749 NM = Nautical Mile(s)
1750
+
1751
+#### Source
1752
+
1753
+- [?] Source non identifiée
13561754 ### Q73: From Eriswil to Buochs in 18 min - how fast? ^t60q73
13571755 
13581756 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q73) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q73)
....@@ -1365,6 +1763,10 @@
13651763 
13661764 Ground speed = (distance / time) x 60 to convert minutes to hours: (43 km / 18 min) x 60 = 143.3 km/h ≈ 143 km/h. The 43 km distance is taken from the chart measurement for this leg. Converting: kts ≈ 143 / 1.852 ≈ 77 kts; mph ≈ 143 / 1.609 ≈ 89 mph. This type of in-flight speed check — measuring elapsed time between two known points — is how glider pilots monitor actual vs. planned groundspeed during cross-country flights.
13671765 
1766
+
1767
+#### Source
1768
+
1769
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **A**)
13681770 ### Q74: Which airspaces between Bellechasse and Buochs at 1500 m MSL? ^t60q74
13691771 
13701772 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q74) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q74)
....@@ -1387,6 +1789,10 @@
13871789 - **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
13881790 - **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
13891791 - **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
1792
+
1793
+#### Source
1794
+
1795
+- [?] Source non identifiée
13901796 ### Q75: TC from Jungfrau to Bellechasse? ^t60q75
13911797 
13921798 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q75) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q75)
....@@ -1402,6 +1808,10 @@
14021808 #### Key Terms
14031809 
14041810 TC = True Course
1811
+
1812
+#### Source
1813
+
1814
+- [?] Source non identifiée
14051815 ### Q76: Glide from Jungfrau (4200 m MSL) to Bellechasse with glide ratio 1:30 at 150 km/h - arrival altitude? ^t60q76
14061816 
14071817 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q76) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q76)
....@@ -1418,6 +1828,10 @@
14181828 
14191829 - **AGL** = Above Ground Level
14201830 - **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
1831
+
1832
+#### Source
1833
+
1834
+- [?] Source non identifiée
14211835 ### Q77: Wind triangle Jungfrau-Bellechasse: TAS 140 km/h, wind 040/15 kts ^t60q77
14221836 
14231837 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q77) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q77)
....@@ -1437,6 +1851,10 @@
14371851 - **TC** = True Course
14381852 - **TH** = True Heading
14391853 - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
1854
+
1855
+#### Source
1856
+
1857
+- [?] Source non identifiée
14401858 ### Q78: MH from Jungfrau to Bellechasse (variation 3 E)? ^t60q78
14411859 
14421860 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q78) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q78)
....@@ -1454,6 +1872,10 @@
14541872 - **MH** = Magnetic Heading
14551873 - **TH** = True Heading
14561874 - **VAR** = Magnetic Variation
1875
+
1876
+#### Source
1877
+
1878
+- [?] Source non identifiée
14571879 ### Q79: If variation is 25 W - MH? ^t60q79
14581880 
14591881 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q79) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q79)
....@@ -1472,6 +1894,10 @@
14721894 - **MH** = Magnetic Heading
14731895 - **TH** = True Heading
14741896 - **VAR** = Magnetic Variation
1897
+
1898
+#### Source
1899
+
1900
+- [?] Source non identifiée
14751901 ### Q80: Transponder codes ^t60q80
14761902 
14771903 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q80) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q80)
....@@ -1494,6 +1920,10 @@
14941920 - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
14951921 - **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
14961922 - **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
1923
+
1924
+#### Source
1925
+
1926
+- [?] Source non identifiée
14971927 ### Q81: Unit conversion formulas (exam reference) ^t60q81
14981928 
14991929 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q81) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q81)
....@@ -1509,6 +1939,10 @@
15091939 | m/s from ft/min | ft/min / 200 |
15101940 | ft/min from m/s | m/s × 200 |
15111941 
1942
+
1943
+#### Source
1944
+
1945
+- [?] Source non identifiée
15121946 ### Q82: You are flying below an airspace with a lower limit at FL75, maintaining a 300 m safety margin. Assuming QNH is 1013 hPa, at approximately what altitude are you flying? ^t60q82
15131947 
15141948 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q82) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q82)
....@@ -1531,6 +1965,12 @@
15311965 - **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
15321966 - **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
15331967 - **FL** = Flight Level
1968
+
1969
+#### Source
1970
+
1971
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q14 p.26](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=26) (score: 0.68)
1972
+- PDF Answer: C
1973
+
15341974 ### Q83: A friend departs from France on 6 June (summer time) at 1000 UTC for a cross-country flight toward the Jura. You want to take off from Les Eplatures at the same time. What does your watch show? ^t60q83
15351975 
15361976 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q83) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q83)
....@@ -1547,6 +1987,12 @@
15471987 #### Explanation
15481988 
15491989 In Switzerland on 6 June, summer time is in effect (CEST = UTC+2). To take off at 1000 UTC, your watch must show 1000 + 2h = 1200 LT. France also uses CEST (UTC+2) in summer, so both pilots take off at the same UTC time, but your watches both show 1200 LT.
1990
+
1991
+
1992
+#### Source
1993
+
1994
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q8 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.58)
1995
+- PDF Answer: D
15501996 
15511997 ### Q84: Given: TT 220°, WCA -15°, VAR 5°W. What is the MH? ^t60q84
15521998 
....@@ -1572,6 +2018,12 @@
15722018 - **TH** = True Heading
15732019 - **VAR** = Magnetic Variation
15742020 - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
2021
+
2022
+#### Source
2023
+
2024
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q6 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.73)
2025
+- PDF Answer: C
2026
+
15752027 ### Q85: You intend to follow a TC of 090° from your current position. The wind is a headwind from the right. ^t60q85
15762028 
15772029 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q85) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q85)
....@@ -1587,13 +2039,32 @@
15872039 
15882040 #### Explanation
15892041 
1590
-With a TC of 090° (flying east) and wind from the right (from the north), the aircraft drifts to the left (southward). To maintain TC 090°, the pilot must fly a TH towards the north-east (positive WCA). The air position is where the aircraft would be without wind, in the direction of the TH. The DR position is displaced by the wind to the south-west relative to the air position — so the DR position is to the south-west of the air position, meaning the air position is to the north-east of the DR position, i.e. the estimated position is to the north-west of the air position (since wind pushes south = DR is south of Air Position, and TH is north-east of TC, so Air Position is north of DR).
2042
+Flying east (TC 090°), your right side is **south**. A "headwind from the right" means wind from the **south-east** — it has both a headwind component (slowing you) and a crosswind from the right (pushing you left/northward).
2043
+
2044
+- **Drift:** The crosswind pushes the aircraft north (left of track).
2045
+- **Headwind:** Slows ground speed, so you cover less distance than expected.
2046
+- **Air position** (no-wind): lies along the TH, which is crabbed right (south-east of TC) to correct for drift — so the air position is ahead and slightly south of the estimated position.
2047
+- **Estimated (DR) position:** north (due to drift) and short (due to headwind) of the air position → the estimated position is to the **north-west** of the air position.
2048
+
2049
+**D is correct.**
2050
+
2051
+- **A** (south-east) — opposite of the actual displacement.
2052
+- **B** (north-east) — wrong: headwind makes you short, not ahead.
2053
+- **C** — wrong: headwind means ground distance is less than air distance, not more.
15912054 
15922055 #### Key Terms
15932056 
1594
-- **TC** = True Course
1595
-- **TH** = True Heading
1596
-- **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
2057
+- **TC** = True Course (desired track over the ground)
2058
+- **TH** = True Heading (direction the nose points, corrected for wind)
2059
+- **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle (crab angle into the wind)
2060
+- **DR** = Dead Reckoning (estimated position from heading + speed + time + wind)
2061
+- **Air position** = where the aircraft would be with no wind (TH × TAS × time)
2062
+
2063
+#### Source
2064
+
2065
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q11 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.55)
2066
+- PDF Answer: B
2067
+
15972068 ### Q86: The turning error of a magnetic compass is caused by ^t60q86
15982069 
15992070 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q86) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q86)
....@@ -1611,6 +2082,12 @@
16112082 
16122083 The turning error of the magnetic compass is caused by magnetic dip (inclination). When the aircraft turns, the vertical component of the Earth's magnetic field acts on the tilted needle, causing erroneous indications. This error is particularly pronounced at high latitudes where the dip is strong. It manifests during turns passing through magnetic north or south.
16132084 
2085
+
2086
+#### Source
2087
+
2088
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q4 p.24](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=24) (score: 0.58)
2089
+- PDF Answer: D
2090
+
16142091 ### Q87: What term describes the deflection of a compass needle caused by electric fields? ^t60q87
16152092 
16162093 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q87) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q87)
....@@ -1622,11 +2099,21 @@
16222099 
16232100 #### Answer
16242101 
1625
-C)
2102
+D)
16262103 
16272104 #### Explanation
16282105 
1629
-The movement of the compass needle caused by electric (or stray magnetic) fields onboard is called deviation. However, the answer key gives C (declination) — which may seem surprising. In this BAZL context, the disturbance of the needle by local electric fields onboard is treated as an additional form of deviation. Note: terminology may vary by source; technically, deviation is caused by the aircraft's own magnetic fields, while electric fields can also disturb the instrument.
2106
+**Deviation** is the deflection of the compass needle caused by magnetic or electric fields generated by the aircraft itself (avionics, wiring, metal structures). It varies with heading and is recorded on a deviation card.
2107
+
2108
+- **A (Variation)** = the angular difference between true north and magnetic north at a given location. Caused by the Earth's magnetic field, not the aircraft.
2109
+- **B (Inclination)** = the dip of the magnetic field lines toward the Earth's surface. Causes turning and acceleration errors, but is not "deflection by electric fields."
2110
+- **C (Declination)** = synonym for variation in some contexts. Also an Earth-based phenomenon, not aircraft-induced.
2111
+
2112
+
2113
+#### Source
2114
+
2115
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q7 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.44)
2116
+- PDF Answer: C
16302117 
16312118 ### Q88: Which statement applies to a chart produced using the Mercator projection (cylinder tangent to the equator)? ^t60q88
16322119 
....@@ -1643,7 +2130,24 @@
16432130 
16442131 #### Explanation
16452132 
1646
-The Mercator projection is conformal (it preserves angles and local shapes) but not equidistant (scale varies with latitude). On this projection, meridians and parallels appear as straight lines perpendicular to each other. However, the poles cannot be represented and the scale increases towards the poles, distorting areas.
2133
+![](figures/mercator_projection.png)
2134
+
2135
+The diagram shows how the Mercator projection works: a cylinder is wrapped around the globe, tangent at the equator. The globe's surface is projected outward onto the cylinder, which is then unrolled into a flat map.
2136
+
2137
+- **"Cylinder tangent at equator"** — the cylinder touches the globe only at the equator, where the scale is exactly 1:1. Away from the equator, scale increases.
2138
+- **"Meridians and parallels as straight lines"** — on the resulting chart, all lines of longitude (meridians) appear as evenly spaced vertical lines, and all lines of latitude (parallels) appear as horizontal lines. They intersect at right angles.
2139
+- **"Conformal"** — angles are preserved everywhere, making it ideal for navigation (a compass bearing plotted on the chart is the true bearing).
2140
+- **"Not equidistant"** — distances are only true at the equator. Toward the poles, everything is stretched (Greenland appears as large as Africa).
2141
+
2142
+- **A** is wrong: Mercator is conformal, not equidistant (it says the opposite). Meridians don't converge — they're parallel.
2143
+- **B** is wrong: it IS conformal, and lines are straight, not curved.
2144
+- **C** is wrong: it's not equidistant, and meridians don't converge.
2145
+
2146
+
2147
+#### Source
2148
+
2149
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q1 p.24](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=24) (score: 0.40)
2150
+- PDF Answer: C
16472151 
16482152 ### Q89: You measure 12 cm on a 1:200,000 scale chart. What is the actual ground distance? ^t60q89
16492153 
....@@ -1662,9 +2166,17 @@
16622166 
16632167 At a scale of 1:200,000, 1 cm on the chart corresponds to 200,000 cm = 2 km on the ground. Therefore 12 cm on the chart = 12 × 2 km = 24 km on the ground. Simple calculation: actual distance = chart distance × scale denominator = 12 cm × 200,000 = 2,400,000 cm = 24 km.
16642168 
2169
+
2170
+#### Source
2171
+
2172
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q2 p.24](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=24) (score: 0.55)
2173
+- PDF Answer: C
2174
+
16652175 ### Q90: Which description matches the information shown on the Swiss ICAO chart for MULHOUSE-HABSHEIM aerodrome (approx. N47°44'/E007°26')? ^t60q90
16662176 
16672177 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q90) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q90)
2178
+
2179
+![](figures/t60_q90.png)
16682180 
16692181 - **A)** Civil and military, elevation 789 ft AMSL, hard-surface runway, longest runway 1000 m.
16702182 - **B)** Open to public traffic, elevation 789 ft AMSL, hard-surface runway, longest runway 1000 ft.
....@@ -1677,15 +2189,33 @@
16772189 
16782190 #### Explanation
16792191 
1680
-On the Swiss ICAO chart, the symbol for Mulhouse-Habsheim indicates a civil aerodrome open to public traffic (filled circle symbol), with an elevation of 789 ft AMSL. The runway has a hard surface and the maximum length is 1000 m (not 1000 ft).
2192
+Reading the ICAO chart symbol for Mulhouse-Habsheim:
16812193 
1682
-- **Option A** is incorrect because the aerodrome is not military.
1683
-- **Option B** confuses metres and feet for the runway length.
2194
+- **Circle with 4 tick marks at 90° intervals** = civil aerodrome **open to public traffic**
2195
+- **Diagonal bar** across the circle = **hard-surface (paved) runway**, oriented in the runway direction
2196
+- **789** = aerodrome elevation in **feet AMSL**
2197
+- **10** = longest runway in **hectometres** (hundreds of metres) → 10 × 100 = **1000 m**
2198
+
2199
+**How to read ICAO aerodrome symbols:**
2200
+- Open circle with ticks = civil, open to public traffic
2201
+- Filled circle with ticks = military or civil/military
2202
+- Bar = hard surface; no bar = grass/unpaved
2203
+- Number after elevation = runway length in hectometres (NOT metres, NOT feet)
2204
+
2205
+- **A** is wrong: the tick-mark symbol indicates civil only, not military (military uses a filled circle).
2206
+- **B** is wrong: "10" means 10 hectometres = 1000 m, not 1000 ft.
2207
+- **D** is wrong: "10" is the runway length, not the runway direction (which would be shown by the bar orientation).
16842208 
16852209 #### Key Terms
16862210 
16872211 - **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
16882212 - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
2213
+
2214
+#### Source
2215
+
2216
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q3 p.24](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=24) (score: 0.65)
2217
+- PDF Answer: A
2218
+
16892219 ### Q91: After a thermal flight in the Alps, you glide in a straight line from Erstfeld (46°49'00"N/008°38'00"E) towards Fricktal-Schupfart (47°30'32"N/007°57'00"). You pass through several control zones. On which frequency do you call the third control zone? ^t60q91
16902220 
16912221 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q91) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q91)
....@@ -1715,6 +2245,12 @@
17152245 - **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
17162246 
17172247 **Permitted exam aids:** Swiss ICAO chart 1:500,000, Swiss gliding chart, protractor, ruler, mechanical DR computer, compass, non-programmable scientific calculator (TI-30 ECO RS recommended). No alphanumeric or electronic navigation computers are permitted.
2248
+
2249
+#### Source
2250
+
2251
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q5 p.24](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=24) (score: 0.62)
2252
+- PDF Answer: B
2253
+
17182254 ### Q92: Which geographic features are most useful for orientation during flight? ^t60q92
17192255 
17202256 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q92) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q92)
....@@ -1735,6 +2271,10 @@
17352271 - **Option A** (forest clearings) can be ambiguous and difficult to distinguish from each other.
17362272 - **Options C** (mountain ranges) and D (coastlines) are useful for general orientation along an extended line feature but lack the pinpoint precision needed for accurate position fixing.
17372273 
2274
+
2275
+#### Source
2276
+
2277
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**)
17382278 ### Q93: During flight, you notice that you are drifting to the left. What action do you take to stay on your desired track? ^t60q93
17392279 
17402280 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q93) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q93)
....@@ -1755,6 +2295,12 @@
17552295 - **Option A** is poor airmanship since it allows unnecessary track deviation before correcting.
17562296 - **Option D** would worsen the drift by turning further away from the wind.
17572297 - **Option C** describes banking, not heading correction, and sustained banking is not a proper wind correction technique.
2298
+
2299
+
2300
+#### Source
2301
+
2302
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q10 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.36)
2303
+- PDF Answer: D
17582304 
17592305 ### Q94: During a cross-country flight, you must land at Saanen aerodrome (46°29'11"N/007°14'55"E). On which frequency do you establish radio contact? ^t60q94
17602306 
....@@ -1781,6 +2327,12 @@
17812327 
17822328 - **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
17832329 - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
2330
+
2331
+#### Source
2332
+
2333
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q16 p.26](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=26) (score: 0.54)
2334
+- PDF Answer: C
2335
+
17842336 ### Q95: Up to what altitude may you fly a glider over the Oberalppass (146°/52 km from Lucerne) without air traffic control authorisation? ^t60q95
17852337 
17862338 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q95) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q95)
....@@ -1808,6 +2360,12 @@
18082360 - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
18092361 - **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
18102362 - **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
2363
+
2364
+#### Source
2365
+
2366
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q17 p.27](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=27) (score: 0.43)
2367
+- PDF Answer: D
2368
+
18112369 ### Q96: On the aeronautical chart, north of the Furka Pass (070°/97 km from Sion), there is a red-hatched area marked LS-R8. What does this represent? ^t60q96
18122370 
18132371 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q96) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q96)
....@@ -1832,6 +2390,12 @@
18322390 #### Key Terms
18332391 
18342392 ATC = Air Traffic Control
2393
+
2394
+#### Source
2395
+
2396
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q18 p.27](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=27) (score: 0.44)
2397
+- PDF Answer: C
2398
+
18352399 ### Q97: The coordinates 46°45'43" N / 006°36'48'' correspond to which aerodrome? ^t60q97
18362400 
18372401 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q97) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q97)
....@@ -1857,6 +2421,12 @@
18572421 #### Key Terms
18582422 
18592423 ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2424
+
2425
+#### Source
2426
+
2427
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q15 p.26](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=26) (score: 0.50)
2428
+- PDF Answer: A
2429
+
18602430 ### Q98: After a thermal flight in the Alps, you plan to fly in a straight line from the Gemmi Pass (171°/58 km from Bern Belp) to Grenchen aerodrome. Which magnetic course (MC) do you select? ^t60q98
18612431 
18622432 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q98) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q98)
....@@ -1881,6 +2451,12 @@
18812451 
18822452 - **MC** = Magnetic Course
18832453 - **TC** = True Course
2454
+
2455
+#### Source
2456
+
2457
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q13 p.26](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=26) (score: 0.63)
2458
+- PDF Answer: C
2459
+
18842460 ### Q99: On a cross-country flight from Birrfeld aerodrome (47°26'N, 008°13'E) you turn at Courtelary aerodrome (47°10'N, 007°05'E). On the return leg you land at Grenchen aerodrome (47°10'N, 007°25'E). According to the Swiss gliding chart, the distance flown is ^t60q99
18852461 
18862462 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q99) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q99)
....@@ -1903,6 +2479,12 @@
19032479 - **Option A** (58 km) accounts for only the first leg.
19042480 - **Option B** (232 km) is roughly double the correct total.
19052481 - **Option D** (156 km) likely adds a third leg back to Birrfeld, but the pilot landed at Grenchen.
2482
+
2483
+
2484
+#### Source
2485
+
2486
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q12 p.26](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=26) (score: 0.61)
2487
+- PDF Answer: B
19062488 
19072489 ### Q100: What onboard equipment does your aircraft need for you to determine your position using a VDF bearing? ^t60q100
19082490 
....@@ -1928,6 +2510,12 @@
19282510 #### Key Terms
19292511 
19302512 VHF = Very High Frequency
2513
+
2514
+#### Source
2515
+
2516
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q19 p.27](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=27) (score: 0.68)
2517
+- PDF Answer: A
2518
+
19312519 ### Q101: Which phenomenon is most likely to degrade GPS indications? ^t60q101
19322520 
19332521 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q101) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q101)
....@@ -1949,6 +2537,10 @@
19492537 - **Option B** (thunderstorms) do not block GPS signals.
19502538 - **Option C** (heading changes) have no effect on satellite signal reception.
19512539 
2540
+
2541
+#### Source
2542
+
2543
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**)
19522544 ### Q102: Given: MC 225 degrees, magnetic declination (variation) 5 degrees E. What is the TC? ^t60q102
19532545 
19542546 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q102) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q102)
....@@ -1975,9 +2567,15 @@
19752567 
19762568 - **MC** = Magnetic Course
19772569 - **TC** = True Course
2570
+
2571
+#### Source
2572
+
2573
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**)
19782574 ### Q103: In poor visibility, you fly from Gruyeres (222°/46 km from Bern) towards Lausanne (051°/52 km from Geneva). Which true course (TC) do you select? ^t60q103
19792575 
19802576 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q103) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q103)
2577
+
2578
+![](figures/t60_q103.png)
19812579 
19822580 - A) 282 degrees
19832581 - B) 268 degrees
....@@ -1999,6 +2597,10 @@
19992597 
20002598 - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
20012599 - **TC** = True Course
2600
+
2601
+#### Source
2602
+
2603
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**)
20022604 ### Q104: You want to determine your position using a VDF bearing, but the controller reports the signals are too weak for assessment. What is the likely reason? ^t60q104
20032605 
20042606 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q104) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q104)
....@@ -2024,6 +2626,10 @@
20242626 
20252627 - **D** — Drag
20262628 - **VHF** = Very High Frequency
2629
+
2630
+#### Source
2631
+
2632
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **A**)
20272633 ### Q105: What does the term "agonic line" mean? ^t60q105
20282634 
20292635 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q105) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q105)
....@@ -2045,6 +2651,10 @@
20452651 - **Option C** defines the broader category of isogonic lines, of which the agonic line is a special case.
20462652 - **Option D** describes local magnetic anomalies, not the agonic line.
20472653 
2654
+
2655
+#### Source
2656
+
2657
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**)
20482658 ### Q106: What is 4572 m expressed in feet? ^t60q106
20492659 
20502660 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q106) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q106)
....@@ -2065,6 +2675,10 @@
20652675 - **Option A** (1500 ft) and option D (1393 ft) are an order of magnitude too small.
20662676 - **Option C** (13,935 ft) results from an incorrect conversion factor.
20672677 
2678
+
2679
+#### Source
2680
+
2681
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**)
20682682 ### Q107: Which of the following statements is correct? ^t60q107
20692683 
20702684 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q107) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q107)
....@@ -2089,6 +2703,12 @@
20892703 #### Key Terms
20902704 
20912705 NM = Nautical Mile(s)
2706
+
2707
+#### Source
2708
+
2709
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q6 p.147](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=147) (score: 0.21)
2710
+- PDF Answer: B
2711
+
20922712 ### Q108: Which value must you mark on the navigation chart before a cross-country flight? ^t60q108
20932713 
20942714 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q108) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q108)
....@@ -2112,6 +2732,12 @@
21122732 - **MH** = Magnetic Heading
21132733 - **TC** = True Course
21142734 - **TH** = True Heading
2735
+
2736
+#### Source
2737
+
2738
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q72 p.161](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=161) (score: 0.37)
2739
+- PDF Answer: C
2740
+
21152741 ### Q109: In flight, you notice a drift to the right. How do you correct? ^t60q109
21162742 
21172743 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q109) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q109)
....@@ -2132,6 +2758,12 @@
21322758 - **Option A** is vague but could be interpreted as correct — however, option C is more precise in specifying the heading adjustment.
21332759 - **Option B** (flying more slowly) would actually increase the drift angle.
21342760 - **Option D** (decreasing the heading) would turn away from the wind and worsen the drift.
2761
+
2762
+
2763
+#### Source
2764
+
2765
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q39 p.154](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=154) (score: 0.39)
2766
+- PDF Answer: A
21352767 
21362768 ### Q110: Up to what maximum altitude may you fly a glider over Lenzburg (255°/28 km from Zurich) without notification or authorisation? ^t60q110
21372769 
....@@ -2159,6 +2791,12 @@
21592791 - **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
21602792 - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
21612793 - **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
2794
+
2795
+#### Source
2796
+
2797
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q66 p.159](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=159) (score: 0.26)
2798
+- PDF Answer: A
2799
+
21622800 ### Q111: How does the map grid appear in a Lambert (normal conic) projection? ^t60q111
21632801 
21642802 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q111) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q111)
....@@ -2180,6 +2818,11 @@
21802818 - **Option B** reverses the characteristics of meridians and parallels.
21812819 - **Option D** does not describe any standard cartographic projection.
21822820 
2821
+
2822
+#### Source
2823
+
2824
+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q10 p.30](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=30) (score: 0.63)
2825
+
21832826 ### Q112: You depart from Bern on 10 June (summer time) at 1030 LT. The flight duration is 80 minutes. At what UTC time do you land? ^t60q112
21842827 
21852828 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q112) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q112)
....@@ -2200,6 +2843,11 @@
22002843 - **Option A** (1050 UTC) appears to use UTC+1 instead of UTC+2.
22012844 - **Option B** (1350 UTC) adds the time difference instead of subtracting it.
22022845 - **Option C** (1250 UTC) likely applies only a one-hour offset and rounds incorrectly.
2846
+
2847
+
2848
+#### Source
2849
+
2850
+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q11 p.30](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=30) (score: 0.88)
22032851 
22042852 ### Q113: What are the coordinates of Bellechasse aerodrome (285°/28 km from Bern)? ^t60q113
22052853 
....@@ -2224,6 +2872,11 @@
22242872 #### Key Terms
22252873 
22262874 ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2875
+
2876
+#### Source
2877
+
2878
+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q12 p.30](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=30) (score: 0.88)
2879
+
22272880 ### Q114: During a cross-country flight, "POOR GPS COVERAGE" appears on the screen. What could be the cause? ^t60q114
22282881 
22292882 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q114) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q114)
....@@ -2245,6 +2898,11 @@
22452898 - **Option B** overstates how satellite repositioning works, as GPS receivers continuously update orbital data without manual intervention.
22462899 - **Option D** (thunderstorms) does not affect GPS microwave signals.
22472900 
2901
+
2902
+#### Source
2903
+
2904
+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q13 p.30](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=30) (score: 0.57)
2905
+
22482906 ### Q115: The magnetic compass of an aircraft is affected by metallic parts and electrical equipment. What is this influence called? ^t60q115
22492907 
22502908 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q115) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q115)
....@@ -2264,6 +2922,12 @@
22642922 
22652923 - **Option A** (variation) and option B (declination) both refer to the angular difference between true north and magnetic north, which is a property of the Earth's magnetic field, not the aircraft.
22662924 - **Option D** (inclination or dip) is the angle at which the Earth's magnetic field lines intersect the surface, which affects compass behavior but is not the same as the aircraft-induced error.
2925
+
2926
+
2927
+#### Source
2928
+
2929
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q7 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.30)
2930
+- PDF Answer: C
22672931 
22682932 ### Q116: You plan a cross-country flight Courtelary (315°/43 km from Bern-Belp) - Dittingen (192°/18 km from Basel-Mulhouse) - Birrfeld (265°/24 km from Zurich) - Courtelary. What is the total distance? ^t60q116
22692933 
....@@ -2289,6 +2953,11 @@
22892953 #### Key Terms
22902954 
22912955 ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2956
+
2957
+#### Source
2958
+
2959
+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q14 p.30](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=30) (score: 0.31)
2960
+
22922961 ### Q117: Your GPS displays heights in metres, but you need feet. Can you change this? ^t60q117
22932962 
22942963 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q117) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q117)
....@@ -2309,6 +2978,11 @@
23092978 - **Option A** incorrectly suggests that a workshop visit is needed.
23102979 - **Option C** confuses the aeronautical database (which contains waypoints and airspace data) with display settings.
23112980 - **Option D** invents a certification restriction that does not exist for GPS unit settings.
2981
+
2982
+
2983
+#### Source
2984
+
2985
+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q16 p.31](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=31) (score: 0.45)
23122986 
23132987 ### Q118: On a map, 5 cm correspond to a distance of 10 km. What is the scale? ^t60q118
23142988 
....@@ -2332,6 +3006,12 @@
23323006 - **Option C** (1:500,000) would mean 5 cm = 25 km.
23333007 - Only 1:200,000 produces the correct 5 cm = 10 km relationship.
23343008 
3009
+
3010
+#### Source
3011
+
3012
+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q17 p.31](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=31) (score: 0.70)
3013
+- [QuizVDS Q47](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q47): Answer B
3014
+
23353015 ### Q119: During a long approach over a difficult navigation area, which method is most effective? ^t60q119
23363016 
23373017 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q119) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q119)
....@@ -2353,6 +3033,11 @@
23533033 - **Option B** (monitoring the compass) maintains heading but provides no position information.
23543034 - **Option D** (thumb tracking) works well for shorter legs but is less systematic for long approaches.
23553035 
3036
+
3037
+#### Source
3038
+
3039
+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q18 p.31](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=31) (score: 0.60)
3040
+
23563041 ### Q120: If you are south of the Montreux - Thun - Lucerne - Rapperswil line, on which frequency do you communicate with other glider pilots? ^t60q120
23573042 
23583043 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q120) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q120)
....@@ -2369,6 +3054,11 @@
23693054 #### Explanation
23703055 
23713056 In Switzerland, glider-to-glider communication frequencies are divided geographically. South of the Montreux-Thun-Lucerne-Rapperswil line, the designated common glider frequency is 122.475 MHz. This frequency is used for traffic awareness, thermal information sharing, and safety communication among glider pilots operating in the southern Swiss Alps and surrounding areas. The other listed frequencies are either assigned to the northern sector or serve different aviation purposes.
3057
+
3058
+
3059
+#### Source
3060
+
3061
+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q19 p.31](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=31) (score: 0.56)
23723062 
23733063 ### Q121: What does the designation LS-R6, shown as a red hatched area north of Grindelwald (127°/52 km from Bern), mean? ^t60q121
23743064 
....@@ -2391,6 +3081,10 @@
23913081 - **Option B** misclassifies it as a danger zone (that would be LS-D).
23923082 - **Option C** describes a prohibited zone (LS-P), which is a different category entirely.
23933083 
3084
+
3085
+#### Source
3086
+
3087
+- [ ] ~ [VV Q27 p.151](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=151) (clé: **A**, original: **D**)
23943088 ### Q122: How do you find the magnetic declination (variation) values for a given location? ^t60q122
23953089 
23963090 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q122) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q122)
....@@ -2415,6 +3109,12 @@
24153109 #### Key Terms
24163110 
24173111 ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
3112
+
3113
+#### Source
3114
+
3115
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q30 p.152](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=152) (score: 0.20)
3116
+- PDF Answer: D
3117
+
24183118 ### Q123: In flight, you notice a drift to the left. How do you correct? ^t60q123
24193119 
24203120 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q123) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q123)
....@@ -2431,6 +3131,12 @@
24313131 #### Explanation
24323132 
24333133 If the aircraft drifts to the left, the wind is pushing it from the right side of the flight path. To correct, the pilot must turn into the wind by increasing the heading value (turning right). This applies a wind correction angle that offsets the crosswind component. Turning left (option A) or decreasing the heading (option C) would worsen the drift. Flying faster (option D) reduces drift angle slightly but does not correct it — proper heading adjustment is the correct technique.
3134
+
3135
+
3136
+#### Source
3137
+
3138
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q39 p.154](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=154) (score: 0.32)
3139
+- PDF Answer: A
24343140 
24353141 ### Q124: What does the indication GND on the cover of the gliding chart (top left, approximately 15 NM west of St Gallen-Altenrhein, 088°/75 km from Zurich-Kloten) mean? ^t60q124
24363142 
....@@ -2456,6 +3162,10 @@
24563162 #### Key Terms
24573163 
24583164 NM = Nautical Mile(s)
3165
+
3166
+#### Source
3167
+
3168
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**)
24593169 ### Q125: Given: TC 180 degrees, MC 200 degrees. What is the magnetic declination (variation)? ^t60q125
24603170 
24613171 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q125) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q125)
....@@ -2481,6 +3191,10 @@
24813191 
24823192 - **MC** = Magnetic Course
24833193 - **TC** = True Course
3194
+
3195
+#### Source
3196
+
3197
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**)
24843198 ### Q126: During a triangle flight Grenchen (350°/31 km from Bern-Belp) - Kagiswil (090°/57 km from Bern-Belp) - Buttwil (221°/28 km from Zurich-Kloten) - Grenchen, on the return from Buttwil you must land at Langenthal (032°/35 km from Bern-Belp). What is the straight-line distance flown? ^t60q126
24853199 
24863200 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q126) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q126)
....@@ -2504,6 +3218,10 @@
25043218 #### Key Terms
25053219 
25063220 ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
3221
+
3222
+#### Source
3223
+
3224
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **A**)
25073225 ### Q127: South of Gruyeres aerodrome there is a zone designated LS-D7. What is this? ^t60q127
25083226 
25093227 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q127) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q127)
....@@ -2529,6 +3247,12 @@
25293247 
25303248 - **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
25313249 - **AGL** = Above Ground Level
3250
+
3251
+#### Source
3252
+
3253
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q112 p.169](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=169) (score: 0.23)
3254
+- PDF Answer: C
3255
+
25323256 ### Q128: On a map, 4 cm correspond to 10 km. What is the scale? ^t60q128
25333257 
25343258 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q128) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q128)
....@@ -2550,6 +3274,11 @@
25503274 - **Option B** (1:100,000) would mean 4 cm = 4 km.
25513275 - **Option C** (1:400,000) would mean 4 cm = 16 km.
25523276 - Only 1:250,000 yields the correct 4 cm = 10 km relationship.
3277
+
3278
+
3279
+#### Source
3280
+
3281
+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q17 p.31](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=31) (score: 0.45)
25533282 
25543283 ### Q129: Up to what altitude does the Locarno CTR (352°/18 km from Lugano-Agno) extend? ^t60q129
25553284 
....@@ -2578,6 +3307,12 @@
25783307 - **AGL** = Above Ground Level
25793308 - **FL** = Flight Level
25803309 - **CTR** = Control Zone
3310
+
3311
+#### Source
3312
+
3313
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q74 p.161](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=161) (score: 0.25)
3314
+- PDF Answer: A
3315
+
25813316 ### Q130: You are above Fraubrunnen (north of Bern-Belp airport), N47°05'/E007°32', at 4500 ft AMSL. Your height above the ground is approximately 3000 ft. In which airspace are you? ^t60q130
25823317 
25833318 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q130) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q130)
....@@ -2604,6 +3339,12 @@
26043339 - **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
26053340 - **CTR** = Control Zone
26063341 - **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
3342
+
3343
+#### Source
3344
+
3345
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q82 p.163](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=163) (score: 0.29)
3346
+- PDF Answer: C
3347
+
26073348 ### Q131: Your GPS displays distances in NM, but you need km for your calculations. Can you change this? ^t60q131
26083349 
26093350 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q131) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q131)
....@@ -2628,6 +3369,11 @@
26283369 #### Key Terms
26293370 
26303371 NM = Nautical Mile(s)
3372
+
3373
+#### Source
3374
+
3375
+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q16 p.31](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=31) (score: 0.40)
3376
+
26313377 ### Q132: You depart from Bern on 5 June (summer time) at 0945 UTC for a glider flight lasting 45 minutes. At what local time do you land? ^t60q132
26323378 
26333379 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q132) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q132)
....@@ -2646,6 +3392,11 @@
26463392 On 5 June, Switzerland observes Central European Summer Time (CEST), which is UTC+2. Departure is at 0945 UTC, and the flight lasts 45 minutes, so landing occurs at 0945 + 0045 = 1030 UTC. Converting to local time: 1030 UTC + 2 hours = 1230 CEST. However, the correct answer given is B (1130 LT), which would correspond to UTC+1 conversion. This suggests the question intends standard CET (UTC+1) or uses a different convention.
26473393 
26483394 - **Options A and C** yield times before departure, which are impossible, and option D overshoots.
3395
+
3396
+
3397
+#### Source
3398
+
3399
+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q11 p.30](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=30) (score: 0.42)
26493400 
26503401 ### Q133: 54 NM correspond to: ^t60q133
26513402 
....@@ -2673,6 +3424,11 @@
26733424 
26743425 - **D** — Drag
26753426 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
3427
+
3428
+#### Source
3429
+
3430
+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q17 p.31](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=31) (score: 0.22)
3431
+
26763432 ### Q134: Which statement about GPS is correct? ^t60q134
26773433 
26783434 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q134) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q134)
....@@ -2694,6 +3450,10 @@
26943450 - **Option C** overstates GPS capability — it does not replace basic pilotage skills, and airspace warnings depend on database currency.
26953451 - **Option D** is incorrect because GPS does not automatically update its aviation database; this requires manual updates by the user.
26963452 
3453
+
3454
+#### Source
3455
+
3456
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**)
26973457 ### Q135: What is meant by an "isogonic line"? ^t60q135
26983458 
26993459 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q135) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q135)
....@@ -2715,6 +3475,10 @@
27153475 - **Option B** describes the agonic line, which is the special case where declination equals zero — a subset, not the general definition.
27163476 - **Option D** describes an isobar (equal pressure).
27173477 
3478
+
3479
+#### Source
3480
+
3481
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**)
27183482 ### Q136: In poor visibility, you fly from the Saentis (110°/65 km from Zurich-Kloten) towards Amlikon (075°/40 km from Zurich-Kloten). Which true course (TC) do you select? ^t60q136
27193483 
27203484 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q136) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q136)
....@@ -2738,6 +3502,10 @@
27383502 #### Key Terms
27393503 
27403504 TC = True Course
3505
+
3506
+#### Source
3507
+
3508
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**)
27413509 ### Q137: What onboard equipment must your glider have for you to determine your position using a VDF bearing? ^t60q137
27423510 
27433511 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q137) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q137)
....@@ -2763,6 +3531,12 @@
27633531 
27643532 - **ELT** = Emergency Locator Transmitter
27653533 - **VHF** = Very High Frequency
3534
+
3535
+#### Source
3536
+
3537
+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q19 p.27](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=27) (score: 0.37)
3538
+- PDF Answer: A
3539
+
27663540 ### Q138: How does the map grid appear in a normal cylindrical projection (Mercator projection)? ^t60q138
27673541 
27683542 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q138) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q138)
....@@ -2783,6 +3557,11 @@
27833557 - **Option A** describes a conic projection where meridians converge.
27843558 - **Option B** incorrectly calls them curves.
27853559 - **Option D** reverses the convergence — in a Mercator projection, neither meridians nor parallels converge.
3560
+
3561
+
3562
+#### Source
3563
+
3564
+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q10 p.30](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=30) (score: 0.48)
27863565 
27873566 ### Q139: Up to what maximum altitude may you fly a glider over Burgdorf (035°/19 km from Bern-Belp) without notification or authorisation? ^t60q139
27883567 
....@@ -2810,6 +3589,12 @@
28103589 - **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
28113590 - **AGL** = Above Ground Level
28123591 - **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
3592
+
3593
+#### Source
3594
+
3595
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q66 p.159](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=159) (score: 0.30)
3596
+- PDF Answer: A
3597
+
28133598 ### Q140: What is the name of the location at coordinates 46°29' N / 007°15' E? ^t60q140
28143599 
28153600 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q140) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q140)
....@@ -2833,6 +3618,10 @@
28333618 - **Option A** (Sanetsch Pass) is a mountain pass between Sion and the Bernese Oberland at a different position.
28343619 - **Option D** (Gstaad/Grund heliport) is nearby but has different precise coordinates.
28353620 
3621
+
3622
+#### Source
3623
+
3624
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**)
28363625 ### Q141: What is meant by the "geographic longitude" of a location? ^t60q141
28373626 
28383627 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q141) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q141)
....@@ -2853,6 +3642,12 @@
28533642 - **Options A and B** incorrectly reference the equator — distance from the equator is latitude, not longitude.
28543643 - **Option C** describes a co-latitude measurement from the north pole, which is also a form of latitude.
28553644 - Only option D correctly identifies longitude as the angular measure from the Greenwich meridian.
3645
+
3646
+
3647
+#### Source
3648
+
3649
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q6 p.147](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=147) (score: 0.59)
3650
+- PDF Answer: B
28563651 
28573652 ### Q142: The term 'magnetic course' (MC) is defined as ^t60q142
28583653 
....@@ -2879,6 +3674,13 @@
28793674 
28803675 - **MC** = Magnetic Course
28813676 - **TC** = True Course
3677
+
3678
+#### Source
3679
+
3680
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q1 p.146](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=146) (score: 0.24)
3681
+- [QuizVDS Q27](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q27): Answer B
3682
+- PDF Answer: B
3683
+
28823684 ### Q143: An aircraft is flying at FL 75 with an outside air temperature (OAT) of -9°C. The QNH altitude is 6500 ft. The true altitude equals ^t60q143
28833685 
28843686 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q143) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q143)
....@@ -2903,6 +3705,10 @@
29033705 - **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
29043706 - **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
29053707 - **FL** = Flight Level
3708
+
3709
+#### Source
3710
+
3711
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **A**)
29063712 ### Q144: An aircraft flies at a pressure altitude of 7000 ft with OAT +11°C. The QNH altitude is 6500 ft. The true altitude equals ^t60q144
29073713 
29083714 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q144) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q144)
....@@ -2929,6 +3735,10 @@
29293735 - **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
29303736 - **OAT** — Outside Air Temperature
29313737 - **D** — Drag
3738
+
3739
+#### Source
3740
+
3741
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**)
29323742 ### Q145: An aircraft flies at a pressure altitude of 7000 ft with OAT +21°C. The QNH altitude is 6500 ft. The true altitude equals ^t60q145
29333743 
29343744 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q145) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q145)
....@@ -2952,6 +3762,10 @@
29523762 
29533763 - **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
29543764 - **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
3765
+
3766
+#### Source
3767
+
3768
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**)
29553769 ### Q146: Given: True course: 255°. TAS: 100 kt. Wind: 200°/10 kt. The true heading equals ^t60q146
29563770 
29573771 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q146) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q146)
....@@ -2976,6 +3790,10 @@
29763790 
29773791 - **TAS** = True Airspeed
29783792 - **TC** = True Course
3793
+
3794
+#### Source
3795
+
3796
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**)
29793797 ### Q147: Given: True course: 165°. TAS: 90 kt. Wind: 130°/20 kt. Distance: 153 NM. The true heading equals ^t60q147
29803798 
29813799 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q147) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q147)
....@@ -3003,6 +3821,10 @@
30033821 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
30043822 - **TAS** = True Airspeed
30053823 - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
3824
+
3825
+#### Source
3826
+
3827
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**)
30063828 ### Q148: An aircraft follows a true course (TC) of 040° at a constant TAS of 180 kt. The wind vector is 350°/30 kt. The groundspeed (GS) equals ^t60q148
30073829 
30083830 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q148) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q148)
....@@ -3028,6 +3850,10 @@
30283850 - **TAS** = True Airspeed
30293851 - **GS** = Ground Speed
30303852 - **TC** = True Course
3853
+
3854
+#### Source
3855
+
3856
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**)
30313857 ### Q149: Given: True course: 120°. TAS: 120 kt. Wind: 150°/12 kt. The WCA equals ^t60q149
30323858 
30333859 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q149) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q149)
....@@ -3053,6 +3879,13 @@
30533879 - **TAS** = True Airspeed
30543880 - **TC** = True Course
30553881 - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
3882
+
3883
+#### Source
3884
+
3885
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q38 p.154](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=154) (score: 0.21)
3886
+- [QuizVDS Q70](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q70): Answer A
3887
+- PDF Answer: C
3888
+
30563889 ### Q150: The distance from 'A' to 'B' is 120 NM. At 55 NM from 'A' the pilot finds a deviation of 7 NM to the right. What approximate course change is needed to reach 'B' directly? ^t60q150
30573890 
30583891 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q150) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q150)
....@@ -3077,6 +3910,10 @@
30773910 #### Key Terms
30783911 
30793912 NM = Nautical Mile(s)
3913
+
3914
+#### Source
3915
+
3916
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**)
30803917 ### Q151: How many satellites are required for a precise and verified three-dimensional position fix? ^t60q151
30813918 
30823919 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q151) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q151)
....@@ -3097,6 +3934,10 @@
30973934 - **Option A** (five) describes what is needed for RAIM (Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring), not a basic 3D fix.
30983935 - **Option B** (two) and option C (three) are insufficient for a full 3D position with clock correction.
30993936 
3937
+
3938
+#### Source
3939
+
3940
+- [ ] ✓ [VV Q2 p.146](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=146) (clé: **B**, original: **C**)
31003941 ### Q152: Which ground features should be preferred for orientation during visual flight? ^t60q152
31013942 
31023943 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q152) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q152)
....@@ -3118,6 +3959,10 @@
31183959 - **Option B** (border lines) are invisible — there are no physical markings on the ground.
31193960 - **Option C** (power lines) are extremely difficult to see from altitude and pose a collision hazard when flying low.
31203961 
3962
+
3963
+#### Source
3964
+
3965
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**)
31213966 ### Q153: What is the approximate circumference of the Earth at the equator? ^t60q153
31223967 
31233968 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q153) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q153)
....@@ -3143,6 +3988,13 @@
31433988 #### Key Terms
31443989 
31453990 NM = Nautical Mile(s)
3991
+
3992
+#### Source
3993
+
3994
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q2 p.146](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=146) (score: 0.33)
3995
+- [QuizVDS Q6](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q6): Answer C
3996
+- PDF Answer: C
3997
+
31463998 ### Q154: Given: True course from A to B: 352°. Ground distance: 100 NM. GS: 107 kt. ETD: 0933 UTC. The ETA is ^t60q154
31473999 
31484000 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q154) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q154)
....@@ -3171,6 +4023,10 @@
31714023 - **ETD** = Estimated Time of Departure
31724024 - **GS** = Ground Speed
31734025 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
4026
+
4027
+#### Source
4028
+
4029
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**)
31744030 ### Q155: An aircraft travels 100 km in 56 minutes. The ground speed (GS) equals ^t60q155
31754031 
31764032 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q155) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q155)
....@@ -3197,6 +4053,13 @@
31974053 
31984054 - **GS** = Ground Speed
31994055 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
4056
+
4057
+#### Source
4058
+
4059
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q55 p.157](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=157) (score: 0.21)
4060
+- [QuizVDS Q52](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q52): Answer B
4061
+- PDF Answer: D
4062
+
32004063 ### Q156: An aircraft flies with TAS 180 kt and a headwind component of 25 kt for 2 hours and 25 minutes. The distance flown equals ^t60q156
32014064 
32024065 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q156) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q156)
....@@ -3223,6 +4086,10 @@
32234086 - **TAS** = True Airspeed
32244087 - **GS** = Ground Speed
32254088 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
4089
+
4090
+#### Source
4091
+
4092
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**)
32264093 ### Q157: Given: GS 160 kt, TC 177°, wind vector 140°/20 kt. The true heading (TH) equals ^t60q157
32274094 
32284095 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q157) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q157)
....@@ -3250,6 +4117,10 @@
32504117 - **TC** = True Course
32514118 - **TH** = True Heading
32524119 - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
4120
+
4121
+#### Source
4122
+
4123
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**)
32534124 ### Q158: An aircraft follows TC 040° at a constant TAS of 180 kt. The wind vector is 350°/30 kt. The wind correction angle (WCA) equals ^t60q158
32544125 
32554126 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q158) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q158)
....@@ -3275,6 +4146,10 @@
32754146 - **TAS** = True Airspeed
32764147 - **TC** = True Course
32774148 - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
4149
+
4150
+#### Source
4151
+
4152
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**)
32784153 ### Q159: Given: True course: 270°. TAS: 100 kt. Wind: 090°/25 kt. Distance: 100 NM. The ground speed (GS) equals ^t60q159
32794154 
32804155 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q159) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q159)
....@@ -3302,6 +4177,10 @@
33024177 - **GS** = Ground Speed
33034178 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
33044179 - **TC** = True Course
4180
+
4181
+#### Source
4182
+
4183
+- [ ] ~ [VV Q81 p.163](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=163) (clé: **C**, original: **D**)
33054184 ### Q160: When using GPS for tracking to the next waypoint, a deviation bar with dots is displayed. Which interpretation is correct? ^t60q160
33064185 
33074186 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q160) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q160)
....@@ -3325,6 +4204,10 @@
33254204 #### Key Terms
33264205 
33274206 NM = Nautical Mile(s)
4207
+
4208
+#### Source
4209
+
4210
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**)
33284211 ### Q161: What is the approximate distance from Schänis (LSZX) to Sion (LSGS)? ^t60q161
33294212 
33304213 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q161) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q161)
....@@ -3362,6 +4245,10 @@
33624245 
33634246 NM = Nautical Mile(s)
33644247 
4248
+
4249
+#### Source
4250
+
4251
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**)
33654252 ### Q162: An aircraft flies with TAS 120 kt and experiences 35 kt tailwind. How much time is needed for a distance of 185 NM? ^t60q162
33664253 
33674254 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q162) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q162)
....@@ -3389,6 +4276,10 @@
33894276 - **GS** = Ground Speed
33904277 - **D** — Drag
33914278 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
4279
+
4280
+#### Source
4281
+
4282
+- [?] Source non identifiée
33924283 ### Q163: Given: True course: 270°. TAS: 100 kt. Wind: 090°/25 kt. Distance: 100 NM. The flight time equals ^t60q163
33934284 
33944285 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q163) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q163)
....@@ -3416,6 +4307,10 @@
34164307 - **TAS** = True Airspeed
34174308 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
34184309 - **TC** = True Course
4310
+
4311
+#### Source
4312
+
4313
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**)
34194314 ### Q164: Which answer completes the flight plan (marked cells)? ^t60q164
34204315 
34214316 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q164) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q164)
....@@ -3443,6 +4338,10 @@
34434338 - **MH** = Magnetic Heading
34444339 - **TC** = True Course
34454340 - **TH** = True Heading
4341
+
4342
+#### Source
4343
+
4344
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **D**)
34464345 ### Q165: What is meant by the term "terrestrial navigation"? ^t60q165
34474346 
34484347 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q165) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q165)
....@@ -3464,6 +4363,10 @@
34644363 - **Option C** describes GPS navigation, a satellite-based method.
34654364 - **Option D** confuses terrestrial with celestial navigation, which uses stars and other astronomical bodies for position determination.
34664365 
4366
+
4367
+#### Source
4368
+
4369
+- [?] Source non identifiée
34674370 ### Q166: What flight time is required for a distance of 236 NM at a ground speed of 134 kt? ^t60q166
34684371 
34694372 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q166) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q166)
....@@ -3489,6 +4392,13 @@
34894392 
34904393 - **GS** = Ground Speed
34914394 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
4395
+
4396
+#### Source
4397
+
4398
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q4 p.74](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=74) (score: 0.29)
4399
+- [QuizVDS Q53](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^q53): Answer D
4400
+- PDF Answer: D
4401
+
34924402 ### Q167: What is the true course (TC) from Birrfeld (LSZF) to Grenchen (LSZG)? ^t60q167
34934403 
34944404 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q167) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q167)
....@@ -3525,6 +4435,10 @@
35254435 #### Key Terms
35264436 
35274437 TC = True Course
4438
+
4439
+#### Source
4440
+
4441
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**)
35284442 ### Q168: What does the 1:60 rule mean? ^t60q168
35294443 
35304444 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q168) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q168)
....@@ -3549,6 +4463,10 @@
35494463 #### Key Terms
35504464 
35514465 NM = Nautical Mile(s)
4466
+
4467
+#### Source
4468
+
4469
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **C**)
35524470 ### Q169: An aircraft follows TC 220° at a constant TAS of 220 kt. The wind vector is 270°/50 kt. The ground speed (GS) equals ^t60q169
35534471 
35544472 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q169) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q169)
....@@ -3575,6 +4493,10 @@
35754493 - **GS** = Ground Speed
35764494 - **TAS** = True Airspeed
35774495 - **TC** = True Course
4496
+
4497
+#### Source
4498
+
4499
+- [ ] ~ [VV Q81 p.163](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=163) (clé: **C**, original: **A**)
35784500 ### Q170: An aeroplane has a heading of 090°. The distance to fly is 90 NM. After 45 NM the aeroplane is 4.5 NM north of the planned flight path. What corrected heading is needed to reach the destination directly? ^t60q170
35794501 
35804502 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q170) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q170)
....@@ -3599,6 +4521,10 @@
35994521 #### Key Terms
36004522 
36014523 NM = Nautical Mile(s)
4524
+
4525
+#### Source
4526
+
4527
+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: **B**)
36024528 ### Q171: What is the distance from Samedan (LSZS) to Lugano (LSZA)? ^t60q171
36034529 
36044530 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q171) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q171)
....@@ -3637,6 +4563,10 @@
36374563 - **NM** = Nautical mile (1′ of latitude ≈ 1 NM ≈ 1.852 km).
36384564 - **LSZS** = Samedan aerodrome (Engadin).
36394565 - **LSZA** = Lugano aerodrome (Ticino).
4566
+
4567
+#### Source
4568
+
4569
+- [?] Source non identifiée
36404570 ### Q172: What does the term terrestrial navigation mean? ^t60q172
36414571 
36424572 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q172) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q172)
....@@ -3664,6 +4594,10 @@
36644594 
36654595 ---
36664596 
4597
+
4598
+#### Source
4599
+
4600
+- [?] Source non identifiée
36674601 ### Q173: What does QNH mean? ^t60q173
36684602 
36694603 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q173) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q173)
....@@ -3691,6 +4625,12 @@
36914625 - **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
36924626 
36934627 ---
4628
+
4629
+
4630
+#### Source
4631
+
4632
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q77 p.162](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=162) (score: 0.79)
4633
+- PDF Answer: A
36944634 
36954635 ### Q174: You forgot to set the QNH before take-off and are now airborne. What should you do? ^t60q174
36964636 
....@@ -3721,6 +4661,12 @@
37214661 
37224662 ---
37234663 
4664
+
4665
+#### Source
4666
+
4667
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q78 p.162](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=162) (score: 0.44)
4668
+- PDF Answer: C
4669
+
37244670 ### Q175: On the Swiss soaring chart, the text "NIL" appears in a soaring zone near Langenthal. What does this mean for cloud separation? ^t60q175
37254671 
37264672 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q175) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q175)
....@@ -3750,6 +4696,12 @@
37504696 ---
37514697 ![](figures/t60q175.png)
37524698 
4699
+
4700
+#### Source
4701
+
4702
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q69 p.160](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=160) (score: 0.24)
4703
+- PDF Answer: C
4704
+
37534705 ### Q176: During which period of the year are Class E airspace soaring periods active in Switzerland? ^t60q176
37544706 
37554707 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q176) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q176)
....@@ -3777,6 +4729,12 @@
37774729 
37784730 ---
37794731 
4732
+
4733
+#### Source
4734
+
4735
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q73 p.161](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=161) (score: 0.67)
4736
+- PDF Answer: B
4737
+
37804738 ### Q177: When reading the military activity notes on the Swiss soaring chart, what should glider pilots pay particular attention to? ^t60q177
37814739 
37824740 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q177) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q177)
....@@ -3803,6 +4761,12 @@
38034761 - **Night operations** = Military flights conducted during darkness, relevant for airspace management
38044762 
38054763 ---
4764
+
4765
+
4766
+#### Source
4767
+
4768
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q92 p.165](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=165) (score: 0.60)
4769
+- PDF Answer: C
38064770 
38074771 ### Q178: Who is responsible for activating the Dittingen-Nord soaring sector? ^t60q178
38084772 
....@@ -3833,6 +4797,12 @@
38334797 ---
38344798 ![](figures/t60q178.png)
38354799 
4800
+
4801
+#### Source
4802
+
4803
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q93 p.165](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=165) (score: 0.54)
4804
+- PDF Answer: D
4805
+
38364806 ### Q179: What is the radio frequency used by retrieve teams operating in the Alps? ^t60q179
38374807 
38384808 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q179) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q179)
....@@ -3861,6 +4831,12 @@
38614831 
38624832 ---
38634833 
4834
+
4835
+#### Source
4836
+
4837
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q94 p.166](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=166) (score: 0.56)
4838
+- PDF Answer: A
4839
+
38644840 ### Q180: Where can a glider pilot find information about soaring conditions and procedures in Class D and Class C airspace in Switzerland? ^t60q180
38654841 
38664842 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q180) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q180)
....@@ -3888,3 +4864,9 @@
38884864 - **Class C** = Controlled airspace (separation for all flights, clearance required)
38894865 - **Swiss soaring chart** = 1:300,000 aeronautical chart specifically for glider pilots in Switzerland
38904866 - **GAFOR** = General Aviation FORecast (route weather forecast)
4867
+
4868
+
4869
+#### Source
4870
+
4871
+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q95 p.166](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=166) (score: 0.85)
4872
+- PDF Answer: B