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Matthias Nott
2026-03-22 c7fe4faf1aab7bd121763380c10be86d95a80333 
 SPL Exam Questions EN/60 - Navigation.md
....@@ -130,9 +130,7 @@
130130 
131131 #### Key Terms
132132 
133
-- **S** — Wing Area — total planform area of the wings
134133 S — Wing Area — total planform area of the wings
135
-
136134 ### Q8: At what positions are the two polar circles located? ^t60q8
137135 
138136 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q8) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q8)
....@@ -189,7 +187,8 @@
189187 
190188 #### Key Terms
191189 
192
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
190
+- **e** — Oswald Efficiency Factor — wing efficiency factor (1.0 for ideal elliptical lift distribution)
191
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
193192 ### Q11: Point A lies at exactly 47°50'27''N latitude. Which point is precisely 240 NM north of A? ^t60q11
194193 
195194 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q11) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q11)
....@@ -271,7 +270,8 @@
271270 
272271 #### Key Terms
273272 
274
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
273
+- **e** — Oswald Efficiency Factor — wing efficiency factor (1.0 for ideal elliptical lift distribution)
274
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
275275 ### Q15: How much time elapses as the sun traverses 20° of longitude? ^t60q15
276276 
277277 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q15) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q15)
....@@ -311,9 +311,7 @@
311311 
312312 #### Key Terms
313313 
314
-- **D** — Drag
315314 D — Drag
316
-
317315 ### Q17: The sun traverses 10° of longitude. What is the corresponding time difference? ^t60q17
318316 
319317 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q17) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q17)
....@@ -628,6 +626,7 @@
628626 
629627 #### Key Terms
630628 
629
+- **W** — Weight — force due to gravity acting on the aircraft (W = m × g)
631630 - **CH** = Compass Heading
632631 - **DEV** = Compass Deviation
633632 - **MH** = Magnetic Heading
....@@ -887,10 +886,10 @@
887886 
888887 #### Key Terms
889888 
889
+- **m** — mass of the aircraft
890890 - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
891891 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
892892 - **SPL** = Sailplane Pilot Licence
893
-- **m** — mass of the aircraft
894893 ### Q46: What is the distance from VOR Bruenkendorf (BKD) (53°02'N, 011°33'E) to Pritzwalk (EDBU) (53°11'N, 12°11'E)? ^t60q46
895894 
896895 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q46) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q46)
....@@ -953,6 +952,7 @@
953952 
954953 #### Key Terms
955954 
955
+- **W** — Weight — force due to gravity acting on the aircraft (W = m × g)
956956 - **MC** = Magnetic Course
957957 - **TC** = True Course
958958 - **VAR** = Magnetic Variation
....@@ -975,11 +975,11 @@
975975 
976976 #### Key Terms
977977 
978
+- **TAS** = True Airspeed
979
+- **GS** = Ground Speed
978980 - **ETA** = Estimated Time of Arrival
979981 - **ETD** = Estimated Time of Departure
980
-- **GS** = Ground Speed
981982 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
982
-- **TAS** = True Airspeed
983983 ### Q50: Given: True course from A to B: 283°. Ground distance: 75 NM. TAS: 105 kt. Headwind component: 12 kt. ETD: 1242 UTC. What is the ETA? ^t60q50
984984 
985985 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q50) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q50)
....@@ -1004,14 +1004,12 @@
10041004 
10051005 #### Key Terms
10061006 
1007
+- **TAS** = True Airspeed
1008
+- **GS** = Ground Speed
10071009 - **ETA** = Estimated Time of Arrival
10081010 - **ETD** = Estimated Time of Departure
1009
-- **GS** = Ground Speed
10101011 - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
10111012 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
1012
-- **TAS** = True Airspeed
1013
-
1014
-**Permitted aids at the exam:** ICAO 1:500'000 Switzerland chart, Swiss gliding chart, protractor, ruler, mechanical DR calculator, compass, non-programmable scientific calculator (TI-30 ECO RS recommended). No alphanumeric or electronic navigation computers allowed.
10151013 ### Q51: What is the latest time we must land? ^t60q51
10161014 
10171015 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q51) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q51)
....@@ -1297,7 +1295,8 @@
12971295 
12981296 #### Key Terms
12991297 
1300
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
1298
+- **e** — Oswald Efficiency Factor — wing efficiency factor (1.0 for ideal elliptical lift distribution)
1299
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
13011300 ### Q70: Flight time from Laax 14:52 to Oberalp 15:09? ^t60q70
13021301 
13031302 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q70) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q70)
....@@ -1363,6 +1362,7 @@
13631362 
13641363 #### Key Terms
13651364 
1365
+- **m** — mass of the aircraft
13661366 - **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
13671367 - **CTR** = Control Zone
13681368 - **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
....@@ -1370,7 +1370,6 @@
13701370 - **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
13711371 - **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
13721372 - **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
1373
-- **m** — mass of the aircraft
13741373 ### Q75: TC from Jungfrau to Bellechasse? ^t60q75
13751374 
13761375 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q75) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q75)
....@@ -1416,8 +1415,8 @@
14161415 
14171416 #### Key Terms
14181417 
1419
-- **GS** = Ground Speed
14201418 - **TAS** = True Airspeed
1419
+- **GS** = Ground Speed
14211420 - **TC** = True Course
14221421 - **TH** = True Heading
14231422 - **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
....@@ -1452,6 +1451,7 @@
14521451 
14531452 #### Key Terms
14541453 
1454
+- **W** — Weight — force due to gravity acting on the aircraft (W = m × g)
14551455 - **MH** = Magnetic Heading
14561456 - **TH** = True Heading
14571457 - **VAR** = Magnetic Variation
....@@ -1512,8 +1512,8 @@
15121512 #### Key Terms
15131513 
15141514 - **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
1515
-- **FL** = Flight Level
15161515 - **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
1516
+- **FL** = Flight Level
15171517 ### Q83: A friend departs from France on 6 June (summer time) at 1000 UTC for a cross-country flight toward the Jura. You want to take off from Les Eplatures at the same time. What does your watch show? ^t60q83
15181518 
15191519 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q83) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q83)
....@@ -1998,8 +1998,8 @@
19981998 
19991999 #### Key Terms
20002000 
2001
-- **VHF** = Very High Frequency
20022001 - **D** — Drag
2002
+- **VHF** = Very High Frequency
20032003 ### Q105: What does the term "agonic line" mean? ^t60q105
20042004 
20052005 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q105) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q105)
....@@ -2503,8 +2503,8 @@
25032503 
25042504 #### Key Terms
25052505 
2506
-- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
25072506 - **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
2507
+- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
25082508 ### Q128: On a map, 4 cm correspond to 10 km. What is the scale? ^t60q128
25092509 
25102510 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q128) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q128)
....@@ -2550,10 +2550,10 @@
25502550 
25512551 #### Key Terms
25522552 
2553
-- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
25542553 - **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
2555
-- **CTR** = Control Zone
2554
+- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
25562555 - **FL** = Flight Level
2556
+- **CTR** = Control Zone
25572557 ### Q130: You are above Fraubrunnen (north of Bern-Belp airport), N47°05'/E007°32', at 4500 ft AMSL. Your height above the ground is approximately 3000 ft. In which airspace are you? ^t60q130
25582558 
25592559 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q130) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q130)
....@@ -2647,8 +2647,8 @@
26472647 
26482648 #### Key Terms
26492649 
2650
-- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
26512650 - **D** — Drag
2651
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
26522652 ### Q134: Which statement about GPS is correct? ^t60q134
26532653 
26542654 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q134) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q134)
....@@ -2783,8 +2783,8 @@
27832783 
27842784 #### Key Terms
27852785 
2786
-- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
27872786 - **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
2787
+- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
27882788 - **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
27892789 ### Q140: What is the name of the location at coordinates 46°29' N / 007°15' E? ^t60q140
27902790 
....@@ -2874,9 +2874,9 @@
28742874 
28752875 #### Key Terms
28762876 
2877
-- **FL** = Flight Level
2878
-- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
28792877 - **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
2878
+- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
2879
+- **FL** = Flight Level
28802880 ### Q144: An aircraft flies at a pressure altitude of 7000 ft with OAT +11°C. The QNH altitude is 6500 ft. The true altitude equals ^t60q144
28812881 
28822882 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q144) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q144)
....@@ -2899,8 +2899,8 @@
28992899 
29002900 #### Key Terms
29012901 
2902
-- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
29032902 - **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
2903
+- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
29042904 - **OAT** — Outside Air Temperature
29052905 - **D** — Drag
29062906 ### Q145: An aircraft flies at a pressure altitude of 7000 ft with OAT +21°C. The QNH altitude is 6500 ft. The true altitude equals ^t60q145
....@@ -2924,8 +2924,8 @@
29242924 
29252925 #### Key Terms
29262926 
2927
-- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
29282927 - **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
2928
+- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
29292929 ### Q146: Given: True course: 255°. TAS: 100 kt. Wind: 200°/10 kt. The true heading equals ^t60q146
29302930 
29312931 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q146) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q146)
....@@ -2999,8 +2999,8 @@
29992999 
30003000 #### Key Terms
30013001 
3002
-- **GS** = Ground Speed
30033002 - **TAS** = True Airspeed
3003
+- **GS** = Ground Speed
30043004 - **TC** = True Course
30053005 ### Q149: Given: True course: 120°. TAS: 120 kt. Wind: 150°/12 kt. The WCA equals ^t60q149
30063006 
....@@ -3194,9 +3194,9 @@
31943194 
31953195 #### Key Terms
31963196 
3197
+- **TAS** = True Airspeed
31973198 - **GS** = Ground Speed
31983199 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
3199
-- **TAS** = True Airspeed
32003200 ### Q157: Given: GS 160 kt, TC 177°, wind vector 140°/20 kt. The true heading (TH) equals ^t60q157
32013201 
32023202 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q157) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q157)
....@@ -3272,9 +3272,9 @@
32723272 
32733273 #### Key Terms
32743274 
3275
+- **TAS** = True Airspeed
32753276 - **GS** = Ground Speed
32763277 - **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
3277
-- **TAS** = True Airspeed
32783278 - **TC** = True Course
32793279 ### Q160: When using GPS for tracking to the next waypoint, a deviation bar with dots is displayed. Which interpretation is correct? ^t60q160
32803280 
....@@ -3348,10 +3348,10 @@
33483348 
33493349 #### Key Terms
33503350 
3351
-- **GS** = Ground Speed
3352
-- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
33533351 - **TAS** = True Airspeed
3352
+- **GS** = Ground Speed
33543353 - **D** — Drag
3354
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
33553355 ### Q163: Given: True course: 270°. TAS: 100 kt. Wind: 090°/25 kt. Distance: 100 NM. The flight time equals ^t60q163
33563356 
33573357 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q163) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q163)
....@@ -3376,8 +3376,8 @@
33763376 #### Key Terms
33773377 
33783378 - **GS** = Ground Speed
3379
-- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
33803379 - **TAS** = True Airspeed
3380
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
33813381 - **TC** = True Course
33823382 ### Q164: Which answer completes the flight plan (marked cells)? (3,00 P.) ^t60q164
33833383 
....@@ -3576,8 +3576,8 @@
35763576 
35773577 #### Key Terms
35783578 
3579
-- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
35803579 - **D** — Drag
3580
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
35813581 ### Q172: What does the term terrestrial navigation mean? ^t60q172
35823582 
35833583 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q172) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q172)