blame | history | patch | commit | commitdiff
Matthias Nott
2026-03-22 a3f8f79b018d166cecb3f5c9869357194b872a94 
 SPL Exam Questions EN/60 - Navigation.md
....@@ -110,8 +110,7 @@
110110 
111111 #### Key Terms
112112 
113
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
114
-
113
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
115114 ### Q7: What is the latitude difference between point A (12°53'30''N) and point B (07°34'30''S)? ^t60q7
116115 
117116 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q7) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q7)
....@@ -128,6 +127,10 @@
128127 #### Explanation
129128 
130129 When two points are on opposite sides of the equator, the difference in latitude is the sum of their respective latitudes. Here: 12°53'30''N + 07°34'30''S = 20°28'00''. Converting minutes: 53'30'' + 34'30'' = 88'00'' = 1°28'00'', so 12° + 7° + 1°28' = 20°28'00''. Always add latitudes when they are in opposite hemispheres (N and S).
130
+
131
+#### Key Terms
132
+
133
+- **S** — Wing Area — total planform area of the wings
131134 
132135 ### Q8: At what positions are the two polar circles located? ^t60q8
133136 
....@@ -165,8 +168,7 @@
165168 
166169 #### Key Terms
167170 
168
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
169
-
171
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
170172 ### Q10: Along any line of longitude, what distance corresponds to one degree of latitude? ^t60q10
171173 
172174 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q10) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q10)
....@@ -186,8 +188,7 @@
186188 
187189 #### Key Terms
188190 
189
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
190
-
191
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
191192 ### Q11: Point A lies at exactly 47°50'27''N latitude. Which point is precisely 240 NM north of A? ^t60q11
192193 
193194 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q11) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q11)
....@@ -209,8 +210,7 @@
209210 
210211 #### Key Terms
211212 
212
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
213
-
213
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
214214 ### Q12: Along the equator, what is the distance between the 150°E and 151°E meridians? ^t60q12
215215 
216216 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q12) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q12)
....@@ -230,8 +230,7 @@
230230 
231231 #### Key Terms
232232 
233
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
234
-
233
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
235234 ### Q13: When two points A and B on the equator are separated by exactly one degree of longitude, what is the great circle distance between them? ^t60q13
236235 
237236 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q13) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q13)
....@@ -251,8 +250,7 @@
251250 
252251 #### Key Terms
253252 
254
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
255
-
253
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
256254 ### Q14: Consider two points A and B on the same parallel of latitude (not the equator). A is at 010°E and B at 020°E. The rhumb line distance between them is always ^t60q14
257255 
258256 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q14) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q14)
....@@ -272,8 +270,7 @@
272270 
273271 #### Key Terms
274272 
275
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
276
-
273
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
277274 ### Q15: How much time elapses as the sun traverses 20° of longitude? ^t60q15
278275 
279276 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q15) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q15)
....@@ -311,6 +308,10 @@
311308 - **Option D** (4 minutes) would be the time for only 1° of longitude.
312309 - **Option A** (30 minutes) would correspond to 7.5° of longitude.
313310 
311
+#### Key Terms
312
+
313
+- **D** — Drag
314
+
314315 ### Q17: The sun traverses 10° of longitude. What is the corresponding time difference? ^t60q17
315316 
316317 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q17) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q17)
....@@ -347,8 +348,7 @@
347348 
348349 #### Key Terms
349350 
350
-ATC = Air Traffic Control
351
-
351
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
352352 ### Q19: What is UTC? ^t60q19
353353 
354354 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q19) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q19)
....@@ -368,8 +368,7 @@
368368 
369369 #### Key Terms
370370 
371
-ATC = Air Traffic Control
372
-
371
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
373372 ### Q20: If Central European Time (CET) is UTC+1, what is the UTC equivalent of 1700 CET? ^t60q20
374373 
375374 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q20) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q20)
....@@ -423,8 +422,7 @@
423422 
424423 #### Key Terms
425424 
426
-VFR = Visual Flight Rules
427
-
425
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
428426 ### Q23: Given: WCA: -012°; TH: 125°; MC: 139°; DEV: 002°E. Determine TC, MH, and CH. (2,00 P.) ^t60q23
429427 
430428 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q23) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q23)
....@@ -444,8 +442,14 @@
444442 
445443 #### Key Terms
446444 
447
-CH = Compass Heading; DEV = Compass Deviation; MC = Magnetic Course; MH = Magnetic Heading; TC = True Course; TH = True Heading; VAR = Magnetic Variation; WCA = Wind Correction Angle
448
-
445
+- **CH** = Compass Heading
446
+- **DEV** = Compass Deviation
447
+- **MC** = Magnetic Course
448
+- **MH** = Magnetic Heading
449
+- **TC** = True Course
450
+- **TH** = True Heading
451
+- **VAR** = Magnetic Variation
452
+- **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
449453 ### Q24: Given: TC: 179°; WCA: -12°; VAR: 004° E; DEV: +002°. What are MH and MC? ^t60q24
450454 
451455 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q24) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q24)
....@@ -465,8 +469,13 @@
465469 
466470 #### Key Terms
467471 
468
-DEV = Compass Deviation; MC = Magnetic Course; MH = Magnetic Heading; TC = True Course; TH = True Heading; VAR = Magnetic Variation; WCA = Wind Correction Angle
469
-
472
+- **DEV** = Compass Deviation
473
+- **MC** = Magnetic Course
474
+- **MH** = Magnetic Heading
475
+- **TC** = True Course
476
+- **TH** = True Heading
477
+- **VAR** = Magnetic Variation
478
+- **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
470479 ### Q25: The angular difference between the true course and the true heading is known as the ^t60q25
471480 
472481 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q25) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q25)
....@@ -486,8 +495,7 @@
486495 
487496 #### Key Terms
488497 
489
-WCA = Wind Correction Angle
490
-
498
+- **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
491499 ### Q26: The angular difference between the magnetic course and the true course is called ^t60q26
492500 
493501 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q26) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q26)
....@@ -507,8 +515,7 @@
507515 
508516 #### Key Terms
509517 
510
-WCA = Wind Correction Angle
511
-
518
+- **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
512519 ### Q27: How is "magnetic course" (MC) defined? ^t60q27
513520 
514521 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q27) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q27)
....@@ -528,8 +535,7 @@
528535 
529536 #### Key Terms
530537 
531
-MC = Magnetic Course
532
-
538
+- **MC** = Magnetic Course
533539 ### Q28: How is "True Course" (TC) defined? ^t60q28
534540 
535541 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q28) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q28)
....@@ -549,8 +555,7 @@
549555 
550556 #### Key Terms
551557 
552
-TC = True Course
553
-
558
+- **TC** = True Course
554559 ### Q29: Given: TC: 183°; WCA: +011°; MH: 198°; CH: 200°. What are TH and VAR? (2,00 P.) ^t60q29
555560 
556561 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q29) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q29)
....@@ -570,8 +575,13 @@
570575 
571576 #### Key Terms
572577 
573
-CH = Compass Heading; MC = Magnetic Course; MH = Magnetic Heading; TC = True Course; TH = True Heading; VAR = Magnetic Variation; WCA = Wind Correction Angle
574
-
578
+- **CH** = Compass Heading
579
+- **MC** = Magnetic Course
580
+- **MH** = Magnetic Heading
581
+- **TC** = True Course
582
+- **TH** = True Heading
583
+- **VAR** = Magnetic Variation
584
+- **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
575585 ### Q30: Given: TC: 183°; WCA: +011°; MH: 198°; CH: 200°. What are TH and DEV? (2,00 P.) ^t60q30
576586 
577587 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q30) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q30)
....@@ -591,8 +601,12 @@
591601 
592602 #### Key Terms
593603 
594
-CH = Compass Heading; DEV = Compass Deviation; MH = Magnetic Heading; TC = True Course; TH = True Heading; WCA = Wind Correction Angle
595
-
604
+- **CH** = Compass Heading
605
+- **DEV** = Compass Deviation
606
+- **MH** = Magnetic Heading
607
+- **TC** = True Course
608
+- **TH** = True Heading
609
+- **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
596610 ### Q31: Given: TC: 183°; WCA: +011°; MH: 198°; CH: 200°. Determine VAR and DEV. (2,00 P.) ^t60q31
597611 
598612 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q31) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q31)
....@@ -612,8 +626,13 @@
612626 
613627 #### Key Terms
614628 
615
-CH = Compass Heading; DEV = Compass Deviation; MH = Magnetic Heading; TC = True Course; TH = True Heading; VAR = Magnetic Variation; WCA = Wind Correction Angle
616
-
629
+- **CH** = Compass Heading
630
+- **DEV** = Compass Deviation
631
+- **MH** = Magnetic Heading
632
+- **TC** = True Course
633
+- **TH** = True Heading
634
+- **VAR** = Magnetic Variation
635
+- **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
617636 ### Q32: At what location does magnetic inclination reach its minimum value? ^t60q32
618637 
619638 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q32) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q32)
....@@ -650,8 +669,7 @@
650669 
651670 #### Key Terms
652671 
653
-WCA = Wind Correction Angle
654
-
672
+- **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
655673 ### Q34: What does "compass north" (CN) refer to? ^t60q34
656674 
657675 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q34) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q34)
....@@ -722,8 +740,7 @@
722740 
723741 #### Key Terms
724742 
725
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
726
-
743
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
727744 ### Q38: How many metres are equivalent to 1000 ft? ^t60q38
728745 
729746 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q38) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q38)
....@@ -760,8 +777,7 @@
760777 
761778 #### Key Terms
762779 
763
-FL = Flight Level
764
-
780
+- **FL** = Flight Level
765781 ### Q40: What might cause the runway designation at an aerodrome to change (e.g. from runway 06 to runway 07)? ^t60q40
766782 
767783 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q40) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q40)
....@@ -849,8 +865,7 @@
849865 
850866 #### Key Terms
851867 
852
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
853
-
868
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
854869 ### Q45: The distance between two airports is 220 NM. On an aeronautical chart, a pilot measures 40.7 cm for this distance. What is the chart scale? ^t60q45
855870 
856871 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q45) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q45)
....@@ -870,8 +885,10 @@
870885 
871886 #### Key Terms
872887 
873
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; NM = Nautical Mile(s); SPL = Sailplane Pilot Licence
874
-
888
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
889
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
890
+- **SPL** = Sailplane Pilot Licence
891
+- **m** — mass of the aircraft
875892 ### Q46: What is the distance from VOR Bruenkendorf (BKD) (53°02'N, 011°33'E) to Pritzwalk (EDBU) (53°11'N, 12°11'E)? ^t60q46
876893 
877894 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q46) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q46)
....@@ -893,8 +910,7 @@
893910 
894911 #### Key Terms
895912 
896
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
897
-
913
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
898914 ### Q47: On an aeronautical chart, 7.5 cm represents 60.745 NM in reality. What is the chart scale? ^t60q47
899915 
900916 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q47) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q47)
....@@ -914,8 +930,8 @@
914930 
915931 #### Key Terms
916932 
917
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; NM = Nautical Mile(s)
918
-
933
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
934
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
919935 ### Q48: A pilot extracts this data from the chart for a short flight from A to B: True course: 245°. Magnetic variation: 7° W. The magnetic course (MC) equals ^t60q48
920936 
921937 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q48) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q48)
....@@ -935,8 +951,9 @@
935951 
936952 #### Key Terms
937953 
938
-MC = Magnetic Course; TC = True Course; VAR = Magnetic Variation
939
-
954
+- **MC** = Magnetic Course
955
+- **TC** = True Course
956
+- **VAR** = Magnetic Variation
940957 ### Q49: Given: True course from A to B: 250°. Ground distance: 210 NM. TAS: 130 kt. Headwind component: 15 kt. ETD: 0915 UTC. What is the ETA? (2,00 P.) ^t60q49
941958 
942959 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q49) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q49)
....@@ -956,8 +973,11 @@
956973 
957974 #### Key Terms
958975 
959
-ETA = Estimated Time of Arrival; ETD = Estimated Time of Departure; GS = Ground Speed; NM = Nautical Mile(s); TAS = True Airspeed
960
-
976
+- **ETA** = Estimated Time of Arrival
977
+- **ETD** = Estimated Time of Departure
978
+- **GS** = Ground Speed
979
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
980
+- **TAS** = True Airspeed
961981 ### Q50: Given: True course from A to B: 283°. Ground distance: 75 NM. TAS: 105 kt. Headwind component: 12 kt. ETD: 1242 UTC. What is the ETA? ^t60q50
962982 
963983 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q50) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q50)
....@@ -982,10 +1002,14 @@
9821002 
9831003 #### Key Terms
9841004 
985
-ETA = Estimated Time of Arrival; ETD = Estimated Time of Departure; GS = Ground Speed; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; NM = Nautical Mile(s); TAS = True Airspeed
1005
+- **ETA** = Estimated Time of Arrival
1006
+- **ETD** = Estimated Time of Departure
1007
+- **GS** = Ground Speed
1008
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
1009
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
1010
+- **TAS** = True Airspeed
9861011 
9871012 **Permitted aids at the exam:** ICAO 1:500'000 Switzerland chart, Swiss gliding chart, protractor, ruler, mechanical DR calculator, compass, non-programmable scientific calculator (TI-30 ECO RS recommended). No alphanumeric or electronic navigation computers allowed.
988
-
9891013 ### Q51: What is the latest time we must land? ^t60q51
9901014 
9911015 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q51) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q51)
....@@ -1001,8 +1025,7 @@
10011025 
10021026 #### Key Terms
10031027 
1004
-VFR = Visual Flight Rules
1005
-
1028
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
10061029 ### Q52: What does the large number 87 near Freiburg on the ICAO chart mean? ^t60q52
10071030 
10081031 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q52) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q52)
....@@ -1017,8 +1040,9 @@
10171040 
10181041 #### Key Terms
10191042 
1020
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; MSA = Minimum Safe Altitude; MSL = Mean Sea Level
1021
-
1043
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
1044
+- **MSA** = Minimum Safe Altitude
1045
+- **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
10221046 ### Q53: What entry should always be made on the navigation chart before a cross-country flight? ^t60q53
10231047 
10241048 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q53) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q53)
....@@ -1033,8 +1057,10 @@
10331057 
10341058 #### Key Terms
10351059 
1036
-CH = Compass Heading; MC = Magnetic Course; TC = True Course; TH = True Heading
1037
-
1060
+- **CH** = Compass Heading
1061
+- **MC** = Magnetic Course
1062
+- **TC** = True Course
1063
+- **TH** = True Heading
10381064 ### Q54: How should a final approach over navigationally challenging terrain be conducted? ^t60q54
10391065 
10401066 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q54) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q54)
....@@ -1097,8 +1123,9 @@
10971123 
10981124 #### Key Terms
10991125 
1100
-AGL = Above Ground Level; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; MSL = Mean Sea Level
1101
-
1126
+- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
1127
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
1128
+- **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
11021129 ### Q59: How tall is the tower on the Bantiger (46 58.7 N / 7 31.7 E)? ^t60q59
11031130 
11041131 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q59) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q59)
....@@ -1113,8 +1140,8 @@
11131140 
11141141 #### Key Terms
11151142 
1116
-AGL = Above Ground Level; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1117
-
1143
+- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
1144
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
11181145 ### Q60: How high are you allowed to climb over Egerkingen (32.4 km, 060 from LSZG)? ^t60q60
11191146 
11201147 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q60) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q60)
....@@ -1129,8 +1156,10 @@
11291156 
11301157 #### Key Terms
11311158 
1132
-AIP = Aeronautical Information Publication; FL = Flight Level; MSL = Mean Sea Level; TMA = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
1133
-
1159
+- **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
1160
+- **FL** = Flight Level
1161
+- **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
1162
+- **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
11341163 ### Q61: What information do we find on the gliding chart for Les Eplatures aerodrome (47 05 N, 6 47.5 E)? ^t60q61
11351164 
11361165 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q61) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q61)
....@@ -1157,8 +1186,8 @@
11571186 
11581187 #### Key Terms
11591188 
1160
-MSL = Mean Sea Level; TMA = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
1161
-
1189
+- **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
1190
+- **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
11621191 ### Q63: Coordinates of Birrfeld aerodrome? ^t60q63
11631192 
11641193 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q63) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q63)
....@@ -1173,8 +1202,8 @@
11731202 
11741203 #### Key Terms
11751204 
1176
-ATC = Air Traffic Control; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1177
-
1205
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
1206
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
11781207 ### Q64: Coordinates of Montricher aerodrome? ^t60q64
11791208 
11801209 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q64) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q64)
....@@ -1189,8 +1218,8 @@
11891218 
11901219 #### Key Terms
11911220 
1192
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; NM = Nautical Mile(s)
1193
-
1221
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
1222
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
11941223 ### Q65: Which place is at N 47 07', E 8 00'? ^t60q65
11951224 
11961225 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q65) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q65)
....@@ -1205,8 +1234,7 @@
12051234 
12061235 #### Key Terms
12071236 
1208
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1209
-
1237
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
12101238 ### Q66: Which place is at N 46 11', E 6 16'? ^t60q66
12111239 
12121240 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q66) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q66)
....@@ -1221,8 +1249,7 @@
12211249 
12221250 #### Key Terms
12231251 
1224
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1225
-
1252
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
12261253 ### Q67: TC from Grenchen aerodrome to Neuchatel aerodrome? ^t60q67
12271254 
12281255 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q67) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q67)
....@@ -1237,8 +1264,7 @@
12371264 
12381265 #### Key Terms
12391266 
1240
-TC = True Course
1241
-
1267
+- **TC** = True Course
12421268 ### Q68: TC from Langenthal aerodrome to Kaegiswil aerodrome? ^t60q68
12431269 
12441270 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q68) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q68)
....@@ -1253,8 +1279,8 @@
12531279 
12541280 #### Key Terms
12551281 
1256
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; TC = True Course
1257
-
1282
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
1283
+- **TC** = True Course
12581284 ### Q69: Distance Laax - Oberalp in km, NM, sm? ^t60q69
12591285 
12601286 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q69) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q69)
....@@ -1269,8 +1295,7 @@
12691295 
12701296 #### Key Terms
12711297 
1272
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
1273
-
1298
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
12741299 ### Q70: Flight time from Laax 14:52 to Oberalp 15:09? ^t60q70
12751300 
12761301 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q70) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q70)
....@@ -1309,8 +1334,7 @@
13091334 
13101335 #### Key Terms
13111336 
1312
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
1313
-
1337
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
13141338 ### Q73: From Eriswil to Buochs in 18 min - how fast? ^t60q73
13151339 
13161340 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q73) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q73)
....@@ -1337,8 +1361,14 @@
13371361 
13381362 #### Key Terms
13391363 
1340
-ATC = Air Traffic Control; CTR = Control Zone; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; IFR = Instrument Flight Rules; MSL = Mean Sea Level; TMA = Terminal Manoeuvring Area; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
1341
-
1364
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
1365
+- **CTR** = Control Zone
1366
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
1367
+- **IFR** = Instrument Flight Rules
1368
+- **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
1369
+- **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
1370
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
1371
+- **m** — mass of the aircraft
13421372 ### Q75: TC from Jungfrau to Bellechasse? ^t60q75
13431373 
13441374 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q75) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q75)
....@@ -1353,8 +1383,7 @@
13531383 
13541384 #### Key Terms
13551385 
1356
-TC = True Course
1357
-
1386
+- **TC** = True Course
13581387 ### Q76: Glide from Jungfrau (4200 m MSL) to Bellechasse with glide ratio 1:30 at 150 km/h - arrival altitude? ^t60q76
13591388 
13601389 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q76) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q76)
....@@ -1369,8 +1398,8 @@
13691398 
13701399 #### Key Terms
13711400 
1372
-AGL = Above Ground Level; MSL = Mean Sea Level
1373
-
1401
+- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
1402
+- **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
13741403 ### Q77: Wind triangle Jungfrau-Bellechasse: TAS 140 km/h, wind 040/15 kts ^t60q77
13751404 
13761405 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q77) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q77)
....@@ -1385,8 +1414,11 @@
13851414 
13861415 #### Key Terms
13871416 
1388
-GS = Ground Speed; TAS = True Airspeed; TC = True Course; TH = True Heading; WCA = Wind Correction Angle
1389
-
1417
+- **GS** = Ground Speed
1418
+- **TAS** = True Airspeed
1419
+- **TC** = True Course
1420
+- **TH** = True Heading
1421
+- **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
13901422 ### Q78: MH from Jungfrau to Bellechasse (variation 3 E)? ^t60q78
13911423 
13921424 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q78) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q78)
....@@ -1401,8 +1433,9 @@
14011433 
14021434 #### Key Terms
14031435 
1404
-MH = Magnetic Heading; TH = True Heading; VAR = Magnetic Variation
1405
-
1436
+- **MH** = Magnetic Heading
1437
+- **TH** = True Heading
1438
+- **VAR** = Magnetic Variation
14061439 ### Q79: If variation is 25 W - MH? ^t60q79
14071440 
14081441 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q79) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q79)
....@@ -1417,8 +1450,9 @@
14171450 
14181451 #### Key Terms
14191452 
1420
-MH = Magnetic Heading; TH = True Heading; VAR = Magnetic Variation
1421
-
1453
+- **MH** = Magnetic Heading
1454
+- **TH** = True Heading
1455
+- **VAR** = Magnetic Variation
14221456 ### Q80: Transponder codes ^t60q80
14231457 
14241458 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q80) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q80)
....@@ -1436,8 +1470,11 @@
14361470 
14371471 #### Key Terms
14381472 
1439
-ATC = Air Traffic Control; CTR = Control Zone; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; TMA = Terminal Manoeuvring Area; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
1440
-
1473
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
1474
+- **CTR** = Control Zone
1475
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
1476
+- **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
1477
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
14411478 ### Q81: Unit conversion formulas (exam reference) ^t60q81
14421479 
14431480 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q81) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q81)
....@@ -1452,10 +1489,6 @@
14521489 | km/h from kts | kts × 2 - 10% |
14531490 | m/s from ft/min | ft/min / 200 |
14541491 | ft/min from m/s | m/s × 200 |
1455
-
1456
-#### Key Terms
1457
-
1458
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
14591492 
14601493 ### Q82: You are flying below an airspace with a lower limit at FL75, maintaining a 300 m safety margin. Assuming QNH is 1013 hPa, at approximately what altitude are you flying? ^t60q82
14611494 
....@@ -1476,8 +1509,9 @@
14761509 
14771510 #### Key Terms
14781511 
1479
-AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level; FL = Flight Level; QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
1480
-
1512
+- **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
1513
+- **FL** = Flight Level
1514
+- **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
14811515 ### Q83: A friend departs from France on 6 June (summer time) at 1000 UTC for a cross-country flight toward the Jura. You want to take off from Les Eplatures at the same time. What does your watch show? ^t60q83
14821516 
14831517 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q83) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q83)
....@@ -1514,8 +1548,11 @@
15141548 
15151549 #### Key Terms
15161550 
1517
-MH = Magnetic Heading; TC = True Course; TH = True Heading; VAR = Magnetic Variation; WCA = Wind Correction Angle
1518
-
1551
+- **MH** = Magnetic Heading
1552
+- **TC** = True Course
1553
+- **TH** = True Heading
1554
+- **VAR** = Magnetic Variation
1555
+- **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
15191556 ### Q85: You intend to follow a TC of 090° from your current position. The wind is a headwind from the right. ^t60q85
15201557 
15211558 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q85) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q85)
....@@ -1535,8 +1572,9 @@
15351572 
15361573 #### Key Terms
15371574 
1538
-TC = True Course; TH = True Heading; WCA = Wind Correction Angle
1539
-
1575
+- **TC** = True Course
1576
+- **TH** = True Heading
1577
+- **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
15401578 ### Q86: The turning error of a magnetic compass is caused by ^t60q86
15411579 
15421580 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q86) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q86)
....@@ -1627,8 +1665,8 @@
16271665 
16281666 #### Key Terms
16291667 
1630
-AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1631
-
1668
+- **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
1669
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
16321670 ### Q91: After a thermal flight in the Alps, you glide in a straight line from Erstfeld (46°49'00"N/008°38'00"E) towards Fricktal-Schupfart (47°30'32"N/007°57'00"). You pass through several control zones. On which frequency do you call the third control zone? ^t60q91
16331671 
16341672 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q91) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q91)
....@@ -1650,10 +1688,11 @@
16501688 
16511689 #### Key Terms
16521690 
1653
-CTR = Control Zone; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; TMA = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
1691
+- **CTR** = Control Zone
1692
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
1693
+- **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
16541694 
16551695 **Permitted exam aids:** Swiss ICAO chart 1:500,000, Swiss gliding chart, protractor, ruler, mechanical DR computer, compass, non-programmable scientific calculator (TI-30 ECO RS recommended). No alphanumeric or electronic navigation computers are permitted.
1656
-
16571696 ### Q92: Which geographic features are most useful for orientation during flight? ^t60q92
16581697 
16591698 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q92) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q92)
....@@ -1716,8 +1755,8 @@
17161755 
17171756 #### Key Terms
17181757 
1719
-AIP = Aeronautical Information Publication; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1720
-
1758
+- **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
1759
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
17211760 ### Q95: Up to what altitude may you fly a glider over the Oberalppass (146°/52 km from Lucerne) without air traffic control authorisation? ^t60q95
17221761 
17231762 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q95) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q95)
....@@ -1740,8 +1779,11 @@
17401779 
17411780 #### Key Terms
17421781 
1743
-AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level; ATC = Air Traffic Control; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; TMA = Terminal Manoeuvring Area; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
1744
-
1782
+- **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
1783
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
1784
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
1785
+- **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
1786
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
17451787 ### Q96: On the aeronautical chart, north of the Furka Pass (070°/97 km from Sion), there is a red-hatched area marked LS-R8. What does this represent? ^t60q96
17461788 
17471789 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q96) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q96)
....@@ -1765,8 +1807,7 @@
17651807 
17661808 #### Key Terms
17671809 
1768
-ATC = Air Traffic Control
1769
-
1810
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
17701811 ### Q97: The coordinates 46°45'43" N / 006°36'48'' correspond to which aerodrome? ^t60q97
17711812 
17721813 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q97) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q97)
....@@ -1791,8 +1832,7 @@
17911832 
17921833 #### Key Terms
17931834 
1794
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1795
-
1835
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
17961836 ### Q98: After a thermal flight in the Alps, you plan to fly in a straight line from the Gemmi Pass (171°/58 km from Bern Belp) to Grenchen aerodrome. Which magnetic course (MC) do you select? ^t60q98
17971837 
17981838 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q98) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q98)
....@@ -1815,8 +1855,8 @@
18151855 
18161856 #### Key Terms
18171857 
1818
-MC = Magnetic Course; TC = True Course
1819
-
1858
+- **MC** = Magnetic Course
1859
+- **TC** = True Course
18201860 ### Q99: On a cross-country flight from Birrfeld aerodrome (47°26'N, 008°13'E) you turn at Courtelary aerodrome (47°10'N, 007°05'E). On the return leg you land at Grenchen aerodrome (47°10'N, 007°25'E). According to the Swiss gliding chart, the distance flown is ^t60q99
18211861 
18221862 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q99) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q99)
....@@ -1861,8 +1901,7 @@
18611901 
18621902 #### Key Terms
18631903 
1864
-VHF = Very High Frequency
1865
-
1904
+- **VHF** = Very High Frequency
18661905 ### Q101: Which phenomenon is most likely to degrade GPS indications? ^t60q101
18671906 
18681907 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q101) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q101)
....@@ -1908,8 +1947,8 @@
19081947 
19091948 #### Key Terms
19101949 
1911
-MC = Magnetic Course; TC = True Course
1912
-
1950
+- **MC** = Magnetic Course
1951
+- **TC** = True Course
19131952 ### Q103: In poor visibility, you fly from Gruyeres (222°/46 km from Bern) towards Lausanne (051°/52 km from Geneva). Which true course (TC) do you select? ^t60q103
19141953 
19151954 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q103) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q103)
....@@ -1932,8 +1971,8 @@
19321971 
19331972 #### Key Terms
19341973 
1935
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; TC = True Course
1936
-
1974
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
1975
+- **TC** = True Course
19371976 ### Q104: You want to determine your position using a VDF bearing, but the controller reports the signals are too weak for assessment. What is the likely reason? ^t60q104
19381977 
19391978 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q104) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q104)
....@@ -1957,8 +1996,8 @@
19571996 
19581997 #### Key Terms
19591998 
1960
-VHF = Very High Frequency
1961
-
1999
+- **VHF** = Very High Frequency
2000
+- **D** — Drag
19622001 ### Q105: What does the term "agonic line" mean? ^t60q105
19632002 
19642003 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q105) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q105)
....@@ -2023,8 +2062,7 @@
20232062 
20242063 #### Key Terms
20252064 
2026
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
2027
-
2065
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
20282066 ### Q108: Which value must you mark on the navigation chart before a cross-country flight? ^t60q108
20292067 
20302068 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q108) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q108)
....@@ -2044,8 +2082,10 @@
20442082 
20452083 #### Key Terms
20462084 
2047
-CH = Compass Heading; MH = Magnetic Heading; TC = True Course; TH = True Heading
2048
-
2085
+- **CH** = Compass Heading
2086
+- **MH** = Magnetic Heading
2087
+- **TC** = True Course
2088
+- **TH** = True Heading
20492089 ### Q109: In flight, you notice a drift to the right. How do you correct? ^t60q109
20502090 
20512091 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q109) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q109)
....@@ -2089,8 +2129,10 @@
20892129 
20902130 #### Key Terms
20912131 
2092
-AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level; ATC = Air Traffic Control; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; TMA = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
2093
-
2132
+- **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
2133
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
2134
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
2135
+- **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
20942136 ### Q111: How does the map grid appear in a Lambert (normal conic) projection? ^t60q111
20952137 
20962138 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q111) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q111)
....@@ -2155,8 +2197,7 @@
21552197 
21562198 #### Key Terms
21572199 
2158
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2159
-
2200
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
21602201 ### Q114: During a cross-country flight, "POOR GPS COVERAGE" appears on the screen. What could be the cause? ^t60q114
21612202 
21622203 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q114) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q114)
....@@ -2221,8 +2262,7 @@
22212262 
22222263 #### Key Terms
22232264 
2224
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2225
-
2265
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
22262266 ### Q117: Your GPS displays heights in metres, but you need feet. Can you change this? ^t60q117
22272267 
22282268 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q117) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q117)
....@@ -2348,8 +2388,7 @@
23482388 
23492389 #### Key Terms
23502390 
2351
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2352
-
2391
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
23532392 ### Q123: In flight, you notice a drift to the left. How do you correct? ^t60q123
23542393 
23552394 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q123) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q123)
....@@ -2390,8 +2429,7 @@
23902429 
23912430 #### Key Terms
23922431 
2393
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
2394
-
2432
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
23952433 ### Q125: Given: TC 180 degrees, MC 200 degrees. What is the magnetic declination (variation)? ^t60q125
23962434 
23972435 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q125) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q125)
....@@ -2415,8 +2453,8 @@
24152453 
24162454 #### Key Terms
24172455 
2418
-MC = Magnetic Course; TC = True Course
2419
-
2456
+- **MC** = Magnetic Course
2457
+- **TC** = True Course
24202458 ### Q126: During a triangle flight Grenchen (350°/31 km from Bern-Belp) - Kagiswil (090°/57 km from Bern-Belp) - Buttwil (221°/28 km from Zurich-Kloten) - Grenchen, on the return from Buttwil you must land at Langenthal (032°/35 km from Bern-Belp). What is the straight-line distance flown? ^t60q126
24212459 
24222460 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q126) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q126)
....@@ -2439,8 +2477,7 @@
24392477 
24402478 #### Key Terms
24412479 
2442
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2443
-
2480
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
24442481 ### Q127: South of Gruyeres aerodrome there is a zone designated LS-D7. What is this? ^t60q127
24452482 
24462483 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q127) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q127)
....@@ -2464,8 +2501,8 @@
24642501 
24652502 #### Key Terms
24662503 
2467
-AGL = Above Ground Level; AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level
2468
-
2504
+- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
2505
+- **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
24692506 ### Q128: On a map, 4 cm correspond to 10 km. What is the scale? ^t60q128
24702507 
24712508 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q128) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q128)
....@@ -2511,8 +2548,10 @@
25112548 
25122549 #### Key Terms
25132550 
2514
-AGL = Above Ground Level; AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level; CTR = Control Zone; FL = Flight Level
2515
-
2551
+- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
2552
+- **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
2553
+- **CTR** = Control Zone
2554
+- **FL** = Flight Level
25162555 ### Q130: You are above Fraubrunnen (north of Bern-Belp airport), N47°05'/E007°32', at 4500 ft AMSL. Your height above the ground is approximately 3000 ft. In which airspace are you? ^t60q130
25172556 
25182557 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q130) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q130)
....@@ -2536,8 +2575,9 @@
25362575 
25372576 #### Key Terms
25382577 
2539
-AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level; CTR = Control Zone; TMA = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
2540
-
2578
+- **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
2579
+- **CTR** = Control Zone
2580
+- **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
25412581 ### Q131: Your GPS displays distances in NM, but you need km for your calculations. Can you change this? ^t60q131
25422582 
25432583 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q131) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q131)
....@@ -2561,8 +2601,7 @@
25612601 
25622602 #### Key Terms
25632603 
2564
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
2565
-
2604
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
25662605 ### Q132: You depart from Bern on 5 June (summer time) at 0945 UTC for a glider flight lasting 45 minutes. At what local time do you land? ^t60q132
25672606 
25682607 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q132) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q132)
....@@ -2606,8 +2645,8 @@
26062645 
26072646 #### Key Terms
26082647 
2609
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
2610
-
2648
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
2649
+- **D** — Drag
26112650 ### Q134: Which statement about GPS is correct? ^t60q134
26122651 
26132652 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q134) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q134)
....@@ -2672,8 +2711,7 @@
26722711 
26732712 #### Key Terms
26742713 
2675
-TC = True Course
2676
-
2714
+- **TC** = True Course
26772715 ### Q137: What onboard equipment must your glider have for you to determine your position using a VDF bearing? ^t60q137
26782716 
26792717 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q137) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q137)
....@@ -2697,8 +2735,8 @@
26972735 
26982736 #### Key Terms
26992737 
2700
-ELT = Emergency Locator Transmitter; VHF = Very High Frequency
2701
-
2738
+- **ELT** = Emergency Locator Transmitter
2739
+- **VHF** = Very High Frequency
27022740 ### Q138: How does the map grid appear in a normal cylindrical projection (Mercator projection)? ^t60q138
27032741 
27042742 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q138) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q138)
....@@ -2743,8 +2781,9 @@
27432781 
27442782 #### Key Terms
27452783 
2746
-AGL = Above Ground Level; AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level; TMA = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
2747
-
2784
+- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
2785
+- **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
2786
+- **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
27482787 ### Q140: What is the name of the location at coordinates 46°29' N / 007°15' E? ^t60q140
27492788 
27502789 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q140) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q140)
....@@ -2810,8 +2849,8 @@
28102849 
28112850 #### Key Terms
28122851 
2813
-MC = Magnetic Course; TC = True Course
2814
-
2852
+- **MC** = Magnetic Course
2853
+- **TC** = True Course
28152854 ### Q143: An aircraft is flying at FL 75 with an outside air temperature (OAT) of -9°C. The QNH altitude is 6500 ft. The true altitude equals ^t60q143
28162855 
28172856 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q143) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q143)
....@@ -2833,8 +2872,9 @@
28332872 
28342873 #### Key Terms
28352874 
2836
-FL = Flight Level; ISA = International Standard Atmosphere; QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
2837
-
2875
+- **FL** = Flight Level
2876
+- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
2877
+- **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
28382878 ### Q144: An aircraft flies at a pressure altitude of 7000 ft with OAT +11°C. The QNH altitude is 6500 ft. The true altitude equals ^t60q144
28392879 
28402880 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q144) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q144)
....@@ -2857,8 +2897,10 @@
28572897 
28582898 #### Key Terms
28592899 
2860
-ISA = International Standard Atmosphere; QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
2861
-
2900
+- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
2901
+- **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
2902
+- **OAT** — Outside Air Temperature
2903
+- **D** — Drag
28622904 ### Q145: An aircraft flies at a pressure altitude of 7000 ft with OAT +21°C. The QNH altitude is 6500 ft. The true altitude equals ^t60q145
28632905 
28642906 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q145) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q145)
....@@ -2880,8 +2922,8 @@
28802922 
28812923 #### Key Terms
28822924 
2883
-ISA = International Standard Atmosphere; QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
2884
-
2925
+- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
2926
+- **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
28852927 ### Q146: Given: True course: 255°. TAS: 100 kt. Wind: 200°/10 kt. The true heading equals ^t60q146
28862928 
28872929 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q146) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q146)
....@@ -2904,8 +2946,8 @@
29042946 
29052947 #### Key Terms
29062948 
2907
-TAS = True Airspeed; TC = True Course
2908
-
2949
+- **TAS** = True Airspeed
2950
+- **TC** = True Course
29092951 ### Q147: Given: True course: 165°. TAS: 90 kt. Wind: 130°/20 kt. Distance: 153 NM. The true heading equals ^t60q147
29102952 
29112953 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q147) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q147)
....@@ -2930,8 +2972,9 @@
29302972 
29312973 #### Key Terms
29322974 
2933
-NM = Nautical Mile(s); TAS = True Airspeed; WCA = Wind Correction Angle
2934
-
2975
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
2976
+- **TAS** = True Airspeed
2977
+- **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
29352978 ### Q148: An aircraft follows a true course (TC) of 040° at a constant TAS of 180 kt. The wind vector is 350°/30 kt. The groundspeed (GS) equals ^t60q148
29362979 
29372980 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q148) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q148)
....@@ -2954,8 +2997,9 @@
29542997 
29552998 #### Key Terms
29562999 
2957
-GS = Ground Speed; TAS = True Airspeed; TC = True Course
2958
-
3000
+- **GS** = Ground Speed
3001
+- **TAS** = True Airspeed
3002
+- **TC** = True Course
29593003 ### Q149: Given: True course: 120°. TAS: 120 kt. Wind: 150°/12 kt. The WCA equals ^t60q149
29603004 
29613005 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q149) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q149)
....@@ -2978,8 +3022,9 @@
29783022 
29793023 #### Key Terms
29803024 
2981
-TAS = True Airspeed; TC = True Course; WCA = Wind Correction Angle
2982
-
3025
+- **TAS** = True Airspeed
3026
+- **TC** = True Course
3027
+- **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
29833028 ### Q150: The distance from 'A' to 'B' is 120 NM. At 55 NM from 'A' the pilot finds a deviation of 7 NM to the right. What approximate course change is needed to reach 'B' directly? ^t60q150
29843029 
29853030 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q150) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q150)
....@@ -3003,8 +3048,7 @@
30033048 
30043049 #### Key Terms
30053050 
3006
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
3007
-
3051
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
30083052 ### Q151: How many satellites are required for a precise and verified three-dimensional position fix? ^t60q151
30093053 
30103054 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q151) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q151)
....@@ -3070,8 +3114,7 @@
30703114 
30713115 #### Key Terms
30723116 
3073
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
3074
-
3117
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
30753118 ### Q154: Given: True course from A to B: 352°. Ground distance: 100 NM. GS: 107 kt. ETD: 0933 UTC. The ETA is ^t60q154
30763119 
30773120 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q154) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q154)
....@@ -3096,8 +3139,10 @@
30963139 
30973140 #### Key Terms
30983141 
3099
-ETA = Estimated Time of Arrival; ETD = Estimated Time of Departure; GS = Ground Speed; NM = Nautical Mile(s)
3100
-
3142
+- **ETA** = Estimated Time of Arrival
3143
+- **ETD** = Estimated Time of Departure
3144
+- **GS** = Ground Speed
3145
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
31013146 ### Q155: An aircraft travels 100 km in 56 minutes. The ground speed (GS) equals ^t60q155
31023147 
31033148 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q155) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q155)
....@@ -3122,8 +3167,8 @@
31223167 
31233168 #### Key Terms
31243169 
3125
-GS = Ground Speed; NM = Nautical Mile(s)
3126
-
3170
+- **GS** = Ground Speed
3171
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
31273172 ### Q156: An aircraft flies with TAS 180 kt and a headwind component of 25 kt for 2 hours and 25 minutes. The distance flown equals ^t60q156
31283173 
31293174 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q156) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q156)
....@@ -3147,8 +3192,9 @@
31473192 
31483193 #### Key Terms
31493194 
3150
-GS = Ground Speed; NM = Nautical Mile(s); TAS = True Airspeed
3151
-
3195
+- **GS** = Ground Speed
3196
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
3197
+- **TAS** = True Airspeed
31523198 ### Q157: Given: GS 160 kt, TC 177°, wind vector 140°/20 kt. The true heading (TH) equals ^t60q157
31533199 
31543200 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q157) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q157)
....@@ -3172,8 +3218,10 @@
31723218 
31733219 #### Key Terms
31743220 
3175
-GS = Ground Speed; TC = True Course; TH = True Heading; WCA = Wind Correction Angle
3176
-
3221
+- **GS** = Ground Speed
3222
+- **TC** = True Course
3223
+- **TH** = True Heading
3224
+- **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
31773225 ### Q158: An aircraft follows TC 040° at a constant TAS of 180 kt. The wind vector is 350°/30 kt. The wind correction angle (WCA) equals ^t60q158
31783226 
31793227 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q158) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q158)
....@@ -3196,8 +3244,9 @@
31963244 
31973245 #### Key Terms
31983246 
3199
-TAS = True Airspeed; TC = True Course; WCA = Wind Correction Angle
3200
-
3247
+- **TAS** = True Airspeed
3248
+- **TC** = True Course
3249
+- **WCA** = Wind Correction Angle
32013250 ### Q159: Given: True course: 270°. TAS: 100 kt. Wind: 090°/25 kt. Distance: 100 NM. The ground speed (GS) equals ^t60q159
32023251 
32033252 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q159) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q159)
....@@ -3221,8 +3270,10 @@
32213270 
32223271 #### Key Terms
32233272 
3224
-GS = Ground Speed; NM = Nautical Mile(s); TAS = True Airspeed; TC = True Course
3225
-
3273
+- **GS** = Ground Speed
3274
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
3275
+- **TAS** = True Airspeed
3276
+- **TC** = True Course
32263277 ### Q160: When using GPS for tracking to the next waypoint, a deviation bar with dots is displayed. Which interpretation is correct? ^t60q160
32273278 
32283279 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q160) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q160)
....@@ -3245,8 +3296,7 @@
32453296 
32463297 #### Key Terms
32473298 
3248
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
3249
-
3299
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
32503300 ### Q161: What is the distance from VOR Bruenkendorf (BKD) (53°02'N, 011°33'E) to Pritzwalk (EDBU) (53°11'N, 12°11'E)? ^t60q161
32513301 
32523302 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q161) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q161)
....@@ -3296,8 +3346,10 @@
32963346 
32973347 #### Key Terms
32983348 
3299
-GS = Ground Speed; NM = Nautical Mile(s); TAS = True Airspeed
3300
-
3349
+- **GS** = Ground Speed
3350
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
3351
+- **TAS** = True Airspeed
3352
+- **D** — Drag
33013353 ### Q163: Given: True course: 270°. TAS: 100 kt. Wind: 090°/25 kt. Distance: 100 NM. The flight time equals ^t60q163
33023354 
33033355 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q163) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q163)
....@@ -3321,8 +3373,10 @@
33213373 
33223374 #### Key Terms
33233375 
3324
-GS = Ground Speed; NM = Nautical Mile(s); TAS = True Airspeed; TC = True Course
3325
-
3376
+- **GS** = Ground Speed
3377
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
3378
+- **TAS** = True Airspeed
3379
+- **TC** = True Course
33263380 ### Q164: Which answer completes the flight plan (marked cells)? (3,00 P.) ^t60q164
33273381 
33283382 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q164) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q164)
....@@ -3346,8 +3400,10 @@
33463400 
33473401 #### Key Terms
33483402 
3349
-MC = Magnetic Course; MH = Magnetic Heading; TC = True Course; TH = True Heading
3350
-
3403
+- **MC** = Magnetic Course
3404
+- **MH** = Magnetic Heading
3405
+- **TC** = True Course
3406
+- **TH** = True Heading
33513407 ### Q165: What is meant by the term "terrestrial navigation"? ^t60q165
33523408 
33533409 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q165) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q165)
....@@ -3392,8 +3448,8 @@
33923448 
33933449 #### Key Terms
33943450 
3395
-GS = Ground Speed; NM = Nautical Mile(s)
3396
-
3451
+- **GS** = Ground Speed
3452
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
33973453 ### Q167: What is the true course (TC) from Uelzen (EDVU) (52°59'N, 10°28'E) to Neustadt (EDAN) (53°22'N, 011°37'E)? ^t60q167
33983454 
33993455 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q167) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q167)
....@@ -3419,8 +3475,7 @@
34193475 
34203476 #### Key Terms
34213477 
3422
-TC = True Course
3423
-
3478
+- **TC** = True Course
34243479 ### Q168: What does the 1:60 rule mean? ^t60q168
34253480 
34263481 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q168) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q168)
....@@ -3444,8 +3499,7 @@
34443499 
34453500 #### Key Terms
34463501 
3447
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
3448
-
3502
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
34493503 ### Q169: An aircraft follows TC 220° at a constant TAS of 220 kt. The wind vector is 270°/50 kt. The ground speed (GS) equals ^t60q169
34503504 
34513505 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q169) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q169)
....@@ -3469,8 +3523,9 @@
34693523 
34703524 #### Key Terms
34713525 
3472
-GS = Ground Speed; TAS = True Airspeed; TC = True Course
3473
-
3526
+- **GS** = Ground Speed
3527
+- **TAS** = True Airspeed
3528
+- **TC** = True Course
34743529 ### Q170: An aeroplane has a heading of 090°. The distance to fly is 90 NM. After 45 NM the aeroplane is 4.5 NM north of the planned flight path. What corrected heading is needed to reach the destination directly? ^t60q170
34753530 
34763531 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q170) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q170)
....@@ -3494,8 +3549,7 @@
34943549 
34953550 #### Key Terms
34963551 
3497
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
3498
-
3552
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
34993553 ### Q171: What is the distance from Neustadt (EDAN) (53°22'N, 011°37'E) to Uelzen (EDVU) (52°59'N, 10°28'E)? ^t60q171
35003554 
35013555 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q171) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q171)
....@@ -3520,8 +3574,8 @@
35203574 
35213575 #### Key Terms
35223576 
3523
-NM = Nautical Mile(s)
3524
-
3577
+- **NM** = Nautical Mile(s)
3578
+- **D** — Drag
35253579 ### Q172: What does the term terrestrial navigation mean? ^t60q172
35263580 
35273581 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q172) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/60%20-%20Navigation.md#^t60q172)
....@@ -3545,4 +3599,4 @@
35453599 
35463600 #### Key Terms
35473601 
3548
-VFR = Visual Flight Rules
3602
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules