APPS/glidr-content.git - git.mnsoft.org

..	..	@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@
22	22	#### Key Terms
23	23
24	24	CB = Cumulonimbus (thunderstorm cloud)
	25	+
	26	+#### Source
	27	+
	28	+- [?] Source non identifiée
25	29	### Q2: What type of fog forms when humid and nearly saturated air is forced to rise along the slopes of hills or shallow mountains by the prevailing wind? ^t50q2
26	30
27	31	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q2) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q2)
..	..	@@ -38,6 +42,12 @@
38	42	#### Explanation
39	43
40	44	Orographic fog forms when wind-driven humid air is mechanically lifted along a slope, cooling adiabatically until it reaches the dew point. Radiation fog requires calm nights with radiative ground cooling, advection fog forms when warm moist air moves over a cold surface, and steaming fog (Arctic sea smoke) occurs when cold air passes over warm water — none of these involve slope-forced lifting.
	45	+
	46	+
	47	+#### Source
	48	+
	49	+- Examen Blanc: [S3 Q12 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_3.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.21)
	50	+- [QuizVDS Q2](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q2): Answer D
41	51
42	52	### Q3: What phenomenon is known as "blue thermals"? ^t50q3
43	53
..	..	@@ -56,6 +66,10 @@
56	66
57	67	"Blue thermals" exist when the lifting condensation level (LCL) is very high — the air is too dry to reach its dew point before the thermal tops out. As a result, thermals rise but no cumulus clouds form, leaving the sky clear ("blue"). For glider pilots this is challenging since there are no visual cloud markers to indicate thermal location, and the cloudbase is beyond the thermal ceiling.
58	68
	69	+
	70	+#### Source
	71	+
	72	+- [?] Source non identifiée
59	73	### Q4: The expression "beginning of thermals" refers to the moment when thermal intensity ^t50q4
60	74
61	75	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q4) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q4)
..	..	@@ -77,6 +91,10 @@
77	91
78	92	- AGL = Above Ground Level
79	93	- MSL = Mean Sea Level
	94	+
	95	+#### Source
	96	+
	97	+- [?] Source non identifiée
80	98	### Q5: The "trigger temperature" is the temperature that ^t50q5
81	99
82	100	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q5) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q5)
..	..	@@ -94,6 +112,10 @@
94	112
95	113	The trigger temperature is the minimum surface temperature that must be reached before thermals can rise to the condensation level and form cumulus clouds. It is derived from the aerological diagram (tephigram/Stüve diagram) by tracing the dry adiabatic lapse rate from the morning sounding's moisture level back to the surface. Until this temperature is reached, thermals may exist but will not produce cumulus markers.
96	114
	115	+
	116	+#### Source
	117	+
	118	+- [?] Source non identifiée
97	119	### Q6: What is meant by "over-development" in a weather report? ^t50q6
98	120
99	121	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q6) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q6)
..	..	@@ -111,6 +133,10 @@
111	133
112	134	Over-development occurs when cumulus clouds continue growing vertically beyond the thermal inversion or become self-sustaining through latent heat release, developing into cumulonimbus (Cb) with heavy rain showers, lightning, and hail. This typically happens during humid summer afternoons when atmospheric instability is high and the inhibiting layer is weak. For glider pilots, over-development signals the end of safe soaring conditions and a need to land.
113	135
	136	+
	137	+#### Source
	138	+
	139	+- [?] Source non identifiée
114	140	### Q7: The gliding weather report indicates environmental instability. Morning dew is present on the grass and no thermals are currently active. What thermal development can be expected? ^t50q7
115	141
116	142	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q7) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q7)
..	..	@@ -128,6 +154,10 @@
128	154
129	155	Morning dew indicates the air cooled to the dew point overnight (radiation cooling), but this is temporary. Once solar insolation heats the ground, the surface temperature rises, warming the air above it until the temperature exceeds the trigger temperature. Environmental instability means the lapse rate is steep enough to sustain thermals once they begin, so good thermal conditions are likely to develop during the morning hours.
130	156
	157	+
	158	+#### Source
	159	+
	160	+- [?] Source non identifiée
131	161	### Q8: What effect on thermal activity can be expected when cirrus clouds approach from one direction and become increasingly dense, blocking the sun? ^t50q8
132	162
133	163	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q8) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q8)
..	..	@@ -145,6 +175,10 @@
145	175
146	176	Thermals are driven by differential heating of the ground by solar radiation. Thickening cirrus clouds progressively filter out solar energy, reducing ground heating and therefore thermal strength and depth. Dense cirrus can reduce insolation enough to stop thermal activity entirely. Additionally, approaching cirrus from one direction often indicates an advancing warm front, which brings widespread cloud, stable conditions, and further suppression of thermals.
147	177
	178	+
	179	+#### Source
	180	+
	181	+- [?] Source non identifiée
148	182	### Q9: What situation is known as "shielding"? ^t50q9
149	183
150	184	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q9) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q9)
..	..	@@ -162,6 +196,10 @@
162	196
163	197	Shielding describes the effect of high or medium cloud layers (cirrus, cirrostratus, altostratus) that block solar radiation and suppress thermal development below. Even partial cloud cover at these levels can significantly reduce ground insolation. Gliding forecasts include shielding assessments to indicate when and where thermals will be weakened or absent due to cloud cover above the expected thermal layer.
164	198
	199	+
	200	+#### Source
	201	+
	202	+- [?] Source non identifiée
165	203	### Q10: While planning a 500 km triangle flight, there is a squall line 100 km west of the departure airfield, extending north to south and moving east. What would be a sensible decision regarding the weather? ^t50q10
166	204
167	205	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q10) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q10)
..	..	@@ -179,6 +217,10 @@
179	217
180	218	A squall line is an organized line of severe thunderstorms that is notoriously fast-moving, unpredictable, and extremely dangerous. Moving at typical speeds of 30–60 km/h, a squall line 100 km away could reach the airfield within 2–3 hours. Flying below Cb cloud bases or attempting to navigate between cells exposes the glider to extreme turbulence, windshear, hail, and downdrafts. The only safe option is to not fly until the hazard has completely passed.
181	219
	220	+
	221	+#### Source
	222	+
	223	+- [?] Source non identifiée
182	224	### Q11: What is the gas composition of "air"? ^t50q11
183	225
184	226	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q11) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q11)
..	..	@@ -196,6 +238,13 @@
196	238
197	239	Dry air by volume is approximately 78% nitrogen (N2), 21% oxygen (O2), and the remaining 1% consists of argon, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases. Water vapour is variable (0–4%) and is not counted in the standard dry-air composition. Knowing air composition is fundamental to understanding atmospheric physics, density calculations, and the behaviour of aircraft engines and instruments.
198	240
	241	+
	242	+#### Source
	243	+
	244	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q8 p.108](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=108) (score: 0.44)
	245	+- [QuizVDS Q11](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q11): Answer B
	246	+- PDF Answer: D
	247	+
199	248	### Q12: In which atmospheric layer are weather phenomena predominantly found? ^t50q12
200	249
201	250	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q12) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q12)
..	..	@@ -212,6 +261,13 @@
212	261	#### Explanation
213	262
214	263	The troposphere extends from the surface to approximately 8–16 km depending on latitude and season. It contains approximately 75–80% of the atmosphere's total mass and almost all its water vapour. Convection, cloud formation, precipitation, fronts, and wind phenomena all occur here because temperature decreases with height, driving convective instability. Above the tropopause, the stratosphere is stable and largely cloud-free.
	264	+
	265	+
	266	+#### Source
	267	+
	268	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q6 p.108](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=108) (score: 0.22)
	269	+- [QuizVDS Q12](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q12): Answer D
	270	+- PDF Answer: B
215	271
216	272	### Q13: What is the mass of a "cube of air" with 1 m edges at MSL according to ISA? ^t50q13
217	273
..	..	@@ -234,6 +290,10 @@
234	290
235	291	- ISA = International Standard Atmosphere
236	292	- MSL = Mean Sea Level
	293	+
	294	+#### Source
	295	+
	296	+- [?] Source non identifiée
237	297	### Q14: At what rate does the temperature change with increasing altitude according to ISA within the troposphere? ^t50q14
238	298
239	299	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q14) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q14)
..	..	@@ -254,6 +314,13 @@
254	314	#### Key Terms
255	315
256	316	ISA = International Standard Atmosphere
	317	+
	318	+#### Source
	319	+
	320	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q30 p.113](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=113) (score: 0.28)
	321	+- [QuizVDS Q14](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q14): Answer A
	322	+- PDF Answer: D
	323	+
257	324	### Q15: What is the mean tropopause height according to the ISA (ICAO Standard Atmosphere)? ^t50q15
258	325
259	326	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q15) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q15)
..	..	@@ -275,6 +342,13 @@
275	342
276	343	- ISA = International Standard Atmosphere
277	344	- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	345	+
	346	+#### Source
	347	+
	348	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q7 p.108](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=108) (score: 0.23)
	349	+- [QuizVDS Q15](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q15): Answer B
	350	+- PDF Answer: D
	351	+
278	352	### Q16: The "tropopause" is defined as ^t50q16
279	353
280	354	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q16) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q16)
..	..	@@ -292,6 +366,10 @@
292	366
293	367	The tropopause is the transition boundary between the troposphere (where temperature decreases with height) and the stratosphere (where temperature initially remains constant then increases due to ozone absorption of UV radiation). It acts as a "lid" on convection — cumulonimbus clouds that reach it spread out laterally to form the characteristic anvil shape. Jet streams are located near the tropopause.
294	368
	369	+
	370	+#### Source
	371	+
	372	+- [?] Source non identifiée
295	373	### Q17: In which unit are temperatures reported by European meteorological aviation services? ^t50q17
296	374
297	375	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q17) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q17)
..	..	@@ -312,6 +390,10 @@
312	390	#### Key Terms
313	391
314	392	ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	393	+
	394	+#### Source
	395	+
	396	+- [?] Source non identifiée
315	397	### Q18: What is meant by an "inversion layer"? ^t50q18
316	398
317	399	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q18) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q18)
..	..	@@ -329,6 +411,13 @@
329	411
330	412	An inversion "inverts" the normal lapse rate — instead of temperature falling with height, it rises. This creates a very stable layer that acts as a lid on convection, trapping thermals below it, concentrating pollutants, and promoting fog and low cloud formation beneath it. For glider pilots, a low-level inversion caps thermal height; a subsidence inversion in a high-pressure system limits soaring altitude and is often associated with haze.
331	413
	414	+
	415	+#### Source
	416	+
	417	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q30 p.113](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=113) (score: 0.27)
	418	+- [QuizVDS Q18](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q18): Answer A
	419	+- PDF Answer: D
	420	+
332	421	### Q19: What is meant by an "isothermal layer"? ^t50q19
333	422
334	423	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q19) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q19)
..	..	@@ -345,6 +434,13 @@
345	434	#### Explanation
346	435
347	436	An isothermal layer maintains constant temperature with increasing altitude. Like an inversion, it is more stable than the standard atmosphere and inhibits convection. The lower stratosphere exhibits an isothermal region immediately above the tropopause. Isothermal layers can also occur in the troposphere and, like inversions, act as a cap on thermal development and cloud growth.
	437	+
	438	+
	439	+#### Source
	440	+
	441	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q30 p.113](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=113) (score: 0.27)
	442	+- [QuizVDS Q19](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q19): Answer B
	443	+- PDF Answer: D
348	444
349	445	### Q20: The temperature lapse rate with increasing altitude within the troposphere according to ISA is ^t50q20
350	446
..	..	@@ -366,6 +462,12 @@
366	462	#### Key Terms
367	463
368	464	ISA = International Standard Atmosphere
	465	+
	466	+#### Source
	467	+
	468	+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q1 p.40](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=40) (score: 0.23)
	469	+- [QuizVDS Q20](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q20): Answer C
	470	+
369	471	### Q21: Which process may produce an inversion layer at around 5000 ft (1500 m) altitude? ^t50q21
370	472
371	473	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q21) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q21)
..	..	@@ -383,6 +485,10 @@
383	485
384	486	Subsidence inversion forms when air in the centre of a high-pressure area sinks over a wide area. As the air descends, it warms adiabatically, but because the lower air has not warmed at the same rate, the descending layer becomes warmer than the air below it — creating an inversion, typically around 1500–3000 m. This is characteristic of anticyclonic conditions: stable weather, limited convection, and haze or smog trapped below the inversion.
385	487
	488	+
	489	+#### Source
	490	+
	491	+- [?] Source non identifiée
386	492	### Q22: A ground-level inversion can be caused by ^t50q22
387	493
388	494	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q22) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q22)
..	..	@@ -400,6 +506,10 @@
400	506
401	507	Radiation inversion forms on calm, clear nights when the ground radiates heat into space and cools rapidly. The air in contact with the ground also cools, while air a few hundred metres above remains warmer — creating a temperature inversion near the surface. This type of inversion is common in anticyclonic conditions and often produces radiation fog or low stratus in the morning, which burns off as the sun heats the ground.
402	508
	509	+
	510	+#### Source
	511	+
	512	+- [?] Source non identifiée
403	513	### Q23: What is the ISA standard pressure at FL 180 (5500 m)? ^t50q23
404	514
405	515	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q23) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q23)
..	..	@@ -421,6 +531,13 @@
421	531
422	532	- FL = Flight Level
423	533	- ISA = International Standard Atmosphere
	534	+
	535	+#### Source
	536	+
	537	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q15 p.110](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=110) (score: 0.27)
	538	+- [QuizVDS Q23](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q23): Answer D
	539	+- PDF Answer: D
	540	+
424	541	### Q24: Which processes lead to decreasing air density? ^t50q24
425	542
426	543	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q24) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q24)
..	..	@@ -437,6 +554,13 @@
437	554	#### Explanation
438	555
439	556	Air density is governed by the ideal gas law: density = pressure / (specific gas constant × temperature). Density decreases when pressure decreases (fewer molecules per unit volume) or when temperature increases (molecules move faster and spread apart). Both increasing temperature AND decreasing pressure simultaneously reduce density most effectively. This is why density altitude (the altitude equivalent of the actual air density) matters for aircraft performance on hot, high-altitude airfields.
	557	+
	558	+
	559	+#### Source
	560	+
	561	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q139 p.240](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=240) (score: 0.25)
	562	+- [QuizVDS Q24](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q24): Answer C
	563	+- PDF Answer: B
440	564
441	565	### Q25: The pressure at MSL under ISA conditions is ^t50q25
442	566
..	..	@@ -462,6 +586,13 @@
462	586	- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
463	587	- MSL = Mean Sea Level
464	588	- QNE = Standard pressure setting (1013.25 hPa)
	589	+
	590	+#### Source
	591	+
	592	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q15 p.110](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=110) (score: 0.21)
	593	+- [QuizVDS Q25](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q25): Answer A
	594	+- PDF Answer: D
	595	+
465	596	### Q26: At what height is the ISA tropopause located? ^t50q26
466	597
467	598	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q26) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q26)
..	..	@@ -482,6 +613,10 @@
482	613	#### Key Terms
483	614
484	615	ISA = International Standard Atmosphere
	616	+
	617	+#### Source
	618	+
	619	+- [?] Source non identifiée
485	620	### Q27: The barometric altimeter shows height above ^t50q27
486	621
487	622	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q27) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q27)
..	..	@@ -505,6 +640,13 @@
505	640	- QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
506	641	- QFE = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
507	642	- QNE = Standard pressure setting (1013.25 hPa)
	643	+
	644	+#### Source
	645	+
	646	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q15 p.110](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=110) (score: 0.41)
	647	+- [QuizVDS Q27](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q27): Answer B
	648	+- PDF Answer: D
	649	+
508	650	### Q28: The altimeter can be checked on the ground by setting ^t50q28
509	651
510	652	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q28) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q28)
..	..	@@ -529,6 +671,13 @@
529	671	- AIP = Aeronautical Information Publication
530	672	- MSL = Mean Sea Level
531	673	- QNE = Standard pressure setting (1013.25 hPa)
	674	+
	675	+#### Source
	676	+
	677	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q20 p.111](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=111) (score: 0.22)
	678	+- [QuizVDS Q28](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q28): Answer C
	679	+- PDF Answer: C
	680	+
532	681	### Q29: With QFE set, the barometric altimeter indicates ^t50q29
533	682
534	683	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q29) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q29)
..	..	@@ -551,6 +700,13 @@
551	700	- QFE = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
552	701	- AGL = Above Ground Level
553	702	- MSL = Mean Sea Level
	703	+
	704	+#### Source
	705	+
	706	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q77 p.162](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=162) (score: 0.38)
	707	+- [QuizVDS Q29](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q29): Answer B
	708	+- PDF Answer: A
	709	+
554	710	### Q30: With QNH set, the barometric altimeter indicates ^t50q30
555	711
556	712	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q30) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q30)
..	..	@@ -579,6 +735,13 @@
579	735	- QFE = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
580	736	- ISA = International Standard Atmosphere
581	737	- MSL = Mean Sea Level
	738	+
	739	+#### Source
	740	+
	741	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q77 p.162](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=162) (score: 0.43)
	742	+- [QuizVDS Q30](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q30): Answer B
	743	+- PDF Answer: A
	744	+
582	745	### Q31: How can wind speed and direction be determined from surface weather charts? ^t50q31
583	746
584	747	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q31) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q31)
..	..	@@ -609,6 +772,10 @@
609	772	- Hypsometric lines = contour lines of geopotential height on upper-air charts (not surface charts)
610	773	- Friction layer = lowest ~600-1000 m of the atmosphere where surface drag affects wind
611	774
	775	+
	776	+#### Source
	777	+
	778	+- [?] Source non identifiée
612	779	### Q32: Which force is responsible for causing "wind"? ^t50q32
613	780
614	781	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q32) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q32)
..	..	@@ -626,6 +793,10 @@
626	793
627	794	Wind is initiated by the pressure gradient force (PGF) — air accelerates from high pressure toward low pressure due to differences in atmospheric pressure. The Coriolis force deflects the moving air (to the right in the Northern Hemisphere) but does not cause the initial motion. Centrifugal force acts in curved flow around pressure systems. Thermal effects create pressure differences which then drive the PGF. Without a pressure gradient there would be no wind.
628	795
	796	+
	797	+#### Source
	798	+
	799	+- [ ] ≈ [[Examen Blanc/Questionnaire toutes branches VV.pdf#page=5\|VV Q15 p.5]] (clé: A)
629	800	### Q33: Above the friction layer, with a prevailing pressure gradient, the wind direction is ^t50q33
630	801
631	802	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q33) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q33)
..	..	@@ -646,6 +817,10 @@
646	817	#### Key Terms
647	818
648	819	AGL = Above Ground Level
	820	+
	821	+#### Source
	822	+
	823	+- [?] Source non identifiée
649	824	### Q34: Which of the listed surfaces causes the greatest wind speed reduction due to ground friction? ^t50q34
650	825
651	826	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q34) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q34)
..	..	@@ -663,6 +838,10 @@
663	838
664	839	Surface roughness (aerodynamic roughness length) determines how much friction the surface exerts on moving air. Mountainous terrain with vegetation has the highest roughness length, causing maximum turbulent drag and wind speed reduction. Oceans have very low roughness and exert minimal friction. Flat vegetated land is intermediate. Importantly, mountains also mechanically block and deflect wind, creating additional complex flow patterns, turbulence, and wave phenomena of direct relevance to glider pilots.
665	840
	841	+
	842	+#### Source
	843	+
	844	+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: A)
666	845	### Q35: The movement of air flowing together is called ^t50q35
667	846
668	847	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q35) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q35)
..	..	@@ -680,6 +859,10 @@
680	859
681	860	Convergence describes air flowing into a region from different directions, compressing horizontally. By mass continuity, converging surface air must go somewhere — it is forced upward, triggering cloud formation, precipitation, and potentially convective development. Convergence zones are important for glider pilots as they produce enhanced lift along their axes; sea-breeze fronts and col zones between pressure systems are classic convergence sources for soaring.
682	861
	862	+
	863	+#### Source
	864	+
	865	+- [?] Source non identifiée
683	866	### Q36: The movement of air flowing apart is called ^t50q36
684	867
685	868	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q36) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q36)
..	..	@@ -697,6 +880,10 @@
697	880
698	881	Divergence describes air spreading outward from a region. At the surface, divergence causes subsiding air from above to replace the outflowing air, promoting stability, clear skies, and fair weather. High-pressure anticyclones are associated with surface divergence and upper-level convergence. In the upper troposphere, divergence above a surface low enhances upward motion and intensifies the low-pressure system.
699	882
	883	+
	884	+#### Source
	885	+
	886	+- [?] Source non identifiée
700	887	### Q37: What weather development results from convergence at ground level? ^t50q37
701	888
702	889	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q37) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q37)
..	..	@@ -713,6 +900,13 @@
713	900	#### Explanation
714	901
715	902	Surface convergence forces air upward (ascending motion) by mass continuity — air cannot accumulate indefinitely at the surface. As air rises, it cools at the dry adiabatic lapse rate until it reaches the dew point (lifting condensation level), where condensation begins and clouds form. Further ascent releases latent heat, potentially fuelling deep convection. This is the fundamental mechanism behind frontal lifting and sea-breeze convergence lift.
	903	+
	904	+
	905	+#### Source
	906	+
	907	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q94 p.126](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=126) (score: 0.20)
	908	+- [QuizVDS Q37](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q37): Answer A
	909	+- PDF Answer: A
716	910
717	911	### Q38: When air masses meet each other head on, what is this referred to and what air movements follow? ^t50q38
718	912
..	..	@@ -731,6 +925,10 @@
731	925
732	926	When two opposing air flows collide head-on, the meeting zone is a convergence line. The colliding air has nowhere to go horizontally and is forced upward — producing ascending motion, cloud formation, and potentially precipitation or thunderstorms. This occurs at fronts, sea-breeze convergence zones, and col zones. Glider pilots exploit convergence lines for extended linear climbs along the lift band.
733	927
	928	+
	929	+#### Source
	930	+
	931	+- [?] Source non identifiée
734	932	### Q39: By which air masses is Central Europe mainly influenced? ^t50q39
735	933
736	934	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q39) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q39)
..	..	@@ -747,6 +945,13 @@
747	945	#### Explanation
748	946
749	947	Central Europe sits in the mid-latitude westerly belt between the polar front (cold polar air from the north) and subtropical high pressure (warm tropical air from the south). The interaction between these two contrasting air masses creates the characteristic mid-latitude cyclone (depression) weather of Central Europe: frontal systems, rapidly changing weather, and the full range of cloud types and precipitation. This dynamic contrast also drives the polar jet stream overhead.
	948	+
	949	+
	950	+#### Source
	951	+
	952	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q14 p.22](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=22) (score: 0.29)
	953	+- [QuizVDS Q39](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q39): Answer D
	954	+- PDF Answer: A
750	955
751	956	### Q40: In terms of global atmospheric circulation, where does polar cold air meet subtropical warm air? ^t50q40
752	957
..	..	@@ -765,6 +970,10 @@
765	970
766	971	The polar front is the boundary between the polar cell (cold, dense air flowing equatorward) and the Ferrel cell (relatively warmer mid-latitude air). In the Northern Hemisphere it is located roughly between 40–60°N, but its position fluctuates as waves (Rossby waves) develop along it — these waves amplify into cyclones and anticyclones. The jet stream flows along the polar front and is a critical factor in synoptic weather patterns across Europe.
767	972
	973	+
	974	+#### Source
	975	+
	976	+- [?] Source non identifiée
768	977	### Q41: "Foehn" conditions typically develop with ^t50q41
769	978
770	979	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q41) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q41)
..	..	@@ -782,6 +991,10 @@
782	991
783	992	Foehn is a warm, dry, descending wind on the lee side of a mountain range. It develops when stable air is pushed by a broad-scale pressure gradient against a mountain barrier. On the windward side, moist air rises and cools at the Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate (SALR ~0.6°C/100 m) after reaching the dew point, precipitating moisture. On the lee side, dry air descends at the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR ~1°C/100 m), arriving warmer and drier than it started — the Foehn effect.
784	993
	994	+
	995	+#### Source
	996	+
	997	+- [?] Source non identifiée
785	998	### Q42: What type of turbulence is typically encountered close to the ground on the lee side during Foehn conditions? ^t50q42
786	999
787	1000	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q42) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q42)
..	..	@@ -799,6 +1012,10 @@
799	1012
800	1013	During Foehn and mountain wave conditions, a rotor zone develops in the lower troposphere on the lee side beneath the crests of the standing waves. The rotor is a region of intense, chaotic turbulence with rotating air, strong downdrafts, and violent eddies — it is one of the most hazardous phenomena for aircraft. Lenticular clouds (altocumulus lenticularis) mark wave crests above, while rotor clouds (roll clouds) mark the rotor zone near the surface.
801	1014
	1015	+
	1016	+#### Source
	1017	+
	1018	+- [?] Source non identifiée
802	1019	### Q43: Light turbulence should always be expected ^t50q43
803	1020
804	1021	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q43) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q43)
..	..	@@ -816,6 +1033,10 @@
816	1033
817	1034	Cumulus clouds are the visible tops of thermal columns. The sub-cloud layer beneath them contains active thermals (updraughts) and compensating downdraughts between them, creating light to moderate turbulence from convective mixing. This is the normal turbulent environment of thermal soaring. Above cumulus tops the air is generally smoother (outside the cloud); stratiform clouds have minimal convective turbulence unless embedded CBs are present.
818	1035
	1036	+
	1037	+#### Source
	1038	+
	1039	+- [?] Source non identifiée
819	1040	### Q44: Moderate to severe turbulence should be expected ^t50q44
820	1041
821	1042	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q44) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q44)
..	..	@@ -833,6 +1054,10 @@
833	1054
834	1055	Rotor clouds (roll clouds) on the lee side of mountains are the visible indicator of the highly turbulent rotor zone beneath mountain waves. This turbulence can be extreme, with unpredictable up- and downdraughts, strong shear, and rotational forces capable of exceeding aircraft structural limits. Experienced wave pilots avoid or transit the rotor zone quickly with sufficient airspeed. The windward side of mountains typically has orographic cloud and steady lift, not severe turbulence.
835	1056
	1057	+
	1058	+#### Source
	1059	+
	1060	+- [?] Source non identifiée
836	1061	### Q45: Which answer lists every state of water found in the atmosphere? ^t50q45
837	1062
838	1063	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q45) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q45)
..	..	@@ -849,6 +1074,13 @@
849	1074	#### Explanation
850	1075
851	1076	Water exists in all three states within the Earth's atmosphere. Gaseous water vapour is invisible and present throughout the troposphere. Liquid water forms cloud droplets, rain, and drizzle. Solid water forms ice crystals (cirrus clouds), snow, hail, and graupel. Understanding all three states is essential for icing awareness: supercooled liquid water droplets (liquid below 0°C) pose the greatest structural icing hazard to aircraft, as they freeze on contact with cold surfaces.
	1077	+
	1078	+
	1079	+#### Source
	1080	+
	1081	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q39 p.115](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=115) (score: 0.21)
	1082	+- [QuizVDS Q45](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q45): Answer A
	1083	+- PDF Answer: A
852	1084
853	1085	### Q46: How do dew point and relative humidity change when temperature decreases? ^t50q46
854	1086
..	..	@@ -867,6 +1099,12 @@
867	1099
868	1100	The dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled (at constant pressure and moisture content) for saturation to occur. It is a measure of the absolute moisture content and remains constant as temperature changes (assuming no moisture is added or removed). However, relative humidity — the ratio of actual vapour pressure to saturation vapour pressure — increases as temperature falls, because the saturation vapour pressure decreases with temperature. When temperature equals the dew point, relative humidity reaches 100% and condensation begins.
869	1101
	1102	+
	1103	+#### Source
	1104	+
	1105	+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q15 p.27](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=27) (score: 0.33)
	1106	+- [QuizVDS Q46](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q46): Answer B
	1107	+
870	1108	### Q47: How do spread and relative humidity change when temperature increases? ^t50q47
871	1109
872	1110	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q47) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q47)
..	..	@@ -883,6 +1121,12 @@
883	1121	#### Explanation
884	1122
885	1123	Spread is the temperature-dew point difference (T - Td). As temperature increases while dew point remains constant, the spread widens. Simultaneously, because warmer air can hold more water vapour, the relative humidity decreases — the air is now further from saturation. A large spread indicates dry air and a high lifting condensation level (high cloud base). A small spread (near zero) indicates saturated or near-saturated conditions, with fog or low cloud likely.
	1124	+
	1125	+
	1126	+#### Source
	1127	+
	1128	+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q15 p.27](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=27) (score: 0.35)
	1129	+- [QuizVDS Q47](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q47): Answer C
886	1130
887	1131	### Q48: The "spread" is defined as ^t50q48
888	1132
..	..	@@ -901,6 +1145,10 @@
901	1145
902	1146	Spread (also called dew point depression) is simply the difference between the air temperature and the dew point temperature: Spread = T - Td. It is used to estimate cloud base height: in temperate latitudes, cloud base height in metres above the surface is approximately spread × 125 (or in feet, spread × 400). A spread of 0 means the air is saturated (fog or cloud at the surface). Spread is a quick indicator of moisture availability for soaring pilots.
903	1147
	1148	+
	1149	+#### Source
	1150	+
	1151	+- [?] Source non identifiée
904	1152	### Q49: With other factors remaining constant, decreasing temperature results in ^t50q49
905	1153
906	1154	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q49) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q49)
..	..	@@ -918,6 +1166,10 @@
918	1166
919	1167	As temperature decreases (with dew point unchanged), the gap between temperature and dew point narrows — spread decreases. At the same time, the saturation vapour pressure falls with temperature, so the actual vapour pressure now represents a higher fraction of the saturation value — relative humidity increases. This continues until the temperature reaches the dew point, spread becomes zero, relative humidity reaches 100%, and condensation occurs (cloud, fog, or dew).
920	1168
	1169	+
	1170	+#### Source
	1171	+
	1172	+- [?] Source non identifiée
921	1173	### Q50: What process causes latent heat to be released into the upper troposphere? ^t50q50
922	1174
923	1175	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q50) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q50)
..	..	@@ -935,6 +1187,10 @@
935	1187
936	1188	When water vapour condenses into cloud droplets, the latent heat stored during evaporation is released into the surrounding air. In deep convective clouds (cumulonimbus), this release occurs in the upper troposphere and is enormous — it is the primary energy source that drives thunderstorm intensity and sustains tropical cyclones. The released latent heat warms the rising air parcel, making it more buoyant relative to the environment and accelerating further ascent, which is why the Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate (SALR) is less steep than the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR).
937	1189
	1190	+
	1191	+#### Source
	1192	+
	1193	+- [?] Source non identifiée
938	1194	### Q51: Which of these clouds poses the greatest danger to aviation? ^t50q51
939	1195
940	1196	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q51) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q51)
..	..	@@ -955,6 +1211,12 @@
955	1211	#### Key Terms
956	1212
957	1213	CB = Cumulonimbus (thunderstorm cloud)
	1214	+
	1215	+#### Source
	1216	+
	1217	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q10 p.21](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=21) (score: 0.79)
	1218	+- PDF Answer: C
	1219	+
958	1220	### Q52: In which situation is the tendency for thunderstorms most pronounced? ^t50q52
959	1221
960	1222	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q52) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q52)
..	..	@@ -971,6 +1233,12 @@
971	1233	#### Explanation
972	1234
973	1235	Thunderstorms = slack pressure gradient (low pressure gradient) + strong surface heating (instability) + high humidity.
	1236	+
	1237	+
	1238	+#### Source
	1239	+
	1240	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q19 p.23](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=23) (score: 1.00)
	1241	+- PDF Answer: C
974	1242
975	1243	### Q53: Fine suspended water droplets reduce visibility at an aerodrome to only 1.5 km up to 1000 ft AGL. What meteorological phenomenon causes this? ^t50q53
976	1244
..	..	@@ -992,6 +1260,12 @@
992	1260	#### Key Terms
993	1261
994	1262	AGL = Above Ground Level
	1263	+
	1264	+#### Source
	1265	+
	1266	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q11 p.21](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=21) (score: 0.52)
	1267	+- PDF Answer: A
	1268	+
995	1269	### Q54: Which of the following situations most favours radiation fog formation? ^t50q54
996	1270
997	1271	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q54) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q54)
..	..	@@ -1008,6 +1282,12 @@
1008	1282	#### Explanation
1009	1283
1010	1284	Radiation fog: light wind (2 kt), small temperature/dew point spread (1°C), some cloud acceptable. Option (C) has too large a temp/dew point spread.
	1285	+
	1286	+
	1287	+#### Source
	1288	+
	1289	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q12 p.22](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=22) (score: 0.60)
	1290	+- PDF Answer: B
1011	1291
1012	1292	### Q55: The temperature recorded at Samedan airport (LSZS, AD elevation 5600 ft) is +5°C. What will the approximate temperature be at 8600 ft altitude directly above the airport? (Assume ISA lapse rate) ^t50q55
1013	1293
..	..	@@ -1029,6 +1309,12 @@
1029	1309	#### Key Terms
1030	1310
1031	1311	ISA = International Standard Atmosphere
	1312	+
	1313	+#### Source
	1314	+
	1315	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q1 p.20](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=20) (score: 0.70)
	1316	+- PDF Answer: A
	1317	+
1032	1318	### Q56: The QFE of an aerodrome (AD elevation 3500 ft) corresponds to: ^t50q56
1033	1319
1034	1320	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q56) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q56)
..	..	@@ -1050,6 +1336,12 @@
1050	1336
1051	1337	- QFE = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
1052	1338	- ISA = International Standard Atmosphere
	1339	+
	1340	+#### Source
	1341	+
	1342	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q2 p.20](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=20) (score: 0.73)
	1343	+- PDF Answer: C
	1344	+
1053	1345	### Q57: What does the following wind barb symbol mean? ^t50q57
1054	1346
1055	1347	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q57) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q57)
..	..	@@ -1081,6 +1373,12 @@
1081	1373
1082	1374	Reference: [Wikipedia — Station model § Wind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_model#Wind)
1083	1375
	1376	+
	1377	+#### Source
	1378	+
	1379	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q6 p.21](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=21) (score: 1.00)
	1380	+- PDF Answer: C
	1381	+
1084	1382	### Q58: What are the wind speed and direction in the following METAR? LSZB 131220Z 28015G25KT 9999 SCT035 BKN075 10/06 Q1018 NOSIG= ^t50q58
1085	1383
1086	1384	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q58) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q58)
..	..	@@ -1101,6 +1399,12 @@
1101	1399	#### Key Terms
1102	1400
1103	1401	METAR = Aerodrome routine weather report
	1402	+
	1403	+#### Source
	1404	+
	1405	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q3 p.20](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=20) (score: 0.82)
	1406	+- PDF Answer: D
	1407	+
1104	1408	### Q59: In Switzerland, cloud base in a METAR is given in ^t50q59
1105	1409
1106	1410	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q59) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q59)
..	..	@@ -1122,6 +1426,12 @@
1122	1426
1123	1427	- AGL = Above Ground Level
1124	1428	- METAR = Aerodrome routine weather report
	1429	+
	1430	+#### Source
	1431	+
	1432	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q9 p.21](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=21) (score: 0.83)
	1433	+- PDF Answer: C
	1434	+
1125	1435	### Q60: You are flying at very high altitude (northern hemisphere) and consistently have a crosswind from the left. You conclude that: ^t50q60
1126	1436
1127	1437	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q60) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q60)
..	..	@@ -1138,6 +1448,12 @@
1138	1448	#### Explanation
1139	1449
1140	1450	Buys-Ballot's law: standing with your back to the wind in the northern hemisphere, the low-pressure area is to your left. Wind from the left = low pressure to the left, high pressure to the right.
	1451	+
	1452	+
	1453	+#### Source
	1454	+
	1455	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q5 p.20](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=20) (score: 0.53)
	1456	+- PDF Answer: D
1141	1457
1142	1458	### Q61: Based on the synoptic chart, what change in atmospheric pressure is likely at point C in the coming hours? ^t50q61
1143	1459
..	..	@@ -1167,6 +1483,12 @@
1167	1483	- Option C (pressure rise) would apply to a location behind a cold front where cold dense air moves in.
1168	1484	- Option D (rapid irregular variations) is more typical of the immediate vicinity of thunderstorm activity, not the broad-scale approach of a warm front.
1169	1485
	1486	+
	1487	+#### Source
	1488	+
	1489	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q15 p.22](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=22) (score: 0.38)
	1490	+- PDF Answer: D
	1491	+
1170	1492	### Q62: Which phenomenon is typical during the summer passage of an unstable cold front? ^t50q62
1171	1493
1172	1494	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q62) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q62)
..	..	@@ -1186,6 +1508,12 @@
1186	1508	An unstable cold front in summer forces warm, moist, unstable air upward vigorously, triggering strong convection and the development of cumuliform clouds including towering cumulus and cumulonimbus with showers and thunderstorms.
1187	1509	- Stratiform cloud cover (A) is associated with stable air masses and warm fronts, not unstable cold fronts.
1188	1510	- Behind a cold front temperatures drop rather than rise (C), and pressure rises rather than drops (D) as cooler, denser air replaces the warm sector.
	1511	+
	1512	+
	1513	+#### Source
	1514	+
	1515	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q13 p.22](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=22) (score: 0.27)
	1516	+- PDF Answer: D
1189	1517
1190	1518	### Q63: What is most likely to happen when a stable, warm, humid air mass slides over a cold air mass? ^t50q63
1191	1519
..	..	@@ -1209,6 +1537,12 @@
1209	1537	- Option C describes unstable convective weather typical of cold fronts, not warm fronts.
1210	1538	- Option D combines fog with drying aloft, which is internally contradictory and not a recognised frontal pattern.
1211	1539
	1540	+
	1541	+#### Source
	1542	+
	1543	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q18 p.23](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=23) (score: 0.43)
	1544	+- PDF Answer: D
	1545	+
1212	1546	### Q64: Which air mass is likely to produce showers in Central Europe in any season? ^t50q64
1213	1547
1214	1548	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q64) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q64)
..	..	@@ -1229,6 +1563,12 @@
1229	1563	- Continental tropical air (A) is warm and dry, producing clear skies rather than showers.
1230	1564	- Maritime tropical air (B) is warm and moist but tends to produce stratiform clouds and drizzle, not showers.
1231	1565	- Continental polar air (C) is cold and dry, lacking the moisture content needed for significant precipitation without first crossing open water.
	1566	+
	1567	+
	1568	+#### Source
	1569	+
	1570	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q14 p.22](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=22) (score: 0.56)
	1571	+- PDF Answer: A
1232	1572
1233	1573	### Q65: Given this synoptic chart for the Alpine region, what hazards are you likely to encounter in Switzerland? ^t50q65
1234	1574
..	..	@@ -1256,6 +1596,12 @@
1256	1596	- Option A describes a south-side precipitation event (Stau from the south), not a northwest situation.
1257	1597	- Option B misplaces the thunderstorms on the wrong side of the Alps.
1258	1598	- Option D reverses the pattern — clouds would cover the north side, not the south.
	1599	+
	1600	+
	1601	+#### Source
	1602	+
	1603	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q17 p.23](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=23) (score: 0.52)
	1604	+- PDF Answer: C
1259	1605
1260	1606	### Q66: Referring to the Low Level SWC chart, which statement is correct? ^t50q66
1261	1607
..	..	@@ -1296,6 +1642,10 @@
1296	1642	#### Key Terms
1297	1643
1298	1644	FL = Flight Level
	1645	+
	1646	+#### Source
	1647	+
	1648	+- [?] Source non identifiée
1299	1649	### Q67: On a sunny summer afternoon you are on final approach to an aerodrome whose runway runs parallel to the coastline, with the coast to your left. On this flat terrain, what direction will the thermal (sea breeze) wind come from? ^t50q67
1300	1650
1301	1651	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q67) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q67)
..	..	@@ -1318,6 +1668,12 @@
1318	1668
1319	1669	- Option D would require the sea to be on the right side.
1320	1670
	1671	+
	1672	+#### Source
	1673	+
	1674	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q4 p.20](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=20) (score: 0.40)
	1675	+- PDF Answer: B
	1676	+
1321	1677	### Q68: Where are you most likely to experience strong winds and low-level turbulence? ^t50q68
1322	1678
1323	1679	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q68) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q68)
..	..	@@ -1338,6 +1694,12 @@
1338	1694	- The centre of an anticyclone (A) is characterised by calm, subsiding air with light winds.
1339	1695	- The centre of a depression (C) can have calm conditions in the eye area despite surrounding storminess.
1340	1696	- Slack pressure gradients (D) by definition produce weak winds, not strong ones.
	1697	+
	1698	+
	1699	+#### Source
	1700	+
	1701	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q7 p.21](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=21) (score: 0.57)
	1702	+- PDF Answer: D
1341	1703
1342	1704	### Q69: An air mass at 10°C has a relative humidity of 45%. If the temperature rises to 20°C without any moisture change, how will the relative humidity be affected? ^t50q69
1343	1705
..	..	@@ -1361,6 +1723,12 @@
1361	1723
1362	1724	- Option B is incorrect because relative humidity is temperature-dependent and cannot stay constant when temperature changes without a corresponding moisture change.
1363	1725
	1726	+
	1727	+#### Source
	1728	+
	1729	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q8 p.21](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=21) (score: 0.50)
	1730	+- PDF Answer: B
	1731	+
1364	1732	### Q70: On 1 June (summer time), you receive the Swiss GAFOR valid from 06:00 to 12:00 UTC. Your planned route shows "XMD". What does this mean? ^t50q70
1365	1733
1366	1734	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q70) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q70)
..	..	@@ -1381,6 +1749,12 @@
1381	1749
1382	1750	- Option A and D incorrectly interpret the timing or the code.
1383	1751	- Option B confuses the category — "M" is not "critical.".
	1752	+
	1753	+
	1754	+#### Source
	1755	+
	1756	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q16 p.22](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=22) (score: 0.54)
	1757	+- PDF Answer: B
1384	1758
1385	1759	### Q71: What does the wind barb symbol below represent? ^t50q71
1386	1760
..	..	@@ -1416,6 +1790,12 @@
1416	1790
1417	1791	Reference: [Wikipedia — Station model § Wind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_model#Wind)
1418	1792
	1793	+
	1794	+#### Source
	1795	+
	1796	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q6 p.21](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=21) (score: 0.25)
	1797	+- PDF Answer: C
	1798	+
1419	1799	### Q72: At what time of day or night is radiation fog most likely to form? ^t50q72
1420	1800
1421	1801	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q72) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q72)
..	..	@@ -1437,6 +1817,10 @@
1437	1817	- Option C (after sunset) is usually too early for sufficient cooling.
1438	1818	- Option D (sunrise) is when radiation fog is often densest, but it typically starts forming well before dawn.
1439	1819
	1820	+
	1821	+#### Source
	1822	+
	1823	+- [?] Source non identifiée
1440	1824	### Q73: Which typical Swiss weather pattern does the sketch below depict? ^t50q73
1441	1825
1442	1826	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q73) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q73)
..	..	@@ -1459,6 +1843,11 @@
1459	1843	- Option A (North Foehn) involves warm descending air on the south side of the Alps.
1460	1844	- Option B (Westerly wind) is associated with Atlantic depressions.
1461	1845	- Option C (South Foehn) produces warm dry wind on the north side of the Alps from southerly flow.
	1846	+
	1847	+
	1848	+#### Source
	1849	+
	1850	+- Examen Blanc: [S3 Q13 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_3.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.71)
1462	1851
1463	1852	### Q74: Which altimeter setting causes the instrument to display the airport elevation when on the ground? ^t50q74
1464	1853
..	..	@@ -1486,6 +1875,12 @@
1486	1875	- QFE = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
1487	1876	- MSL = Mean Sea Level
1488	1877	- QNE = Standard pressure setting (1013.25 hPa)
	1878	+
	1879	+#### Source
	1880	+
	1881	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q20 p.111](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=111) (score: 0.25)
	1882	+- PDF Answer: C
	1883	+
1489	1884	### Q75: Which statement correctly describes the clouds in this METAR? LSGC 040620Z 23005KT 9000 -RA BKN012 09/08 Q1018= ^t50q75
1490	1885
1491	1886	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q75) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q75)
..	..	@@ -1512,6 +1907,10 @@
1512	1907
1513	1908	- AGL = Above Ground Level
1514	1909	- METAR = Aerodrome routine weather report
	1910	+
	1911	+#### Source
	1912	+
	1913	+- [?] Source non identifiée
1515	1914	### Q76: Looking at the chart, how will atmospheric pressure at point A change in the next hour? ^t50q76
1516	1915
1517	1916	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q76) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q76)
..	..	@@ -1525,15 +1924,31 @@
1525	1924
1526	1925	#### Answer
1527	1926
1528		-A)
	1927	+D)
1529	1928
1530	1929	#### Explanation
1531	1930
1532		-The synoptic chart shows a frontal system approaching point A, with a low-pressure centre or trough moving toward it. As a front and its associated low approach, pressure at a given location falls due to decreasing atmospheric mass overhead.
	1931	+The synoptic chart shows a Norwegian cyclone model (mid-latitude depression): a low-pressure centre with warm and cold fronts trailing from it. Point A is located on the cold front.
1533	1932
1534		-- Option B (rapid regular variations) is not a standard pressure pattern associated with frontal approach.
1535		-- Option C (no change) would only apply if no weather systems were moving.
1536		-- Option D (rise) would occur after the cold front has passed, not before.
	1933	+In this model, pressure behaviour depends on position relative to the fronts:
	1934	+- Ahead of warm front (warm front approaching): pressure falls steadily
	1935	+- In warm sector (between warm and cold fronts): pressure continues falling
	1936	+- On/just behind cold front (cold front passing): pressure is at its lowest and begins to rise
	1937	+- Behind cold front (traîne): pressure rises as cold, dense air moves in
	1938	+
	1939	+Since A is on the cold front, the front will pass in the next hour. Cold dense air replaces warm air → pressure rises.
	1940	+
	1941	+- A (fall) would apply if A were ahead of the warm front or in the warm sector.
	1942	+- B (rapid regular variations) is not a standard pressure pattern for frontal passage.
	1943	+- C (no change) would only apply if no weather systems were moving.
	1944	+
	1945	+Ref: [NOAA — Norwegian Cyclone Model](https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/synoptic/norwegian-cyclone-model)
	1946	+
	1947	+
	1948	+#### Source
	1949	+
	1950	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q15 p.22](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=22) (score: 0.24)
	1951	+- PDF Answer: D
1537	1952
1538	1953	### Q77: What weather phenomena can you expect within zone 1 (south of France) at an altitude of 3500 ft AMSL? ^t50q77
1539	1954
..	..	@@ -1563,6 +1978,10 @@
1563	1978	- AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level
1564	1979	- CB = Cumulonimbus (thunderstorm cloud)
1565	1980	- FL = Flight Level
	1981	+
	1982	+#### Source
	1983	+
	1984	+- [?] Source non identifiée
1566	1985	### Q78: Which cloud type consists entirely of ice crystals? ^t50q78
1567	1986
1568	1987	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q78) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q78)
..	..	@@ -1581,6 +2000,12 @@
1581	2000	Cirrus clouds form at very high altitudes (typically above 6,000 m / 20,000 ft) where temperatures are far below freezing, so they consist exclusively of ice crystals, giving them their characteristic thin, wispy, fibrous appearance.
1582	2001	- Cumulonimbus (A) contains both supercooled water droplets and ice crystals across its enormous vertical extent.
1583	2002	- Stratus (B) and altocumulus (D) form at lower and mid-level altitudes respectively, where temperatures usually support liquid water droplets.
	2003	+
	2004	+
	2005	+#### Source
	2006	+
	2007	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q146 p.137](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=137) (score: 0.46)
	2008	+- PDF Answer: C
1584	2009
1585	2010	### Q79: With which cloud type is drizzle most commonly associated? ^t50q79
1586	2011
..	..	@@ -1602,6 +2027,13 @@
1602	2027	- Cirrocumulus (C) is a high-altitude ice crystal cloud that produces no precipitation reaching the ground.
1603	2028	- Altocumulus (D) is a mid-level cloud that occasionally produces virga but not sustained drizzle.
1604	2029
	2030	+
	2031	+#### Source
	2032	+
	2033	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q62 p.120](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=120) (score: 0.27)
	2034	+- [QuizVDS Q68](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q68): Answer C
	2035	+- PDF Answer: D
	2036	+
1605	2037	### Q80: Which of these phenomena signals a high risk of thunderstorm development? ^t50q80
1606	2038
1607	2039	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q80) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q80)
..	..	@@ -1622,6 +2054,11 @@
1622	2054	- Stratus (B) indicates a stable, stratified atmosphere suppressing convection.
1623	2055	- A halo (D) forms when light passes through cirrostratus ice crystals and signals an approaching warm front, not imminent thunderstorm development.
1624	2056
	2057	+
	2058	+#### Source
	2059	+
	2060	+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q10 p.26](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=26) (score: 0.48)
	2061	+
1625	2062	### Q81: Which of the following phase transitions requires an input of heat? ^t50q81
1626	2063
1627	2064	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q81) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q81)
..	..	@@ -1638,6 +2075,12 @@
1638	2075	#### Explanation
1639	2076
1640	2077	The transition from liquid to gaseous state (evaporation or boiling) is endothermic — it requires the input of latent heat of vaporisation to break intermolecular bonds and allow molecules to escape into the gas phase. Gaseous to liquid (A, condensation) releases latent heat. Liquid to solid (B, freezing) releases latent heat of fusion. Gaseous to solid (D, deposition) also releases heat. Only evaporation (C) absorbs energy from the environment.
	2078	+
	2079	+
	2080	+#### Source
	2081	+
	2082	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q40 p.115](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=115) (score: 0.46)
	2083	+- PDF Answer: C
1641	2084
1642	2085	### Q82: On which slopes in the diagram are the strongest updrafts found? ^t50q82
1643	2086
..	..	@@ -1658,6 +2101,10 @@
1658	2101
1659	2102	Slopes 4 and 1 produce the strongest updrafts because slope 4 faces the prevailing wind (the windward slope), generating orographic lift as air is forced upward, while slope 1 faces the sun, producing thermal updrafts from differential surface heating. Slopes 2 and 3, being on the lee side or in shadow, experience descending air or weaker heating respectively, resulting in downdrafts or much weaker uplift.
1660	2103
	2104	+
	2105	+#### Source
	2106	+
	2107	+- [?] Source PDF non identifiée (original: B)
1661	2108	### Q83: What conditions are typically found behind an active, unstable cold front? ^t50q83
1662	2109
1663	2110	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q83) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q83)
..	..	@@ -1678,6 +2125,11 @@
1678	2125	- Option A describes stable warm-sector or warm-front conditions.
1679	2126	- Option C is wrong because pressure rises (not drops) after a cold front passes as denser cold air moves in.
1680	2127	- Option D is incorrect because temperatures fall (not rise) behind a cold front.
	2128	+
	2129	+
	2130	+#### Source
	2131	+
	2132	+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q13 p.26](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=26) (score: 0.27)
1681	2133
1682	2134	### Q84: An aircraft flies at FL 70 from Bern (QNH 1012 hPa) to Marseille (QNH 1027 hPa). While maintaining FL 70, does the true altitude above sea level change? ^t50q84
1683	2135
..	..	@@ -1703,6 +2155,11 @@
1703	2155
1704	2156	- QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
1705	2157	- FL = Flight Level
	2158	+
	2159	+#### Source
	2160	+
	2161	+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q13 p.26](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=26) (score: 0.25)
	2162	+
1706	2163	### Q85: An air mass at +2°C has a relative humidity of 35%. If the temperature drops to -5°C, how does the relative humidity change? ^t50q85
1707	2164
1708	2165	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q85) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q85)
..	..	@@ -1723,6 +2180,11 @@
1723	2180	- Options A and D wrongly state that humidity decreases with cooling.
1724	2181
1725	2182	- Option B is incorrect because relative humidity is always temperature-dependent.
	2183	+
	2184	+
	2185	+#### Source
	2186	+
	2187	+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q15 p.27](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=27) (score: 0.50)
1726	2188
1727	2189	### Q86: A cold air mass moves over a warmer land surface and is heated from below. How does this affect the air mass? ^t50q86
1728	2190
..	..	@@ -1746,6 +2208,11 @@
1746	2208	- Option B is incorrect because warming increases the air's capacity to hold moisture, reducing relative humidity.
1747	2209	- Option D has no direct relationship to surface heating of an air mass.
1748	2210
	2211	+
	2212	+#### Source
	2213	+
	2214	+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q16 p.27](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=27) (score: 0.50)
	2215	+
1749	2216	### Q87: On 1 July (summer time) you receive the Swiss GAFOR valid from 06:00 to 12:00 UTC. Your planned route shows "XXM". What does this mean? ^t50q87
1750	2217
1751	2218	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q87) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q87)
..	..	@@ -1764,6 +2231,11 @@
1764	2231	The GAFOR validity (06:00–12:00 UTC) splits into three two-hour blocks. In summer time (CEST = UTC+2): block 1 = 08–10 LT, block 2 = 10–12 LT, block 3 = 12–14 LT. "XXM" means X (closed) for block 1, X (closed) for block 2, M (mountain conditions/difficult) for block 3. At 11:00 LT (= 09:00 UTC), we are in block 2, which is X = closed. However, the answer key selects B, indicating that at 11:00 LT the conditions are classified as "critical" per the GAFOR coding.
1765	2232
1766	2233	- Options A, C, and D misidentify either the time block or the condition code.
	2234	+
	2235	+
	2236	+#### Source
	2237	+
	2238	+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q17 p.27](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=27) (score: 0.45)
1767	2239
1768	2240	### Q88: How do the volume and temperature of a descending air mass change? ^t50q88
1769	2241
..	..	@@ -1785,6 +2257,11 @@
1785	2257	- Option A incorrectly states temperature decreases.
1786	2258	- Option B reverses both changes.
1787	2259	- Option D incorrectly states volume increases.
	2260	+
	2261	+
	2262	+#### Source
	2263	+
	2264	+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q18 p.27](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=27) (score: 0.71)
1788	2265
1789	2266	### Q89: A radiosonde at high altitude in the Northern Hemisphere has high pressure to its north and low pressure to its south. In which direction will the wind carry the balloon? ^t50q89
1790	2267
..	..	@@ -1808,6 +2285,11 @@
1808	2285	#### Key Terms
1809	2286
1810	2287	D — Drag
	2288	+
	2289	+#### Source
	2290	+
	2291	+- Examen Blanc: [S3 Q19 p.27](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_3.pdf#page=27) (score: 0.61)
	2292	+
1811	2293	### Q90: Which temperature profile above an aerodrome presents the greatest risk of freezing rain? ^t50q90
1812	2294
1813	2295	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q90) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q90)
..	..	@@ -1827,6 +2309,10 @@
1827	2309
1828	2310	Freezing rain requires a specific temperature layering: a warm layer aloft (above 0°C) where snow melts into rain, underlain by a shallow sub-zero layer near the surface where the rain becomes supercooled but does not refreeze until it contacts surfaces. Profile A shows exactly this dangerous configuration — a temperature inversion with warm air above freezing overlying a cold surface layer. The other profiles lack this critical warm-over-cold sandwich structure that produces supercooled rain droplets capable of instant freezing on contact with aircraft or ground surfaces.
1829	2311
	2312	+
	2313	+#### Source
	2314	+
	2315	+- [?] Source non identifiée
1830	2316	### Q91: Which of the following phase transitions releases heat into the environment? ^t50q91
1831	2317
1832	2318	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q91) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q91)
..	..	@@ -1843,6 +2329,12 @@
1843	2329	#### Explanation
1844	2330
1845	2331	Condensation — the transition from gaseous to liquid state — is an exothermic process that releases latent heat into the surrounding environment. This released heat is what was originally absorbed during evaporation and is a key energy source driving thunderstorm development. Solid to gaseous (A, sublimation), liquid to gaseous (B, evaporation), and solid to liquid (C, melting) all absorb heat from the environment rather than releasing it.
	2332	+
	2333	+
	2334	+#### Source
	2335	+
	2336	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q40 p.115](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=115) (score: 0.36)
	2337	+- PDF Answer: C
1846	2338
1847	2339	### Q92: Where in the diagram are the strongest downdraughts located? ^t50q92
1848	2340
..	..	@@ -1863,6 +2355,10 @@
1863	2355
1864	2356	In the terrain/airflow diagram, position 3 is located on the leeward side of the ridge where the airflow descends and accelerates. This lee-side subsidence and rotor zone produces the strongest downdraughts as gravity pulls the dense descending air downward while it compresses and accelerates. Positions 1 and 4 are on the windward slope where updrafts dominate. Position 2 is near the ridge crest where airflow transitions from ascending to descending. Lee-side downdraughts are a significant hazard for glider pilots attempting ridge crossings.
1865	2357
	2358	+
	2359	+#### Source
	2360	+
	2361	+- [?] Source non identifiée
1866	2362	### Q93: Looking at the chart, how will the atmospheric pressure at point B change in the next hour? ^t50q93
1867	2363
1868	2364	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q93) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q93)
..	..	@@ -1885,6 +2381,12 @@
1885	2381	- Option A (rapid variations) is associated with convective activity, not the smooth pressure field of an anticyclone.
1886	2382	- Option B (fall) would apply if a depression were approaching.
1887	2383	- Option D (no change) is unlikely given the movement of a significant pressure system toward point B.
	2384	+
	2385	+
	2386	+#### Source
	2387	+
	2388	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q15 p.22](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=22) (score: 0.25)
	2389	+- PDF Answer: D
1888	2390
1889	2391	### Q94: An aircraft flies at FL 90 from Zurich (QNH 1020 hPa) to Munich (QNH 1005 hPa). While maintaining FL 90, does the true altitude above sea level change? ^t50q94
1890	2392
..	..	@@ -1910,6 +2412,10 @@
1910	2412	- QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
1911	2413	- FL = Flight Level
1912	2414	- MSL = Mean Sea Level
	2415	+
	2416	+#### Source
	2417	+
	2418	+- [?] Source non identifiée
1913	2419	### Q95: An air mass at 18°C has a relative humidity of 29%. If the temperature rises to 28°C with no change in moisture, how is the relative humidity affected? ^t50q95
1914	2420
1915	2421	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q95) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q95)
..	..	@@ -1929,6 +2435,11 @@
1929	2435
1930	2436	- Options A and D incorrectly state that humidity increases.
1931	2437	- Option B is wrong because relative humidity always changes when temperature changes without a corresponding moisture change.
	2438	+
	2439	+
	2440	+#### Source
	2441	+
	2442	+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q15 p.27](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=27) (score: 0.44)
1932	2443
1933	2444	### Q96: A warm air mass moves over a colder land surface and cools from below. How does this affect the air mass? ^t50q96
1934	2445
..	..	@@ -1951,6 +2462,11 @@
1951	2462	- Option C has no direct relationship.
1952	2463	- Option D contradicts the stable conditions produced by surface cooling.
1953	2464
	2465	+
	2466	+#### Source
	2467	+
	2468	+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q16 p.27](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=27) (score: 0.36)
	2469	+
1954	2470	### Q97: On 1 August (summer time) you receive the Swiss GAFOR valid from 06:00 to 12:00 UTC. Your planned route shows "DDO". What does this mean? ^t50q97
1955	2471
1956	2472	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q97) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q97)
..	..	@@ -1969,6 +2485,11 @@
1969	2485	The GAFOR validity (06:00–12:00 UTC) covers three two-hour blocks. In CEST (UTC+2): block 1 = 08–10 LT, block 2 = 10–12 LT, block 3 = 12–14 LT. "DDO" means D (difficult) for block 1, D (difficult) for block 2, O (open) for block 3. At 13:00 LT (= 11:00 UTC), block 3 applies, and the route is O = open.
1970	2486
1971	2487	- Options A, B, and C misidentify either the time block or the condition category for the given time.
	2488	+
	2489	+
	2490	+#### Source
	2491	+
	2492	+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q17 p.27](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=27) (score: 0.36)
1972	2493
1973	2494	### Q98: How do the volume and temperature of a rising air mass change? ^t50q98
1974	2495
..	..	@@ -1989,6 +2510,11 @@
1989	2510
1990	2511	- Options A and B incorrectly state volume decreases (it expands).
1991	2512	- Option C incorrectly states temperature increases (it cools).
	2513	+
	2514	+
	2515	+#### Source
	2516	+
	2517	+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q18 p.27](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=27) (score: 0.60)
1992	2518
1993	2519	### Q99: Under otherwise equal conditions, which type of precipitation is least hazardous for aviation? ^t50q99
1994	2520
..	..	@@ -2011,6 +2537,10 @@
2011	2537	- Rain showers (B) from convective clouds are associated with turbulence, wind shear, and reduced visibility.
2012	2538	Of all four, drizzle poses the least threat to flight safety.
2013	2539
	2540	+
	2541	+#### Source
	2542	+
	2543	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2014	2544	### Q100: In which situation is the risk of encountering freezing rain greatest? ^t50q100
2015	2545
2016	2546	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q100) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q100)
..	..	@@ -2027,6 +2557,11 @@
2027	2557	#### Explanation
2028	2558
2029	2559	Freezing rain forms when warm air aloft (above 0°C) overrides a shallow layer of sub-zero air at the surface. This temperature structure is the hallmark of a winter warm front, where warm moist air glides over a wedge of cold surface air. Rain falling from the warm layer passes through the freezing layer and becomes supercooled, freezing instantly on contact with aircraft surfaces. Summer warm fronts (A) rarely have sub-zero surface temperatures. Cold fronts (B, D) involve cold air undercutting warm air, which does not create the necessary warm-over-cold layering.
	2560	+
	2561	+
	2562	+#### Source
	2563	+
	2564	+- Examen Blanc: [S3 Q10 p.24](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_3.pdf#page=24) (score: 0.35)
2030	2565
2031	2566	### Q101: What does the wind barb symbol below represent? ^t50q101
2032	2567
..	..	@@ -2062,6 +2597,11 @@
2062	2597
2063	2598	Reference: [Wikipedia — Station model § Wind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_model#Wind)
2064	2599
	2600	+
	2601	+#### Source
	2602	+
	2603	+- Examen Blanc: [S3 Q10 p.24](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_3.pdf#page=24) (score: 0.29)
	2604	+
2065	2605	### Q102: What is the name of the fog that develops when a moist air mass moves horizontally over a colder surface? ^t50q102
2066	2606
2067	2607	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q102) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q102)
..	..	@@ -2081,6 +2621,11 @@
2081	2621	- Radiation fog (A) forms on calm, clear nights from radiative ground cooling, not from horizontal air movement.
2082	2622	- Orographic fog (B) results from moist air being lifted over terrain.
2083	2623	- Sea spray (D) is not a fog type — it refers to water droplets mechanically ejected from wave crests.
	2624	+
	2625	+
	2626	+#### Source
	2627	+
	2628	+- Examen Blanc: [S3 Q12 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_3.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.55)
2084	2629
2085	2630	### Q103: Which typical Swiss weather pattern does the sketch below show? ^t50q103
2086	2631
..	..	@@ -2104,6 +2649,11 @@
2104	2649	- Option A (westerly wind) involves Atlantic air masses from the west.
2105	2650	- Option B (Bise) is a cold northeast wind.
2106	2651	- Option D (North Foehn) reverses the flow, with air descending on the southern side of the Alps.
	2652	+
	2653	+
	2654	+#### Source
	2655	+
	2656	+- Examen Blanc: [S3 Q13 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_3.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.64)
2107	2657
2108	2658	### Q104: Which altimeter setting must you select so that the instrument shows your height above a specific aerodrome (AAL)? ^t50q104
2109	2659
..	..	@@ -2130,6 +2680,11 @@
2130	2680	- QFE = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
2131	2681	- QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
2132	2682	- QNE = Standard pressure setting (1013.25 hPa)
	2683	+
	2684	+#### Source
	2685	+
	2686	+- Examen Blanc: [S3 Q14 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_3.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.23)
	2687	+
2133	2688	### Q105: What are the wind speed and direction in this METAR? LFSB 171100Z 29004KT 220V340 9999 FEW043 28/17 Q1013 NOSIG= ^t50q105
2134	2689
2135	2690	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q105) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q105)
..	..	@@ -2153,6 +2708,11 @@
2153	2708	#### Key Terms
2154	2709
2155	2710	METAR = Aerodrome routine weather report
	2711	+
	2712	+#### Source
	2713	+
	2714	+- Examen Blanc: [S3 Q14 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_3.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.46)
	2715	+
2156	2716	### Q106: During summer in central Europe, what phenomenon is typical of an advancing cold front when the warm air ahead has an unstable thermodynamic structure? ^t50q106
2157	2717
2158	2718	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q106) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q106)
..	..	@@ -2172,6 +2732,11 @@
2172	2732	- Stratiform clouds (A) are associated with stable air masses.
2173	2733	- Temperature falls, not rises (B), after a cold front passes.
2174	2734	- Pressure rises, not drops (D), behind a cold front as cold dense air replaces the warm sector.
	2735	+
	2736	+
	2737	+#### Source
	2738	+
	2739	+- Examen Blanc: [S3 Q16 p.26](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_3.pdf#page=26) (score: 0.44)
2175	2740
2176	2741	### Q107: Along the route from LOWK to EDDP (dotted arrow), what weather phenomena should be anticipated? ^t50q107
2177	2742
..	..	@@ -2197,6 +2762,11 @@
2197	2762
2198	2763	- Option D correctly predicts cooling and thunderstorms but wrongly identifies a tailwind.
2199	2764
	2765	+
	2766	+#### Source
	2767	+
	2768	+- Examen Blanc: [S3 Q17 p.26](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_3.pdf#page=26) (score: 0.36)
	2769	+
2200	2770	### Q108: Which type of cloud is most likely to cause heavy showers? ^t50q108
2201	2771
2202	2772	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q108) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q108)
..	..	@@ -2216,6 +2786,12 @@
2216	2786	- Nimbostratus (A) produces prolonged, steady precipitation but not heavy showers.
2217	2787	- Altostratus (B) is a mid-level layer cloud producing light to moderate continuous precipitation.
2218	2788	- Cirrocumulus (C) is a high-altitude cloud that does not produce significant precipitation.
	2789	+
	2790	+
	2791	+#### Source
	2792	+
	2793	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q63 p.120](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=120) (score: 0.38)
	2794	+- PDF Answer: A
2219	2795
2220	2796	### Q109: A radiosonde at high altitude in the Northern Hemisphere has a low pressure area to its north and a high pressure area to its south. In which direction will the wind carry the balloon? ^t50q109
2221	2797
..	..	@@ -2239,6 +2815,11 @@
2239	2815	#### Key Terms
2240	2816
2241	2817	D — Drag
	2818	+
	2819	+#### Source
	2820	+
	2821	+- Examen Blanc: [S3 Q19 p.27](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_3.pdf#page=27) (score: 0.61)
	2822	+
2242	2823	### Q110: When air is forced upward by terrain and encounters unstable, moist layers, what are the resulting thunderstorms called? ^t50q110
2243	2824
2244	2825	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q110) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q110)
..	..	@@ -2256,6 +2837,10 @@
2256	2837
2257	2838	When terrain (mountains, ridges, or hills) mechanically forces air upward and this lifted air encounters moist, unstable layers aloft, the resulting convective storms are classified as orographic thunderstorms. They are driven by topographic lifting rather than by frontal forcing (A, D) or purely thermal surface heating (C). Orographic thunderstorms are common over mountainous regions in summer and can be particularly persistent because the terrain continuously feeds the lifting mechanism.
2258	2839
	2840	+
	2841	+#### Source
	2842	+
	2843	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2259	2844	### Q111: Which set of conditions favours the development of advection fog? ^t50q111
2260	2845
2261	2846	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q111) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q111)
..	..	@@ -2275,6 +2860,12 @@
2275	2860	- Cold air over warm water (A) would produce steam fog (evaporation fog), not advection fog.
2276	2861	- Moisture evaporating from warm ground into cold air (B) describes steam or mixing fog.
2277	2862	- Cooling on a cloudy night (D) is unlikely to produce fog because cloud cover prevents the radiative cooling needed.
	2863	+
	2864	+
	2865	+#### Source
	2866	+
	2867	+- Examen Blanc: [S3 Q12 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_3.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.20)
	2868	+- [QuizVDS Q55](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q55): Answer D
2278	2869
2279	2870	### Q112: Which process leads to the formation of advection fog? ^t50q112
2280	2871
..	..	@@ -2297,6 +2888,10 @@
2297	2888	- Option C describes radiation fog, formed by nocturnal radiative cooling on clear, calm nights.
2298	2889	- Option D (cold air over warm ground) would warm the air, decreasing relative humidity and moving conditions away from fog formation.
2299	2890
	2891	+
	2892	+#### Source
	2893	+
	2894	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2300	2895	### Q113: During the passage of a cold front, what pressure pattern is typically observed? ^t50q113
2301	2896
2302	2897	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q113) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q113)
..	..	@@ -2316,6 +2911,10 @@
2316	2911
2317	2912	- Options A and D describe monotonic trends, while option C suggests no dynamic weather activity, none of which match frontal passage behaviour.
2318	2913
	2914	+
	2915	+#### Source
	2916	+
	2917	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2319	2918	### Q114: Which frontal boundary separates subtropical air from polar cold air, particularly across Central Europe? ^t50q114
2320	2919
2321	2920	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q114) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q114)
..	..	@@ -2335,6 +2934,13 @@
2335	2934	- A cold front (B) is the leading edge of a single advancing cold air mass within a cyclone.
2336	2935	- A warm front (D) is the leading edge of advancing warm air.
2337	2936	- An occlusion (C) forms when a cold front overtakes a warm front — none of these are the large-scale climatological boundary itself.
	2937	+
	2938	+
	2939	+#### Source
	2940	+
	2941	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q95 p.127](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=127) (score: 0.27)
	2942	+- [QuizVDS Q90](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q90): Answer D
	2943	+- PDF Answer: B
2338	2944
2339	2945	### Q115: In Central Europe during summer, what weather conditions are typically associated with high pressure areas? ^t50q115
2340	2946
..	..	@@ -2358,6 +2964,10 @@
2358	2964	- Option B describes strong westerlies associated with low-pressure systems.
2359	2965	- Option D describes a cold northerly flow pattern, not typical of summer anticyclones.
2360	2966
	2967	+
	2968	+#### Source
	2969	+
	2970	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2361	2971	### Q116: What weather can be expected in high pressure areas during the winter season? ^t50q116
2362	2972
2363	2973	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q116) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q116)
..	..	@@ -2380,6 +2990,10 @@
2380	2990
2381	2991	- Option D describes summer high-pressure conditions with thermal cumulus development, not the foggy, grey winter anticyclone.
2382	2992
	2993	+
	2994	+#### Source
	2995	+
	2996	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2383	2997	### Q117: At which temperature range is airframe icing most hazardous? ^t50q117
2384	2998
2385	2999	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q117) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q117)
..	..	@@ -2400,6 +3014,10 @@
2400	3014	- The range +5° to -10°C (A) extends into above-freezing temperatures where icing cannot occur.
2401	3015	- The range +20° to -5°C (C) is far too broad and mostly above freezing.
2402	3016
	3017	+
	3018	+#### Source
	3019	+
	3020	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2403	3021	### Q118: When large, supercooled droplets strike the leading surfaces of an aircraft, which type of ice is produced? ^t50q118
2404	3022
2405	3023	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q118) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q118)
..	..	@@ -2420,6 +3038,10 @@
2420	3038	- Mixed ice (B) is a combination of both.
2421	3039	- Hoar frost (C) forms by direct deposition of water vapour onto cold surfaces, not from droplet impact.
2422	3040
	3041	+
	3042	+#### Source
	3043	+
	3044	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2423	3045	### Q119: What conditions must be present for thermal thunderstorms to develop? ^t50q119
2424	3046
2425	3047	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q119) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q119)
..	..	@@ -2437,6 +3059,10 @@
2437	3059
2438	3060	Thermal thunderstorms require three ingredients working together: a conditionally unstable atmosphere (one that becomes fully unstable once air parcels reach saturation and the level of free convection), elevated surface temperatures to trigger strong thermals, and high humidity to supply the moisture and latent heat energy that fuels deep convection. An absolutely stable atmosphere (B, C) would suppress all convective development regardless of temperature or humidity. Low temperature and humidity (D) would deny the storm both its trigger mechanism and its energy source.
2439	3061
	3062	+
	3063	+#### Source
	3064	+
	3065	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2440	3066	### Q120: During which stage of a thunderstorm do updrafts dominate? ^t50q120
2441	3067
2442	3068	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q120) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q120)
..	..	@@ -2456,6 +3082,10 @@
2456	3082	- The mature stage (A) features coexisting updrafts and downdrafts along with precipitation, turbulence, and lightning.
2457	3083	- The dissipating stage (C) is dominated by downdrafts as the updraft weakens and precipitation drags air downward. "Upwind stage" (B) is not a recognised term in thunderstorm lifecycle nomenclature.
2458	3084
	3085	+
	3086	+#### Source
	3087	+
	3088	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2459	3089	### Q121: Where should heavy downdrafts and strong wind shear near the ground be expected? ^t50q121
2460	3090
2461	3091	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q121) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q121)
..	..	@@ -2476,6 +3106,10 @@
2476	3106	- Radiation fog nights (D) are calm with virtually no wind shear.
2477	3107	- High, flattened Cu (A) indicates suppressed convection under an inversion — weak updrafts and no significant downdrafts.
2478	3108
	3109	+
	3110	+#### Source
	3111	+
	3112	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2479	3113	### Q122: Which weather chart displays the actual MSL air pressure together with pressure centres and fronts? ^t50q122
2480	3114
2481	3115	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q122) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q122)
..	..	@@ -2499,6 +3133,10 @@
2499	3133	#### Key Terms
2500	3134
2501	3135	MSL = Mean Sea Level
	3136	+
	3137	+#### Source
	3138	+
	3139	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2502	3140	### Q123: What kind of information can be derived from satellite images? ^t50q123
2503	3141
2504	3142	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q123) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q123)
..	..	@@ -2519,6 +3157,10 @@
2519	3157	- Temperature and dew point (B) are measured by radiosondes and surface stations.
2520	3158	- Visibility conditions (D) can only be roughly inferred, not directly measured, from satellite imagery.
2521	3159
	3160	+
	3161	+#### Source
	3162	+
	3163	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2522	3164	### Q124: Which information is available in the ATIS but not in a METAR? ^t50q124
2523	3165
2524	3166	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q124) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q124)
..	..	@@ -2540,6 +3182,10 @@
2540	3182
2541	3183	- ATIS = Automatic Terminal Information Service
2542	3184	- METAR = Aerodrome routine weather report
	3185	+
	3186	+#### Source
	3187	+
	3188	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2543	3189	### Q125: Which cloud type signals the presence of thermal updrafts? ^t50q125
2544	3190
2545	3191	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q125) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q125)
..	..	@@ -2560,6 +3206,13 @@
2560	3206	- Cirrus (D) is a high-altitude ice crystal cloud unrelated to surface convection.
2561	3207	- Lenticularis (A) forms in the crests of mountain wave oscillations in stable airflow, indicating wave lift rather than thermals.
2562	3208
	3209	+
	3210	+#### Source
	3211	+
	3212	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q70 p.121](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=121) (score: 0.21)
	3213	+- [QuizVDS Q122](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q122): Answer C
	3214	+- PDF Answer: A
	3215	+
2563	3216	### Q126: Compared to the dry adiabatic lapse rate, the saturated adiabatic lapse rate is ^t50q126
2564	3217
2565	3218	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q126) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q126)
..	..	@@ -2577,6 +3230,10 @@
2577	3230
2578	3231	The saturated (moist) adiabatic lapse rate (SALR, averaging about 0.6°C/100 m) is lower than the dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR, 1.0°C/100 m) because as saturated air rises and cools, water vapour condenses and releases latent heat, which partially offsets the cooling due to expansion. This means saturated air cools more slowly per unit of altitude gained. The two rates are not equal (A), the SALR is not higher (C), and saying they are merely "proportional" (D) is imprecise and misleading.
2579	3232
	3233	+
	3234	+#### Source
	3235	+
	3236	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2580	3237	### Q127: What is the value of the dry adiabatic lapse rate? ^t50q127
2581	3238
2582	3239	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q127) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q127)
..	..	@@ -2598,6 +3255,12 @@
2598	3255	- Option B (0.65°C/100 m) is the standard atmosphere environmental lapse rate.
2599	3256	- Option D (2°/1000 ft) converts to about 0.66°C/100 m, which does not match the DALR.
2600	3257
	3258	+
	3259	+#### Source
	3260	+
	3261	+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q1 p.40](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=40) (score: 0.25)
	3262	+- [QuizVDS Q52](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q52): Answer B
	3263	+
2601	3264	### Q128: What weather should be expected when the atmosphere is conditionally unstable? ^t50q128
2602	3265
2603	3266	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q128) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q128)
..	..	@@ -2618,6 +3281,10 @@
2618	3281	- Layered clouds with prolonged rain (B) characterise absolutely stable (stratiform) weather.
2619	3282	- Shallow mid-level cumulus (D) indicates limited instability insufficient for significant vertical development.
2620	3283
	3284	+
	3285	+#### Source
	3286	+
	3287	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2621	3288	### Q129: Identify the cloud type shown in the picture.. ^t50q129
2622	3289
2623	3290	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q129) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q129)
..	..	@@ -2643,6 +3310,12 @@
2643	3310	#### Key Terms
2644	3311
2645	3312	FL = Flight Level
	3313	+
	3314	+#### Source
	3315	+
	3316	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q146 p.137](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=137) (score: 0.29)
	3317	+- PDF Answer: C
	3318	+
2646	3319	### Q130: What is required for the development of medium to large precipitation particles? ^t50q130
2647	3320
2648	3321	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q130) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q130)
..	..	@@ -2663,6 +3336,10 @@
2663	3336	- A high cloud base (B) reduces available cloud depth for particle growth.
2664	3337	- Strong horizontal wind (D) does not contribute to the vertical suspension needed for particle growth.
2665	3338
	3339	+
	3340	+#### Source
	3341	+
	3342	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2666	3343	### Q131: On the weather chart, the symbol labelled (2) represents a / an ^t50q131
2667	3344
2668	3345	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q131) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q131)
..	..	@@ -2685,6 +3362,10 @@
2685	3362	- An occlusion (D) uses alternating triangles and semicircles on the same side.
2686	3363	- A front aloft (C) is marked with a different symbology indicating the front does not reach the surface.
2687	3364
	3365	+
	3366	+#### Source
	3367	+
	3368	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2688	3369	### Q132: Within the warm sector of a polar front low during summer, what visual flight conditions are typical? ^t50q132
2689	3370
2690	3371	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q132) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q132)
..	..	@@ -2708,6 +3389,13 @@
2708	3389	#### Key Terms
2709	3390
2710	3391	VFR = Visual Flight Rules
	3392	+
	3393	+#### Source
	3394	+
	3395	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q99 p.127](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=127) (score: 0.21)
	3396	+- [QuizVDS Q77](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q77): Answer B
	3397	+- PDF Answer: D
	3398	+
2711	3399	### Q133: After a cold front has passed, what visual flight conditions are typical? ^t50q133
2712	3400
2713	3401	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q133) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q133)
..	..	@@ -2729,6 +3417,10 @@
2729	3417	- Option C understates the convective activity typical of post-frontal polar air.
2730	3418	- Option D describes poor visibility with stratus, which is more typical of the cold sector of a warm occlusion, not the fresh polar air behind a cold front.
2731	3419
	3420	+
	3421	+#### Source
	3422	+
	3423	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2732	3424	### Q134: In what direction does a polar front low typically move? ^t50q134
2733	3425
2734	3426	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q134) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q134)
..	..	@@ -2748,6 +3440,13 @@
2748	3440
2749	3441	- Option A wrongly states southward movement.
2750	3442	- Options B and C propose rigid seasonal rules that oversimplify the highly variable tracks of mid-latitude cyclones across Europe.
	3443	+
	3444	+
	3445	+#### Source
	3446	+
	3447	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q54 p.118](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=118) (score: 0.20)
	3448	+- [QuizVDS Q80](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q80): Answer A
	3449	+- PDF Answer: D
2751	3450
2752	3451	### Q135: What is the characteristic pressure pattern as a polar front low passes over? ^t50q135
2753	3452
..	..	@@ -2771,6 +3470,10 @@
2771	3470	- Option C has pressure falling behind the cold front, contradicting the arrival of dense cold air.
2772	3471	- Option D reverses the entire pattern.
2773	3472
	3473	+
	3474	+#### Source
	3475	+
	3476	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2774	3477	### Q136: As a polar front low passes through Central Europe, what wind direction changes are typically observed? ^t50q136
2775	3478
2776	3479	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q136) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q136)
..	..	@@ -2788,6 +3491,10 @@
2788	3491
2789	3492	In the Northern Hemisphere, as a typical polar front low passes, wind veers (shifts clockwise) at both frontal passages. At the warm front, wind veers from southeast to south or southwest. At the cold front, it veers again from southwest to west or northwest. This consistent clockwise shift indicates the low is passing to the north of the observer, which is the normal track for lows crossing Central Europe. Backing (A, B, C) would indicate the low passing to the south — an uncommon trajectory.
2790	3493
	3494	+
	3495	+#### Source
	3496	+
	3497	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2791	3498	### Q137: What pressure pattern may develop from cold-air intrusion in the upper troposphere? ^t50q137
2792	3499
2793	3500	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q137) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q137)
..	..	@@ -2807,6 +3514,10 @@
2807	3514	- An upper high (B) would form from warm-air advection, not cold intrusion.
2808	3515	- Oscillating pressure (C) and a large surface low (D) are not the direct or primary consequence of upper-level cold intrusion.
2809	3516
	3517	+
	3518	+#### Source
	3519	+
	3520	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2810	3521	### Q138: Cold air flowing into the upper troposphere may lead to ^t50q138
2811	3522
2812	3523	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q138) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q138)
..	..	@@ -2826,6 +3537,10 @@
2826	3537	- Stabilisation and settled weather (A) and calm conditions (D) are the opposite of what cold upper-air intrusion produces.
2827	3538	- Frontal weather (B) requires surface air-mass boundaries, which are not a direct result of upper-tropospheric cooling.
2828	3539
	3540	+
	3541	+#### Source
	3542	+
	3543	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2829	3544	### Q139: How does an influx of cold air affect the shape and vertical spacing of pressure layers? ^t50q139
2830	3545
2831	3546	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q139) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q139)
..	..	@@ -2842,6 +3557,13 @@
2842	3557	#### Explanation
2843	3558
2844	3559	Cold air is denser than warm air, so a cold air column has less vertical distance (decreased spacing) between any two pressure surfaces. Because the column is compressed, the upper pressure surfaces lie at lower geometric heights, which is identified as low pressure aloft on hypsometric charts. This is why upper-level lows are always associated with cold-core air masses. Warm air produces the opposite: increased spacing and raised heights (high pressure aloft), as described in options A and C.
	3560	+
	3561	+
	3562	+#### Source
	3563	+
	3564	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q53 p.118](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=118) (score: 0.21)
	3565	+- [QuizVDS Q88](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q88): Answer C
	3566	+- PDF Answer: D
2845	3567
2846	3568	### Q140: During summer, what weather is typical of high pressure areas? ^t50q140
2847	3569
..	..	@@ -2863,6 +3585,10 @@
2863	3585	- Frontal passages (C) are features of low-pressure troughs.
2864	3586	- Widespread high fog (D) is a winter high-pressure phenomenon caused by temperature inversions trapping cold moist air.
2865	3587
	3588	+
	3589	+#### Source
	3590	+
	3591	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2866	3592	### Q141: On the windward side of a mountain range during Foehn conditions, what weather should be expected? ^t50q141
2867	3593
2868	3594	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q141) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q141)
..	..	@@ -2884,6 +3610,10 @@
2884	3610	- Option A describes convective (unstable) weather, not the organised forced ascent of a Foehn pattern.
2885	3611	- Option B describes stagnant anticyclonic conditions, not active orographic lifting.
2886	3612
	3613	+
	3614	+#### Source
	3615	+
	3616	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2887	3617	### Q142: Which chart depicts areas of precipitation? ^t50q142
2888	3618
2889	3619	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q142) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q142)
..	..	@@ -2904,6 +3634,10 @@
2904	3634	- A wind chart (A) displays wind patterns only.
2905	3635	- A GAFOR (C) is a coded route forecast for general aviation that categorises flying conditions but does not depict precipitation areas graphically.
2906	3636
	3637	+
	3638	+#### Source
	3639	+
	3640	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2907	3641	### Q143: An inversion is an atmospheric layer where ^t50q143
2908	3642
2909	3643	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q143) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q143)
..	..	@@ -2925,6 +3659,13 @@
2925	3659	- Option C describes the normal lapse rate.
2926	3660	- Option A is incorrect because atmospheric pressure always decreases with height, regardless of the temperature profile.
2927	3661
	3662	+
	3663	+#### Source
	3664	+
	3665	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q122 p.132](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=132) (score: 0.43)
	3666	+- [QuizVDS Q121](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q121): Answer C
	3667	+- PDF Answer: D
	3668	+
2928	3669	### Q144: Which condition may prevent radiation fog from forming? ^t50q144
2929	3670
2930	3671	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q144) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q144)
..	..	@@ -2941,6 +3682,13 @@
2941	3682	#### Explanation
2942	3683
2943	3684	Radiation fog requires the ground to radiate longwave heat to space, cooling the surface air to the dew point. An overcast cloud layer acts as a blanket, absorbing and re-emitting radiation back toward the ground, preventing the surface from cooling sufficiently. Therefore, overcast cloud cover prevents radiation fog formation. A clear night (A), low spread (B), and calm wind (D) all favour fog formation — they are prerequisites, not preventative conditions.
	3685	+
	3686	+
	3687	+#### Source
	3688	+
	3689	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q12 p.22](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=22) (score: 0.22)
	3690	+- [QuizVDS Q63](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q63): Answer D
	3691	+- PDF Answer: B
2944	3692
2945	3693	### Q145: On the chart, the symbol labelled (3) represents a / an ^t50q145
2946	3694
..	..	@@ -2964,6 +3712,10 @@
2964	3712	- A cold front (B) uses only triangles.
2965	3713	- A front aloft (D) has a distinct marking indicating the frontal surface does not reach the ground.
2966	3714
	3715	+
	3716	+#### Source
	3717	+
	3718	+- [?] Source non identifiée
2967	3719	### Q146: A boundary between a cold polar air mass and a warm subtropical air mass that shows no horizontal movement is known as a ^t50q146
2968	3720
2969	3721	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q146) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q146)
..	..	@@ -2983,6 +3735,13 @@
2983	3735	- A cold front (D) is specifically an advancing cold air mass pushing warm air aside.
2984	3736	- A warm front (A) is advancing warm air overriding cold air.
2985	3737	- An occluded front (B) results from a cold front overtaking a warm front within a mature cyclone — it involves merging fronts, not stationary boundaries.
	3738	+
	3739	+
	3740	+#### Source
	3741	+
	3742	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q95 p.127](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=127) (score: 0.24)
	3743	+- [QuizVDS Q79](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q79): Answer C
	3744	+- PDF Answer: B
2986	3745
2987	3746	### Q147: Which situation may lead to severe wind shear? ^t50q147
2988	3747
..	..	@@ -3004,6 +3763,10 @@
3004	3763	- Thirty minutes after a shower (C), conditions have typically stabilised.
3005	3764	- Cirrus ahead of a warm front (D) is an upper-level indicator without immediate low-level shear implications.
3006	3765
	3766	+
	3767	+#### Source
	3768	+
	3769	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3007	3770	### Q148: Which kind of visibility reduction is largely unaffected by temperature changes? ^t50q148
3008	3771
3009	3772	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q148) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q148)
..	..	@@ -3021,6 +3784,10 @@
3021	3784
3022	3785	Haze (HZ) is caused by dry particulates — dust, smoke, industrial pollution, and fine sand — suspended in the atmosphere. Because these particles are not moisture-dependent, haze persists regardless of temperature changes. Mist (A), fog patches (B), and radiation fog (D) are all formed by water droplet suspension and are highly sensitive to temperature: warming evaporates the droplets and improves visibility, while cooling promotes further condensation and worsens it.
3023	3786
	3787	+
	3788	+#### Source
	3789	+
	3790	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3024	3791	### Q149: In a METAR, how are moderate showers of rain encoded? ^t50q149
3025	3792
3026	3793	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q149) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q149)
..	..	@@ -3041,6 +3808,10 @@
3041	3808	#### Key Terms
3042	3809
3043	3810	METAR = Aerodrome routine weather report
	3811	+
	3812	+#### Source
	3813	+
	3814	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3044	3815	### Q150: For which areas are SIGMET warnings issued? ^t50q150
3045	3816
3046	3817	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q150) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q150)
..	..	@@ -3065,6 +3836,10 @@
3065	3836	- ATC = Air Traffic Control
3066	3837	- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
3067	3838	- SIGMET = Significant Meteorological Information
	3839	+
	3840	+#### Source
	3841	+
	3842	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3068	3843	### Q151: Updrafts along a mountain slope can be strengthened by ^t50q151
3069	3844
3070	3845	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q151) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q151)
..	..	@@ -3086,6 +3861,10 @@
3086	3861	- Option B (nighttime radiation from the windward side) produces cooling and katabatic (downslope) flow, the opposite of updrafts.
3087	3862	- Option C (solar heating on the lee side) does not contribute to windward-side updrafts.
3088	3863
	3864	+
	3865	+#### Source
	3866	+
	3867	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3089	3868	### Q152: The prefix used for clouds in the high layers is ^t50q152
3090	3869
3091	3870	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q152) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q152)
..	..	@@ -3110,6 +3889,10 @@
3110	3889	#### Key Terms
3111	3890
3112	3891	FL = Flight Level
	3892	+
	3893	+#### Source
	3894	+
	3895	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3113	3896	### Q153: What factor may limit the vertical extent of cumulus clouds at the top? ^t50q153
3114	3897
3115	3898	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q153) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q153)
..	..	@@ -3130,6 +3913,10 @@
3130	3913	- Option D (the spread, i.e., temperature minus dew point) determines cloud base height, not cloud top.
3131	3914	- Options B (absolute humidity) and C (relative humidity) influence whether clouds form at all but do not cap their vertical extent the way an inversion does.
3132	3915
	3916	+
	3917	+#### Source
	3918	+
	3919	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3133	3920	### Q154: Which factors point toward a tendency for fog formation? ^t50q154
3134	3921
3135	3922	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q154) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q154)
..	..	@@ -3151,6 +3938,10 @@
3151	3938	- Option B (low pressure with rising temperature) widens the spread and favours lifting rather than surface fog.
3152	3939	- Option D (rising temperature) increases the spread, moving conditions away from saturation.
3153	3940
	3941	+
	3942	+#### Source
	3943	+
	3944	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3154	3945	### Q155: What process gives rise to orographic fog (hill fog)? ^t50q155
3155	3946
3156	3947	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q155) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q155)
..	..	@@ -3172,6 +3963,10 @@
3172	3963	- Option B describes steam fog (or evaporation fog), which forms when cold air passes over much warmer water or moist surfaces.
3173	3964	- Option C describes frontal or mixing fog, a different process entirely.
3174	3965
	3966	+
	3967	+#### Source
	3968	+
	3969	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3175	3970	### Q156: What is needed for precipitation to form inside clouds? ^t50q156
3176	3971
3177	3972	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q156) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q156)
..	..	@@ -3193,6 +3988,10 @@
3193	3988	- Option B (an inversion layer) suppresses cloud development and works against precipitation.
3194	3989	- Option D (calm winds and sunshine) describes surface conditions that do not directly produce in-cloud precipitation.
3195	3990
	3991	+
	3992	+#### Source
	3993	+
	3994	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3196	3995	### Q157: In areas where isobars are widely spaced, what wind conditions should be expected? ^t50q157
3197	3996
3198	3997	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q157) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q157)
..	..	@@ -3212,6 +4011,10 @@
3212	4011
3213	4012	- Options A, B, and C all describe strong prevailing winds, which require closely spaced isobars (a steep pressure gradient) and are therefore inconsistent with the wide spacing described.
3214	4013
	4014	+
	4015	+#### Source
	4016	+
	4017	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3215	4018	### Q158: Under what circumstances does back side weather (Rückseitenwetter) occur? ^t50q158
3216	4019
3217	4020	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q158) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q158)
..	..	@@ -3233,6 +4036,10 @@
3233	4036	- Option B (Foehn on the lee side) is a thermodynamic mountain phenomenon unrelated to frontal weather.
3234	4037	- Option C (before an occlusion) describes pre-frontal conditions, not back-side weather.
3235	4038
	4039	+
	4040	+#### Source
	4041	+
	4042	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3236	4043	### Q159: How is a wind reported as 225/15 described? ^t50q159
3237	4044
3238	4045	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q159) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q159)
..	..	@@ -3252,6 +4059,13 @@
3252	4059
3253	4060	- Options B and C incorrectly interpret 225 degrees as northeast, perhaps confusing the direction the wind blows from with the direction it blows toward.
3254	4061	- Option A gives the correct direction but uses km/h instead of the standard aviation unit of knots.
	4062	+
	4063	+
	4064	+#### Source
	4065	+
	4066	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q54 p.118](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=118) (score: 0.36)
	4067	+- [QuizVDS Q126](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q126): Answer B
	4068	+- PDF Answer: D
3255	4069
3256	4070	### Q160: In the Bavarian area near the Alps, what weather typically accompanies Foehn conditions? ^t50q160
3257	4071
..	..	@@ -3274,6 +4088,10 @@
3274	4088	- Option B describes a synoptic pattern, not the weather itself.
3275	4089	- Option C contradicts the definition of Foehn, which produces warm, dry — not cold, humid — descending air.
3276	4090
	4091	+
	4092	+#### Source
	4093	+
	4094	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3277	4095	### Q161: Clouds are fundamentally classified into which two basic types? ^t50q161
3278	4096
3279	4097	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q161) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q161)
..	..	@@ -3295,6 +4113,10 @@
3295	4113	- Option B uses non-standard terminology.
3296	4114	- Option C names specific weather phenomena rather than fundamental cloud forms.
3297	4115
	4116	+
	4117	+#### Source
	4118	+
	4119	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3298	4120	### Q162: During Foehn conditions, what weather phenomenon marked as "2" should be expected on the lee side?. ^t50q162
3299	4121
3300	4122	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q162) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q162)
..	..	@@ -3317,6 +4139,10 @@
3317	4139	- Options B and D (cumulonimbus) are associated with deep convective instability, not the stable laminar wave flow characteristic of Foehn.
3318	4140	- Option A (Altocumulus castellanus) indicates mid-level convective instability with turret-like protrusions, which is a different meteorological situation.
3319	4141
	4142	+
	4143	+#### Source
	4144	+
	4145	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3320	4146	### Q163: When very small water droplets and ice crystals strike the leading surfaces of an aircraft, which type of ice forms? ^t50q163
3321	4147
3322	4148	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q163) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q163)
..	..	@@ -3338,6 +4164,10 @@
3338	4164	- Option D (mixed ice) is a combination of rime and clear ice.
3339	4165	- Option A (hoar frost) forms by direct deposition of water vapour onto cold surfaces, not by droplet impact.
3340	4166
	4167	+
	4168	+#### Source
	4169	+
	4170	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3341	4171	### Q164: Which chart contains information about pressure patterns and frontal positions? ^t50q164
3342	4172
3343	4173	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q164) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q164)
..	..	@@ -3362,6 +4192,10 @@
3362	4192	#### Key Terms
3363	4193
3364	4194	MSL = Mean Sea Level
	4195	+
	4196	+#### Source
	4197	+
	4198	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3365	4199	### Q165: What is the typical cloud sequence observed during the approach and passage of a warm front? ^t50q165
3366	4200
3367	4201	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q165) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q165)
..	..	@@ -3383,6 +4217,10 @@
3383	4217	- Option B describes a coastal sea-breeze cycle unrelated to frontal meteorology.
3384	4218	- Option D describes anticyclonic subsidence or continental high-pressure conditions.
3385	4219
	4220	+
	4221	+#### Source
	4222	+
	4223	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3386	4224	### Q166: What phenomenon results from cold-air downdrafts carrying precipitation from a fully developed thunderstorm cloud? ^t50q166
3387	4225
3388	4226	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q166) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q166)
..	..	@@ -3404,6 +4242,10 @@
3404	4242	- Option C (electrical discharge) results from charge separation within the cloud.
3405	4243	- Option B (freezing rain) requires a specific temperature inversion profile, not downdraft spreading.
3406	4244
	4245	+
	4246	+#### Source
	4247	+
	4248	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3407	4249	### Q167: Which item is NOT included on Low-Level Significant Weather Charts (LLSWC)? ^t50q167
3408	4250
3409	4251	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q167) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q167)
..	..	@@ -3421,6 +4263,10 @@
3421	4263
3422	4264	Low-Level Significant Weather Charts are forecast products that depict meteorological hazards below a specified altitude, including frontal systems and their movement (option A), turbulence areas (option B), and icing conditions (option C). However, they do not contain radar echoes of precipitation (option D) because radar imagery is a real-time observational product, whereas LLSWC are prognostic charts prepared in advance. Precipitation areas may be indicated symbolically on LLSWC, but actual radar returns are found only on separate radar displays.
3423	4265
	4266	+
	4267	+#### Source
	4268	+
	4269	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3424	4270	### Q168: Which cloud type produces prolonged, steady rain? ^t50q168
3425	4271
3426	4272	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q168) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q168)
..	..	@@ -3441,6 +4287,13 @@
3441	4287	- Option A (cirrostratus) is a thin, high-level ice cloud that does not produce surface precipitation.
3442	4288	- Option B (altocumulus) is a mid-level cloud that occasionally produces virga but not sustained surface rain.
3443	4289	- Option D (cumulonimbus) produces intense but short-lived showers and thunderstorms rather than prolonged steady rain.
	4290	+
	4291	+
	4292	+#### Source
	4293	+
	4294	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q70 p.121](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=121) (score: 0.21)
	4295	+- [QuizVDS Q68](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q68): Answer C
	4296	+- PDF Answer: A
3444	4297
3445	4298	### Q169: Based on cloud type, how is precipitation classified? ^t50q169
3446	4299
..	..	@@ -3463,6 +4316,10 @@
3463	4316	- Option B uses redundant terminology that does not distinguish cloud origins.
3464	4317	- Option C classifies by precipitation phase (snow versus rain), not by cloud type.
3465	4318
	4319	+
	4320	+#### Source
	4321	+
	4322	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3466	4323	### Q170: Which conditions favour thunderstorm development? ^t50q170
3467	4324
3468	4325	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q170) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q170)
..	..	@@ -3486,6 +4343,12 @@
3486	4343	- Option B features a strong inversion that would cap any vertical development.
3487	4344	- Option C describes a stable, overcast situation with stratus or altostratus, which suppresses thunderstorm formation.
3488	4345
	4346	+
	4347	+#### Source
	4348	+
	4349	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q138 p.136](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=136) (score: 0.21)
	4350	+- PDF Answer: C
	4351	+
3489	4352	### Q171: When isobars on a surface weather chart are widely spaced, what does this indicate about the prevailing wind? ^t50q171
3490	4353
3491	4354	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q171) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q171)
..	..	@@ -3507,6 +4370,10 @@
3507	4370	- Option C pairs a strong gradient with light wind, which is meteorologically incorrect.
3508	4371	- Option D reverses the gradient-wind relationship.
3509	4372
	4373	+
	4374	+#### Source
	4375	+
	4376	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3510	4377	### Q172: An air mass arriving in Central Europe from the Russian continent during winter is described as ^t50q172
3511	4378
3512	4379	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q172) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q172)
..	..	@@ -3526,6 +4393,13 @@
3526	4393
3527	4394	- Option B (maritime polar) originates over polar oceans and carries significant moisture.
3528	4395	- Option A (continental tropical) and option D (maritime tropical) originate in warm regions and are far too warm and/or moist to describe Siberian winter air.
	4396	+
	4397	+
	4398	+#### Source
	4399	+
	4400	+- Examen Blanc: [S1C Q14 p.22](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Communes.pdf#page=22) (score: 0.32)
	4401	+- [QuizVDS Q70](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q70): Answer B
	4402	+- PDF Answer: A
3529	4403
3530	4404	### Q173: What clouds and weather are typically observed during the passage of a cold front? ^t50q173
3531	4405
..	..	@@ -3548,6 +4422,10 @@
3548	4422	- Option B describes anticyclonic or high-pressure settling conditions.
3549	4423	- Option D describes a coastal sea-breeze pattern unrelated to frontal weather.
3550	4424
	4425	+
	4426	+#### Source
	4427	+
	4428	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3551	4429	### Q174: When an aircraft is struck by lightning, what is the most immediate danger? ^t50q174
3552	4430
3553	4431	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q174) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q174)
..	..	@@ -3569,6 +4447,10 @@
3569	4447	- Option B (cabin depressurisation) applies primarily to pressurised aircraft and is not the most common immediate consequence.
3570	4448	- Option D (explosion of cockpit equipment) is extremely unlikely in certified aircraft with proper lightning protection.
3571	4449
	4450	+
	4451	+#### Source
	4452	+
	4453	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3572	4454	### Q175: What is meant by mountain wind? ^t50q175
3573	4455
3574	4456	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q175) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q175)
..	..	@@ -3590,6 +4472,10 @@
3590	4472	- Option C reverses the nighttime flow direction.
3591	4473	- Option D reverses the daytime flow direction.
3592	4474
	4475	+
	4476	+#### Source
	4477	+
	4478	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3593	4479	### Q176: What is the average value of the saturated adiabatic lapse rate? ^t50q176
3594	4480
3595	4481	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q176) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q176)
..	..	@@ -3610,6 +4496,12 @@
3610	4496	- Option A (0 degrees C per 100 m) would mean no temperature change with altitude, which is physically unrealistic for a rising air parcel.
3611	4497	- Option B (2 degrees C per 1000 ft, approximately 0.66 degrees C per 100 m) is a rough approximation but not the standard textbook value.
3612	4498	- Option C (1.0 degrees C per 100 m) is the dry adiabatic lapse rate, not the saturated rate.
	4499	+
	4500	+
	4501	+#### Source
	4502	+
	4503	+- Examen Blanc: [S1S Q1 p.40](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_1_Specifiques.pdf#page=40) (score: 0.23)
	4504	+- [QuizVDS Q51](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q51): Answer D
3613	4505
3614	4506	### Q177: Throughout the year, extensive high pressure areas are found ^t50q177
3615	4507
..	..	@@ -3632,6 +4524,10 @@
3632	4524	- Option C (mid-latitudes along the polar front) is a zone of cyclonic activity and low pressure.
3633	4525	- Option D (areas with extensive lifting) produce low pressure by definition, not high pressure.
3634	4526
	4527	+
	4528	+#### Source
	4529	+
	4530	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3635	4531	### Q178: During flight, weather and operational information about the destination aerodrome can be obtained via ^t50q178
3636	4532
3637	4533	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q178) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q178)
..	..	@@ -3660,6 +4556,10 @@
3660	4556	- FIR = Flight Information Region
3661	4557	- SIGMET = Significant Meteorological Information
3662	4558	- VOLMET = Weather broadcasts for aircraft in flight
	4559	+
	4560	+#### Source
	4561	+
	4562	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3663	4563	### Q179: Identify the cloud type shown in the picture.. ^t50q179
3664	4564
3665	4565	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q179) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q179)
..	..	@@ -3683,6 +4583,12 @@
3683	4583	- Option C (stratus) would present as a uniform, featureless grey layer.
3684	4584	- Option D ("altus") is not a recognized cloud genus in the international cloud classification system.
3685	4585
	4586	+
	4587	+#### Source
	4588	+
	4589	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q146 p.137](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=137) (score: 0.20)
	4590	+- PDF Answer: C
	4591	+
3686	4592	### Q180: What determines the character of an air mass? ^t50q180
3687	4593
3688	4594	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q180) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q180)
..	..	@@ -3704,6 +4610,10 @@
3704	4610	- Option C (environmental lapse rate at source) is a consequence of the air mass properties, not their cause.
3705	4611	- Option D (temperatures at origin and present location) captures only temperature while ignoring the critical moisture dimension.
3706	4612
	4613	+
	4614	+#### Source
	4615	+
	4616	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3707	4617	### Q181: What cloud type is commonly observed across extensive high-pressure areas in summer? ^t50q181
3708	4618
3709	4619	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q181) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q181)
..	..	@@ -3721,6 +4631,10 @@
3721	4631
3722	4632	In summer anticyclones, surface heating generates thermal convection that produces scattered fair-weather Cumulus clouds (Cu humilis or Cu mediocris) during the day, dissipating in the evening. Overcast low stratus (option D) is associated with stable, moist air at low levels, common in autumn or maritime high-pressure situations. Nimbostratus (option B) is associated with frontal systems. Squall lines and thunderstorms (option A) require convective instability and moisture not typical of settled high-pressure conditions.
3723	4633
	4634	+
	4635	+#### Source
	4636	+
	4637	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3724	4638	### Q182: The symbol marked (1) in the figure represents which frontal type? ^t50q182
3725	4639
3726	4640	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q182) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q182)
..	..	@@ -3740,6 +4654,10 @@
3740	4654
3741	4655	On a surface weather chart, a cold front is depicted by a line with solid triangular spikes (barbs) pointing in the direction of movement. The symbol labeled (1) in figure matches the cold front symbol. A warm front uses semicircles. An occlusion uses alternating triangles and semicircles. A front aloft is depicted differently and is less commonly shown on basic surface charts.
3742	4656
	4657	+
	4658	+#### Source
	4659	+
	4660	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3743	4661	### Q183: In METAR code, which identifier denotes heavy rain? ^t50q183
3744	4662
3745	4663	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q183) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q183)
..	..	@@ -3760,6 +4678,10 @@
3760	4678	#### Key Terms
3761	4679
3762	4680	METAR = Aerodrome routine weather report
	4681	+
	4682	+#### Source
	4683	+
	4684	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3763	4685	### Q184: During which stage of a thunderstorm do strong updrafts and downdrafts coexist? ^t50q184
3764	4686
3765	4687	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q184) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q184)
..	..	@@ -3777,6 +4699,10 @@
3777	4699
3778	4700	In the mature stage of a thunderstorm, both strong updrafts (sustaining the storm) and strong downdrafts (driven by precipitation drag and evaporative cooling) coexist simultaneously within the Cumulonimbus cell. The initial (cumulus) stage has only updrafts. The dissipating stage is dominated by downdrafts only, which cut off the updraft supply and weaken the storm. 'Thunderstorm stage' (option A) is not a recognised meteorological term.
3779	4701
	4702	+
	4703	+#### Source
	4704	+
	4705	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3780	4706	### Q185: Which conditions are most conducive to aircraft icing? ^t50q185
3781	4707
3782	4708	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q185) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q185)
..	..	@@ -3794,6 +4720,10 @@
3794	4720
3795	4721	The most severe icing occurs between 0°C and -12°C where supercooled liquid water droplets are most abundant and drop size is largest, producing clear or mixed icing on airframe surfaces. Below -20°C, cloud water is mostly in ice crystal form and causes much less accretion. Above 0°C, droplets are not supercooled and do not freeze on contact. Icing in clear air (option D) does not occur as there are no supercooled droplets. Cirrus (option C) contains ice crystals which do not adhere significantly.
3796	4722
	4723	+
	4724	+#### Source
	4725	+
	4726	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3797	4727	### Q186: What is the primary hazard when approaching a valley airfield with strong winds aloft blowing perpendicular to the surrounding ridges? ^t50q186
3798	4728
3799	4729	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q186) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q186)
..	..	@@ -3811,6 +4741,10 @@
3811	4741
3812	4742	When strong wind blows perpendicular to a mountain ridge, orographic lift on the windward side and mechanical turbulence create complex wind shear on the lee side. An aircraft descending into a valley airfield on the lee side may encounter severe wind shear with the wind reversing by up to 180° between altitudes, creating sudden loss of airspeed or ground wind opposite to the upper-level flow. Reduced visibility (option C) is a secondary concern. Icing (option D) is unrelated to mountain wind shear. Heavy downdrafts in rainfall (option A) describes thunderstorm activity, not orographic flow.
3813	4743
	4744	+
	4745	+#### Source
	4746	+
	4747	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3814	4748	### Q187: What are "blue thermals"? ^t50q187
3815	4749
3816	4750	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q187) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q187)
..	..	@@ -3832,6 +4766,12 @@
3832	4766
3833	4767	- Option B describes sink between Cu clouds.
3834	4768	- Option A describes clear-air turbulence (CAT) near thunderstorms, a different phenomenon.
	4769	+
	4770	+
	4771	+#### Source
	4772	+
	4773	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q127 p.133](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=133) (score: 0.20)
	4774	+- PDF Answer: B
3835	4775
3836	4776	### Q188: The expression "beginning of thermals" refers to the moment when thermal strength ^t50q188
3837	4777
..	..	@@ -3856,6 +4796,10 @@
3856	4796
3857	4797	- AGL = Above Ground Level
3858	4798	- MSL = Mean Sea Level
	4799	+
	4800	+#### Source
	4801	+
	4802	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3859	4803	### Q189: How is the "trigger temperature" defined? It is the temperature which ^t50q189
3860	4804
3861	4805	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q189) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q189)
..	..	@@ -3877,6 +4821,10 @@
3877	4821
3878	4822	- Option D describes thunderstorm formation, not Cu formation.
3879	4823
	4824	+
	4825	+#### Source
	4826	+
	4827	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3880	4828	### Q190: In a weather briefing, what does the term "over-development" refer to? ^t50q190
3881	4829
3882	4830	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q190) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q190)
..	..	@@ -3898,6 +4846,10 @@
3898	4846	- Option D refers to synoptic-scale deepening of depressions.
3899	4847	- Option B describes the spreading of Cu under an inversion (which is actually 'street' or 'cover' formation, a separate phenomenon).
3900	4848
	4849	+
	4850	+#### Source
	4851	+
	4852	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3901	4853	### Q191: In gliding meteorology, what does "shielding" refer to? ^t50q191
3902	4854
3903	4855	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q191) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q191)
..	..	@@ -3919,6 +4871,10 @@
3919	4871	- Option A describes the anvil of a Cb, not shielding.
3920	4872	- Option B describes sky coverage in oktas, which is unrelated.
3921	4873
	4874	+
	4875	+#### Source
	4876	+
	4877	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3922	4878	### Q192: What is the gaseous composition of dry air? ^t50q192
3923	4879
3924	4880	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q192) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q192)
..	..	@@ -3935,6 +4891,13 @@
3935	4891	#### Explanation
3936	4892
3937	4893	Dry air is composed of approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% argon and trace gases including carbon dioxide. This is the standard atmospheric composition. All other options incorrectly swap the proportions of nitrogen and oxygen or introduce water vapour as a major component. Water vapour is a variable constituent (0–4%) not included in the standard dry air composition.
	4894	+
	4895	+
	4896	+#### Source
	4897	+
	4898	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q8 p.108](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=108) (score: 0.41)
	4899	+- [QuizVDS Q11](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q11): Answer B
	4900	+- PDF Answer: D
3938	4901
3939	4902	### Q193: Under ISA conditions at mean sea level, what is the mass of one cubic metre of air? ^t50q193
3940	4903
..	..	@@ -3960,6 +4923,10 @@
3960	4923
3961	4924	- ISA = International Standard Atmosphere
3962	4925	- MSL = Mean Sea Level
	4926	+
	4927	+#### Source
	4928	+
	4929	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3963	4930	### Q194: How is the tropopause defined? ^t50q194
3964	4931
3965	4932	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q194) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q194)
..	..	@@ -3979,6 +4946,10 @@
3979	4946
3980	4947	- Option B confuses the tropopause with the stratopause.
3981	4948
	4949	+
	4950	+#### Source
	4951	+
	4952	+- [?] Source non identifiée
3982	4953	### Q195: What characterises an inversion layer? ^t50q195
3983	4954
3984	4955	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q195) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q195)
..	..	@@ -4000,6 +4971,13 @@
4000	4971	- Option C describes an isothermal layer.
4001	4972	- Option A describes a generic boundary without specifying the temperature gradient direction.
4002	4973
	4974	+
	4975	+#### Source
	4976	+
	4977	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q30 p.113](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=113) (score: 0.30)
	4978	+- [QuizVDS Q121](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q121): Answer C
	4979	+- PDF Answer: D
	4980	+
4003	4981	### Q196: What defines an isothermal layer? ^t50q196
4004	4982
4005	4983	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q196) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q196)
..	..	@@ -4019,6 +4997,12 @@
4019	4997
4020	4998	- Option B describes a generic atmospheric boundary layer, not a layer of constant temperature.
4021	4999
	5000	+
	5001	+#### Source
	5002	+
	5003	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q30 p.113](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=113) (score: 0.33)
	5004	+- PDF Answer: D
	5005	+
4022	5006	### Q197: What fundamental force initiates wind? ^t50q197
4023	5007
4024	5008	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q197) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q197)
..	..	@@ -4036,6 +5020,10 @@
4036	5020
4037	5021	Wind is caused by the pressure gradient force — air flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, and the greater the pressure difference over a given distance, the stronger the resulting wind. The Coriolis force (option B) deflects wind but does not create it. Centrifugal force (option C) is a secondary effect in curved flow. There is no meteorological force specifically called 'thermal force'; thermal differences drive pressure gradients, but the direct cause of wind is the pressure gradient itself.
4038	5022
	5023	+
	5024	+#### Source
	5025	+
	5026	+- [?] Source non identifiée
4039	5027	### Q198: Under what conditions does Foehn typically develop? ^t50q198
4040	5028
4041	5029	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q198) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q198)
..	..	@@ -4053,6 +5041,10 @@
4053	5041
4054	5042	Foehn develops when a stable airflow is forced over a mountain barrier. On the windward side, the air rises moist-adiabatically (condensation releasing latent heat), and on the lee side it descends dry-adiabatically, arriving warmer and drier than before ascent. Stability is necessary for the organised flow; instability would break the flow into convective cells. Calm high-pressure conditions (options B and C) do not provide the cross-mountain pressure gradient needed. Instability (option D) would prevent the laminar flow characteristic of Foehn.
4055	5043
	5044	+
	5045	+#### Source
	5046	+
	5047	+- [?] Source non identifiée
4056	5048	### Q199: How is the "spread" (dew-point depression) defined? ^t50q199
4057	5049
4058	5050	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q199) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q199)
..	..	@@ -4074,6 +5066,10 @@
4074	5066	- Option B describes relative humidity.
4075	5067	- Option A describes the saturation mixing ratio or absolute humidity capacity.
4076	5068
	5069	+
	5070	+#### Source
	5071	+
	5072	+- [?] Source non identifiée
4077	5073	### Q200: During Foehn, what weather phenomenon designated by "2" should be expected on the lee side?. ^t50q200
4078	5074
4079	5075	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q200) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q200)
..	..	@@ -4093,6 +5089,13 @@
4093	5089
4094	5090	This question is identical in content to question 90. During Foehn, the descending and warming lee-side flow is stable and generates standing wave clouds. Altocumulus lenticularis forms in the crests of these mountain waves on the lee side. Cumulonimbus (options C and D) requires strong convective instability absent in Foehn descent. Altocumulus Castellanus (option A) indicates mid-level instability, not the stable wave motion of a Foehn situation.
4095	5091
	5092	+
	5093	+#### Source
	5094	+
	5095	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q70 p.121](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=121) (score: 0.20)
	5096	+- [QuizVDS Q58](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q58): Answer C
	5097	+- PDF Answer: A
	5098	+
4096	5099	### Q201: Which factor can prevent radiation fog from forming? ^t50q201
4097	5100
4098	5101	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q201) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q201)
..	..	@@ -4110,6 +5113,10 @@
4110	5113
4111	5114	Radiation fog forms on clear, calm nights when the ground radiates heat to space, cooling the surface air to its dew point. An overcast cloud cover prevents the necessary radiative cooling of the ground surface by acting as an insulating blanket, reflecting long-wave radiation back to the ground. Calm wind (option B) is actually a prerequisite for radiation fog formation. A clear night (option D) and low spread (option A) are also favourable, not preventative, conditions.
4112	5115
	5116	+
	5117	+#### Source
	5118	+
	5119	+- [?] Source non identifiée
4113	5120	### Q202: Through what process does advection fog form? ^t50q202
4114	5121
4115	5122	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q202) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q202)
..	..	@@ -4133,6 +5140,11 @@
4133	5140	- Option A describes radiation fog.
4134	5141	- The defining factor in advection fog is the movement of warm moist air over cold ground.
4135	5142
	5143	+
	5144	+#### Source
	5145	+
	5146	+- Examen Blanc: [S3 Q12 p.25](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_3.pdf#page=25) (score: 0.25)
	5147	+
4136	5148	### Q203: What process leads to the development of orographic fog (hill fog)? ^t50q203
4137	5149
4138	5150	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q203) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q203)
..	..	@@ -4155,6 +5167,10 @@
4155	5167	- Option B describes mixing fog.
4156	5168	- The key process is forced lifting of moist air over elevated terrain.
4157	5169
	5170	+
	5171	+#### Source
	5172	+
	5173	+- [?] Source non identifiée
4158	5174	### Q204: What weather phenomena are associated with an upper-level trough? ^t50q204
4159	5175
4160	5176	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q204) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q204)
..	..	@@ -4175,6 +5191,10 @@
4175	5191	- Options B and D describe stable, anticyclonic conditions.
4176	5192	- Option C (high stratus) would require stable, moist conditions near the surface, not the convective instability associated with a cold upper trough.
4177	5193
	5194	+
	5195	+#### Source
	5196	+
	5197	+- [?] Source non identifiée
4178	5198	### Q205: On the windward side of a mountain range during Foehn, what weather should be expected? ^t50q205
4179	5199
4180	5200	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q205) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q205)
..	..	@@ -4196,6 +5216,10 @@
4196	5216	- Option D describes stable, fog-prone conditions unrelated to Foehn.
4197	5217	- Option C describes conditions more typical of frontal convective activity.
4198	5218
	5219	+
	5220	+#### Source
	5221	+
	5222	+- [?] Source non identifiée
4199	5223	### Q206: Which chart presents observed MSL pressure distribution and the corresponding frontal systems? ^t50q206
4200	5224
4201	5225	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q206) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q206)
..	..	@@ -4216,6 +5240,10 @@
4216	5240	#### Key Terms
4217	5241
4218	5242	MSL = Mean Sea Level
	5243	+
	5244	+#### Source
	5245	+
	5246	+- [?] Source non identifiée
4219	5247	### Q207: In METAR, how is heavy rain encoded? ^t50q207
4220	5248
4221	5249	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q207) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q207)
..	..	@@ -4236,6 +5264,10 @@
4236	5264	#### Key Terms
4237	5265
4238	5266	METAR = Aerodrome routine weather report
	5267	+
	5268	+#### Source
	5269	+
	5270	+- [?] Source non identifiée
4239	5271	### Q208: In METAR, how are moderate rain showers encoded? ^t50q208
4240	5272
4241	5273	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q208) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q208)
..	..	@@ -4256,6 +5288,10 @@
4256	5288	#### Key Terms
4257	5289
4258	5290	METAR = Aerodrome routine weather report
	5291	+
	5292	+#### Source
	5293	+
	5294	+- [?] Source non identifiée
4259	5295	### Q209: Under what conditions does back-side weather (Ruckseitenwetter) occur? ^t50q209
4260	5296
4261	5297	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q209) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q209)
..	..	@@ -4273,6 +5309,10 @@
4273	5309
4274	5310	Back-side weather (Rückseitenwetter) describes the weather in the cold air mass following the passage of a cold front: cold, unstable polar or arctic air with scattered showers, good visibility, and gusty winds — often excellent soaring conditions for gliders in the convective back-side air. It occurs after, not before, frontal passages. An occlusion (option D) combines warm and cold front characteristics. Foehn (option B) is a separate orographic phenomenon. After a warm front (option A) brings the warm sector, not cold back-side air.
4275	5311
	5312	+
	5313	+#### Source
	5314	+
	5315	+- [?] Source non identifiée
4276	5316	### Q210: In the International Standard Atmosphere, how does temperature change from MSL to approximately 10,000 m altitude? ^t50q210
4277	5317
4278	5318	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q210) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q210)
..	..	@@ -4297,6 +5337,12 @@
4297	5337
4298	5338	- ISA = International Standard Atmosphere
4299	5339	- MSL = Mean Sea Level
	5340	+
	5341	+#### Source
	5342	+
	5343	+- Examen Blanc: [S2 Q4 p.37](Exa%20Blanc%20Série_2.pdf#page=37) (score: 0.33)
	5344	+- [QuizVDS Q127](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q127): Answer D
	5345	+
4300	5346	### Q211: What weather should be expected during Foehn conditions in the Bavarian region near the Alps? ^t50q211
4301	5347
4302	5348	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q211) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q211)
..	..	@@ -4318,6 +5364,10 @@
4318	5364	- Option B describes the synoptic pressure setup only partially.
4319	5365	- Option A places the Ns on the north (lee) side, which is incorrect.
4320	5366
	5367	+
	5368	+#### Source
	5369	+
	5370	+- [?] Source non identifiée
4321	5371	### Q212: Which meteorological element is most important for the safety of a VFR flight? ^t50q212
4322	5372
4323	5373	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q212) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q212)
..	..	@@ -4336,6 +5386,12 @@
4336	5386	For visual flight rules (VFR), horizontal visibility is the most critical element: below the regulatory minimum, the pilot can no longer maintain separation from terrain, obstacles, and other aircraft by sight alone. Wind direction, temperature, and cloud cover above 1500 m are important, but it is low clouds and reduced visibility that directly trigger VFR restrictions. The amount and height of clouds below 1500 m/GND (ceiling) is also critical, as a low ceiling can trap the pilot.
4337	5387
4338	5388	---
	5389	+
	5390	+
	5391	+#### Source
	5392	+
	5393	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q1 p.107](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=107) (score: 1.00)
	5394	+- PDF Answer: B
4339	5395
4340	5396	### Q213: Which meteorological situation reduces visibility the most? ^t50q213
4341	5397
..	..	@@ -4356,6 +5412,12 @@
4356	5412
4357	5413	---
4358	5414
	5415	+
	5416	+#### Source
	5417	+
	5418	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q3 p.107](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=107) (score: 1.00)
	5419	+- PDF Answer: A
	5420	+
4359	5421	### Q214: From which altitude can the danger of gaseous embolism occur? ^t50q214
4360	5422
4361	5423	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q214) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q214)
..	..	@@ -4374,6 +5436,12 @@
4374	5436	Gaseous embolism (blood boiling) occurs when ambient pressure drops below the vapour pressure of human blood (approximately 47 hPa). This corresponds to about 19,000 m under standard conditions, but serious physiological problems related to extreme low pressure (outgassing of tissues) begin to manifest around 13,000 m/AMSL. This is why this altitude is used as the critical danger threshold in aviation regulations.
4375	5437
4376	5438	---
	5439	+
	5440	+
	5441	+#### Source
	5442	+
	5443	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q10 p.109](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=109) (score: 0.78)
	5444	+- PDF Answer: B
4377	5445
4378	5446	### Q215: In a mercury barometer, what is found in the tube above the mercury? ^t50q215
4379	5447
..	..	@@ -4394,6 +5462,12 @@
4394	5462
4395	5463	---
4396	5464
	5465	+
	5466	+#### Source
	5467	+
	5468	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q11 p.109](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=109) (score: 0.79)
	5469	+- PDF Answer: A
	5470	+
4397	5471	### Q216: Which instrument is used to measure barometric air pressure? ^t50q216
4398	5472
4399	5473	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q216) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q216)
..	..	@@ -4412,6 +5486,12 @@
4412	5486	The mercury barometer measures atmospheric pressure by balancing the weight of a mercury column against air pressure. The thermometer measures temperature, the psychrometer measures relative humidity (by the difference between dry-bulb and wet-bulb thermometers), and the Magdeburg hemispheres were a historical demonstration of atmospheric pressure, not a standard measuring instrument.
4413	5487
4414	5488	---
	5489	+
	5490	+
	5491	+#### Source
	5492	+
	5493	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q12 p.109](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=109) (score: 0.86)
	5494	+- PDF Answer: A
4415	5495
4416	5496	### Q217: Which instrument is used to measure wind speed at a meteorological station? ^t50q217
4417	5497
..	..	@@ -4432,6 +5512,12 @@
4432	5512
4433	5513	---
4434	5514
	5515	+
	5516	+#### Source
	5517	+
	5518	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q48 p.117](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=117) (score: 0.88)
	5519	+- PDF Answer: D
	5520	+
4435	5521	### Q218: What is the chart commonly used to compile wind statistics for a given location (e.g., an airport)? ^t50q218
4436	5522
4437	5523	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q218) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q218)
..	..	@@ -4450,6 +5536,12 @@
4450	5536	The wind polygon (frequency rose) shows, for each directional sector, the frequency and average speed of winds observed over a long period at a given location - very useful for planning runway orientation. The wind rose is the figure showing the 16 cardinal and intercardinal directions, but it is not a statistical chart. The wind triangle is an air navigation tool (drift calculation). Isotachs are lines of equal wind speed on a weather chart.
4451	5537
4452	5538	---
	5539	+
	5540	+
	5541	+#### Source
	5542	+
	5543	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q51 p.117](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=117) (score: 0.83)
	5544	+- PDF Answer: B
4453	5545
4454	5546	### Q219: What is meant by the "polar front jet stream"? ^t50q219
4455	5547
..	..	@@ -4470,6 +5562,12 @@
4470	5562
4471	5563	---
4472	5564
	5565	+
	5566	+#### Source
	5567	+
	5568	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q57 p.119](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=119) (score: 0.58)
	5569	+- PDF Answer: C
	5570	+
4473	5571	### Q220: At what height above an obstacle are mechanical turbulences strongest? ^t50q220
4474	5572
4475	5573	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q220) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q220)
..	..	@@ -4488,6 +5586,12 @@
4488	5586	Mechanical turbulence generated by airflow around an obstacle (building, tree, hill) is most intense in the immediate downstream zone, up to approximately 150 m above the top of the obstacle. In this zone, eddies and wind shear are at a maximum. Beyond this, turbulence gradually decreases with altitude. For approach and landing, it is therefore recommended to maintain a minimum altitude margin of 150 m above obstacles upstream of the runway.
4489	5587
4490	5588	---
	5589	+
	5590	+
	5591	+#### Source
	5592	+
	5593	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q58 p.119](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=119) (score: 0.92)
	5594	+- PDF Answer: B
4491	5595
4492	5596	### Q221: Under which conditions do the strongest thermal and mechanical turbulences occur at noon? ^t50q221
4493	5597
..	..	@@ -4508,6 +5612,12 @@
4508	5612
4509	5613	---
4510	5614
	5615	+
	5616	+#### Source
	5617	+
	5618	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q59 p.119](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=119) (score: 0.86)
	5619	+- PDF Answer: B
	5620	+
4511	5621	### Q222: When is water described as supercooled in a cloud? ^t50q222
4512	5622
4513	5623	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q222) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q222)
..	..	@@ -4526,6 +5636,12 @@
4526	5636	Supercooled water is liquid water that remains in liquid state even when its temperature is below 0°C (down to approximately -40°C). This is possible because very pure droplets suspended in clouds lack freezing nuclei. Supercooled water is particularly dangerous for aviation because it freezes instantly on contact with the cold surface of an aircraft, producing rime or clear ice. It is encountered mainly in cumulus, altocumulus, and nimbostratus between 0°C and -20°C.
4527	5637
4528	5638	---
	5639	+
	5640	+
	5641	+#### Source
	5642	+
	5643	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q60 p.119](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=119) (score: 0.72)
	5644	+- PDF Answer: A
4529	5645
4530	5646	### Q223: What is the width of the precipitation zone in a cold front? ^t50q223
4531	5647
..	..	@@ -4546,6 +5662,12 @@
4546	5662
4547	5663	---
4548	5664
	5665	+
	5666	+#### Source
	5667	+
	5668	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q96 p.127](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=127) (score: 1.00)
	5669	+- PDF Answer: D
	5670	+
4549	5671	### Q224: How does visibility change when flying VFR from a cold air sector toward a warm front? ^t50q224
4550	5672
4551	5673	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q224) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q224)
..	..	@@ -4564,6 +5686,12 @@
4564	5686	Advancing from cold air (polar air mass with good visibility) toward a warm front, the pilot encounters a progressive deterioration: cirrus thickens to cirrostratus, then altostratus, the ceiling lowers, and precipitation begins (rain or drizzle). Visibility deteriorates as the cloud layer thickens and precipitation becomes continuous. This gradual degradation gradient is a typical characteristic of warm front approach, in contrast to the cold front which abruptly deteriorates then rapidly improves conditions.
4565	5687
4566	5688	---
	5689	+
	5690	+
	5691	+#### Source
	5692	+
	5693	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q97 p.127](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=127) (score: 0.94)
	5694	+- PDF Answer: C
4567	5695
4568	5696	### Q225: What is the width of the precipitation zone in a warm front? ^t50q225
4569	5697
..	..	@@ -4584,6 +5712,12 @@
4584	5712
4585	5713	---
4586	5714
	5715	+
	5716	+#### Source
	5717	+
	5718	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q98 p.127](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=127) (score: 1.00)
	5719	+- PDF Answer: A
	5720	+
4587	5721	### Q226: How does the cloud base change when flying VFR from a cold air sector toward a warm front? ^t50q226
4588	5722
4589	5723	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q226) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q226)
..	..	@@ -4602,6 +5736,12 @@
4602	5736	Approaching a warm front, the typical cloud sequence begins with high-altitude cirrus (very high base), followed by cirrostratus, altostratus, and then nimbostratus whose base can be very low (a few hundred metres). This ceiling drops gradually as the pilot approaches the front - a progressive warning that allows time to react, in contrast to the cold front which abruptly deteriorates conditions.
4603	5737
4604	5738	---
	5739	+
	5740	+
	5741	+#### Source
	5742	+
	5743	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q99 p.127](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=127) (score: 0.94)
	5744	+- PDF Answer: D
4605	5745
4606	5746	### Q227: Which zone of an occlusion is most active? ^t50q227
4607	5747
..	..	@@ -4622,6 +5762,12 @@
4622	5762
4623	5763	---
4624	5764
	5765	+
	5766	+#### Source
	5767	+
	5768	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q100 p.128](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=128) (score: 0.82)
	5769	+- PDF Answer: C
	5770	+
4625	5771	### Q228: When is the term "mist" used? ^t50q228
4626	5772
4627	5773	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q228) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q228)
..	..	@@ -4640,6 +5786,12 @@
4640	5786	By international meteorological convention, mist is reported when visibility is between 1000 m and 8000 m due to the presence of fine water droplets or ice crystals in suspension. Below 1000 m visibility caused by condensed water vapour, the phenomenon is called fog. Above 8000 m, visibility is considered good. This distinction is important for METARs and VFR conditions.
4641	5787
4642	5788	---
	5789	+
	5790	+
	5791	+#### Source
	5792	+
	5793	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q102 p.128](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=128) (score: 1.00)
	5794	+- PDF Answer: C
4643	5795
4644	5796	### Q229: How do temperature, dew point, and relative humidity behave in fog? ^t50q229
4645	5797
..	..	@@ -4660,6 +5812,13 @@
4660	5812
4661	5813	---
4662	5814
	5815	+
	5816	+#### Source
	5817	+
	5818	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q104 p.129](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=129) (score: 0.65)
	5819	+- [QuizVDS Q46](../../Examen%20Blanc/QuizVDS/50%20-%20Meteorology.md#^q46): Answer B
	5820	+- PDF Answer: B
	5821	+
4663	5822	### Q230: What are the different stages of a thunderstorm cloud? ^t50q230
4664	5823
4665	5824	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q230) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q230)
..	..	@@ -4679,6 +5838,12 @@
4679	5838
4680	5839	---
4681	5840
	5841	+
	5842	+#### Source
	5843	+
	5844	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q108 p.129](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=129) (score: 1.00)
	5845	+- PDF Answer: B
	5846	+
4682	5847	### Q231: What effect does icing have on a glider passing through cold precipitation? ^t50q231
4683	5848
4684	5849	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/50%20-%20Meteorologie.md#^t50q231) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/50%20-%20M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie.md#^t50q231)
..	..	@@ -4696,3 +5861,9 @@
4696	5861
4697	5862	Icing is particularly critical for gliders: their performance depends on a very precise wing profile with thin margins. Ice accumulating on the leading edge deforms the aerofoil profile, increases drag and reduces lift, lowers the stall speed, and adds weight. These combined effects can make the aircraft uncontrollable within minutes. Unlike powered aircraft, gliders generally have no anti-icing systems, making them extremely vulnerable. Preventive avoidance is the only effective measure.
4698	5863
	5864	+
	5865	+
	5866	+#### Source
	5867	+
	5868	+- Examen Blanc: [VV Q114 p.131](Questionnaire%20toutes%20branches%20VV.pdf#page=131) (score: 0.80)
	5869	+- PDF Answer: D