APPS/glidr-content.git - git.mnsoft.org

..	..	@@ -2464,3 +2464,274 @@
2464	2464	- Option B (sunrise/sunset colour) is a natural optical phenomenon, not a physiological impairment.
2465	2465	- Option D (anaemia from injury) is a medical condition unrelated to g-forces.
2466	2466
	2467	+### Q117: What does presbyopia mean? ^t40q117
	2468	+
	2469	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/40%20-%20Menschliches%20Leistungsverm%C3%B6gen.md#^t40q117) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/40%20-%20Performances%20humaines.md#^t40q117)
	2470	+
	2471	+- A) Unable to see distant objects without correction.
	2472	+- B) The visual field must be corrected with concave lenses.
	2473	+- C) For a private pilot, being fit to fly with strong corrections.
	2474	+- D) Poor near vision without correction.
	2475	+
	2476	+#### Answer
	2477	+
	2478	+D)
	2479	+
	2480	+#### Explanation
	2481	+
	2482	+Presbyopia is an age-related condition in which the lens of the eye loses its flexibility and can no longer accommodate for near vision, making reading or checking cockpit instruments difficult without reading glasses.
	2483	+
	2484	+- Option A is wrong because inability to see distant objects describes myopia (short-sightedness), not presbyopia.
	2485	+- Option B is wrong because concave lenses correct myopia; presbyopes need convex (positive) lenses for near vision.
	2486	+- Option C is wrong because fitness to fly with optical correction is a separate medical regulatory matter, not the definition of presbyopia.
	2487	+
	2488	+### Q118: The inner ear consists of ^t40q118
	2489	+
	2490	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/40%20-%20Menschliches%20Leistungsverm%C3%B6gen.md#^t40q118) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/40%20-%20Performances%20humaines.md#^t40q118)
	2491	+
	2492	+- A) 3 semicircular canals, 2 otolith organs, 1 cochlea.
	2493	+- B) 3 semicircular canals and 1 cochlea.
	2494	+- C) 3 semicircular canals and 2 otolith organs.
	2495	+- D) 2 otolith organs and 1 cochlea.
	2496	+
	2497	+#### Answer
	2498	+
	2499	+A)
	2500	+
	2501	+#### Explanation
	2502	+
	2503	+The inner ear contains three functional components: the three semicircular canals (which detect rotational accelerations), the two otolith organs - utricle and saccule - (which detect linear accelerations and static position relative to gravity), and the cochlea (which converts sound waves into nerve signals). These seven structures are essential for balance and hearing respectively.
	2504	+
	2505	+- Option B is wrong because it omits the two otolith organs.
	2506	+- Option C is wrong because it omits the cochlea, which is essential for hearing.
	2507	+- Option D is wrong because it omits the semicircular canals, which are indispensable for detecting rotation.
	2508	+
	2509	+### Q119: What is the normal weight of a person? ^t40q119
	2510	+
	2511	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/40%20-%20Menschliches%20Leistungsverm%C3%B6gen.md#^t40q119) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/40%20-%20Performances%20humaines.md#^t40q119)
	2512	+
	2513	+- A) Height in cm minus one hundred.
	2514	+- B) Height in cm minus one hundred, minus 10%.
	2515	+- C) Height minus age minus 20%.
	2516	+- D) Double the age minus 10%.
	2517	+
	2518	+#### Answer
	2519	+
	2520	+A)
	2521	+
	2522	+#### Explanation
	2523	+
	2524	+The classical "normal weight" formula (also known as the Broca index) is simply height in centimetres minus 100, giving weight in kilograms. Thus a person 170 cm tall has a normal weight of 70 kg. Although this formula is simplistic and largely replaced by BMI in modern medicine, it remains used in aeronautical references.
	2525	+
	2526	+- Option B is wrong because subtracting an additional 10% gives the "ideal weight", not the normal weight.
	2527	+- Options C and D are wrong because age does not feature in classical reference weight formulas.
	2528	+
	2529	+### Q120: Which profession carries a higher risk of contracting AIDS? ^t40q120
	2530	+
	2531	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/40%20-%20Menschliches%20Leistungsverm%C3%B6gen.md#^t40q120) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/40%20-%20Performances%20humaines.md#^t40q120)
	2532	+
	2533	+- A) Driver.
	2534	+- B) Doctor.
	2535	+- C) Butcher.
	2536	+- D) Pilot.
	2537	+
	2538	+#### Answer
	2539	+
	2540	+B)
	2541	+
	2542	+#### Explanation
	2543	+
	2544	+Doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals face an elevated risk of HIV exposure through accidental needle-stick injuries, blood splashes, or contact with infected bodily fluids during medical procedures. This occupational risk is specific to working with medical equipment and potentially infected patients.
	2545	+
	2546	+- Option A is wrong because drivers are not occupationally exposed to blood or bodily fluids.
	2547	+- Option C is wrong because although butchers work with cuts and animal blood, HIV is not transmitted from animals.
	2548	+- Option D is wrong because pilots are not occupationally exposed to HIV transmission risks.
	2549	+
	2550	+### Q121: How is the AIDS virus transmitted? ^t40q121
	2551	+
	2552	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/40%20-%20Menschliches%20Leistungsverm%C3%B6gen.md#^t40q121) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/40%20-%20Performances%20humaines.md#^t40q121)
	2553	+
	2554	+- A) By sharing used syringes.
	2555	+- B) By a cold.
	2556	+- C) By physical contact such as shaking hands.
	2557	+- D) By parasites.
	2558	+
	2559	+#### Answer
	2560	+
	2561	+A)
	2562	+
	2563	+#### Explanation
	2564	+
	2565	+HIV is transmitted by direct contact with certain infected bodily fluids: blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk. Sharing used syringes is one of the primary transmission routes because it directly introduces infected blood into another person's bloodstream.
	2566	+
	2567	+- Option B is wrong because HIV is not transmitted by airborne droplets or nasal secretions.
	2568	+- Option C is wrong because ordinary skin contact such as a handshake does not transmit HIV.
	2569	+- Option D is wrong because HIV is a virus, not a parasite, and it is not spread through parasitic vectors.
	2570	+
	2571	+### Q122: What can be said about vaccinations? ^t40q122
	2572	+
	2573	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/40%20-%20Menschliches%20Leistungsverm%C3%B6gen.md#^t40q122) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/40%20-%20Performances%20humaines.md#^t40q122)
	2574	+
	2575	+- A) The duration of protection from basic vaccinations is unlimited.
	2576	+- B) Travel vaccinations are valid for 5 years.
	2577	+- C) Basic vaccinations must be renewed regularly.
	2578	+- D) Vaccinations only activate when the symptoms of the disease appear.
	2579	+
	2580	+#### Answer
	2581	+
	2582	+C)
	2583	+
	2584	+#### Explanation
	2585	+
	2586	+Basic vaccinations - such as those against tetanus, diphtheria, and poliomyelitis - provide immunity that wanes over time and requires regular booster doses to maintain effective protection. For example, the tetanus booster is generally recommended every ten years.
	2587	+
	2588	+- Option A is wrong because no vaccine offers indefinite protection without boosters.
	2589	+- Option B is wrong because the duration of validity varies considerably by travel vaccine (for example, yellow fever offers lifelong protection after a single dose, while others require more frequent boosters).
	2590	+- Option D is wrong because vaccines induce preventive immunity before any contact with the disease; they do not activate in response to symptoms.
	2591	+
	2592	+### Q123: Which product carries the least risk of contact with an infectious disease? ^t40q123
	2593	+
	2594	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/40%20-%20Menschliches%20Leistungsverm%C3%B6gen.md#^t40q123) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/40%20-%20Performances%20humaines.md#^t40q123)
	2595	+
	2596	+- A) Washed salad.
	2597	+- B) Fresh milk.
	2598	+- C) Ice cream.
	2599	+- D) Bottled mineral water.
	2600	+
	2601	+#### Answer
	2602	+
	2603	+D)
	2604	+
	2605	+#### Explanation
	2606	+
	2607	+Bottled mineral water is packaged in a controlled, sterile environment, and its sealed container protects it from subsequent contamination. It therefore carries the least risk of transmitting food- or water-borne infectious diseases, particularly when travelling in regions with uncertain hygiene standards.
	2608	+
	2609	+- Option A is wrong because even washed salad can harbour pathogens if the washing water is contaminated or the washing is inadequate.
	2610	+- Option B is wrong because unpasteurised fresh milk can contain pathogenic bacteria; even pasteurised milk is perishable.
	2611	+- Option C is wrong because ice cream may be prepared with contaminated water and is subject to cold-chain failures.
	2612	+
	2613	+### Q124: What is the effect of taking a medication and alcohol simultaneously? ^t40q124
	2614	+
	2615	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/40%20-%20Menschliches%20Leistungsverm%C3%B6gen.md#^t40q124) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/40%20-%20Performances%20humaines.md#^t40q124)
	2616	+
	2617	+- A) The side effects of the medication are reduced.
	2618	+- B) Can increase the effect of the medication.
	2619	+- C) Strongly reduces the rate of alcohol elimination.
	2620	+- D) Increases the rate of alcohol elimination.
	2621	+
	2622	+#### Answer
	2623	+
	2624	+B)
	2625	+
	2626	+#### Explanation
	2627	+
	2628	+Alcohol interacts with many medications and potentiates (amplifies) their effect, particularly sedatives, antihistamines, sleeping pills, and anxiolytics. This interaction is especially dangerous for pilots because it can cause drowsiness, slowed reflexes, and impaired judgement far greater than those produced by either alcohol or the medication alone.
	2629	+
	2630	+- Option A is wrong because alcohol generally amplifies the side effects of medications rather than reducing them.
	2631	+- Option C is wrong because alcohol and medications are metabolised through different hepatic pathways; interactions may delay the metabolism of some drugs but do not have a major direct effect on alcohol elimination.
	2632	+- Option D is wrong because no common medication significantly accelerates the elimination of alcohol.
	2633	+
	2634	+### Q125: What is the sleep cycle for an adult? ^t40q125
	2635	+
	2636	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/40%20-%20Menschliches%20Leistungsverm%C3%B6gen.md#^t40q125) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/40%20-%20Performances%20humaines.md#^t40q125)
	2637	+
	2638	+- A) 6 hours of sleep and 18 hours of wakefulness.
	2639	+- B) Hours of sleep and hours of wakefulness approximately equal.
	2640	+- C) 8 hours of sleep and 16 hours of wakefulness.
	2641	+- D) 15 hours of sleep and 9 hours of wakefulness.
	2642	+
	2643	+#### Answer
	2644	+
	2645	+C)
	2646	+
	2647	+#### Explanation
	2648	+
	2649	+For most adults, sleep requirement is approximately 8 hours per night, leaving approximately 16 hours of wakefulness. This 8/16 balance allows sufficient physical and mental recovery to maintain the cognitive and physical performance needed for daily activities, including flying. Chronic sleep deprivation degrades alertness, reaction time, and decision-making.
	2650	+
	2651	+- Option A is wrong because 6 hours of sleep is insufficient for the majority of adults and corresponds to chronic sleep deprivation.
	2652	+- Option B is wrong because equal sleep and waking hours (12/12) corresponds to the needs of a newborn, not an adult.
	2653	+- Option D is wrong because 15 hours of sleep would indicate a pathological condition such as hypersomnia.
	2654	+
	2655	+### Q126: How is the AIDS virus transmitted? ^t40q126
	2656	+
	2657	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/40%20-%20Menschliches%20Leistungsverm%C3%B6gen.md#^t40q126) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/40%20-%20Performances%20humaines.md#^t40q126)
	2658	+
	2659	+- A) Through kissing.
	2660	+- B) Through unprotected sexual intercourse.
	2661	+- C) Through the use of public toilets.
	2662	+- D) Through insects.
	2663	+
	2664	+#### Answer
	2665	+
	2666	+B)
	2667	+
	2668	+#### Explanation
	2669	+
	2670	+HIV is transmitted primarily through unprotected sexual intercourse, through sharing contaminated syringes, and from mother to child during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Unprotected sexual intercourse is the most common route of transmission worldwide.
	2671	+
	2672	+- Option A is wrong because HIV is not present in infectious quantities in saliva and is not transmitted by ordinary kissing.
	2673	+- Option C is wrong because HIV does not survive long outside the body and is not transmitted via common surfaces.
	2674	+- Option D is wrong because unlike malaria, HIV cannot be transmitted by insect bites.
	2675	+
	2676	+### Q127: Which substance in cigarette smoke increases the probability of lung cancer? ^t40q127
	2677	+
	2678	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/40%20-%20Menschliches%20Leistungsverm%C3%B6gen.md#^t40q127) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/40%20-%20Performances%20humaines.md#^t40q127)
	2679	+
	2680	+- A) Lead.
	2681	+- B) Tar.
	2682	+- C) Carbon dioxide.
	2683	+- D) Nicotine.
	2684	+
	2685	+#### Answer
	2686	+
	2687	+B)
	2688	+
	2689	+#### Explanation
	2690	+
	2691	+Tar is a mixture of carcinogenic chemicals contained in cigarette smoke. When inhaled, it deposits in the lungs and irritates pulmonary tissue, causing cellular damage, genetic mutations, and ultimately lung cancer. It is tar, not nicotine, that is directly responsible for the carcinogenic effect of tobacco.
	2692	+
	2693	+- Option A is wrong because lead is present in trace amounts in some emissions but is not the principal carcinogen in tobacco.
	2694	+- Option C is wrong because carbon dioxide (CO2) is a non-carcinogenic combustion product, although carbon monoxide (CO) is hazardous in a different way.
	2695	+- Option D is wrong because nicotine is the addictive substance in cigarettes but is not directly responsible for lung cancer - it is tar that carries the carcinogenic agents.
	2696	+
	2697	+### Q128: You must not fly with tonsillitis because ^t40q128
	2698	+
	2699	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/40%20-%20Menschliches%20Leistungsverm%C3%B6gen.md#^t40q128) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/40%20-%20Performances%20humaines.md#^t40q128)
	2700	+
	2701	+- A) It can lead to inflammation of the lungs.
	2702	+- B) Due to breathing difficulties.
	2703	+- C) Oxygen deficiency is multiplied.
	2704	+- D) It can produce inflammation of the middle ear.
	2705	+
	2706	+#### Answer
	2707	+
	2708	+D)
	2709	+
	2710	+#### Explanation
	2711	+
	2712	+Tonsillitis (throat infection) causes swelling of the mucous membranes of the throat and nasopharynx, which can block the Eustachian tube. In flight, during altitude changes, this prevents pressure equalisation in the middle ear and can lead to barotraumatic otitis media (middle ear inflammation) that is particularly painful and potentially dangerous.
	2713	+
	2714	+- Option A is wrong because while a bacterial throat infection can spread to the lungs, this is not the primary reason that contraindicates flying.
	2715	+- Option B is wrong because while a throat infection can impair breathing, this is not the primary reason - it is the risk of ear inflammation that is decisive.
	2716	+- Option C is wrong because tonsillitis does not directly affect blood oxygen saturation.
	2717	+
	2718	+### Q129: What physical training is recommended to prevent heart disease? ^t40q129
	2719	+
	2720	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/40%20-%20Menschliches%20Leistungsverm%C3%B6gen.md#^t40q129) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/40%20-%20Performances%20humaines.md#^t40q129)
	2721	+
	2722	+- A) Exercise 3 times per week for 20 minutes with heart rate double the resting rate.
	2723	+- B) Exercise once per week for 30 minutes with heart rate triple the resting rate.
	2724	+- C) Exercise for one hour with heart rate double the resting rate.
	2725	+- D) Exercise every day for 30 minutes with heart rate triple the resting rate.
	2726	+
	2727	+#### Answer
	2728	+
	2729	+A)
	2730	+
	2731	+#### Explanation
	2732	+
	2733	+Standard cardiology guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease recommend moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (heart rate approximately double the resting rate) for at least 20 minutes, repeated a minimum of three times per week. This regular training strengthens the heart muscle, improves circulation, and reduces cardiovascular risk factors.
	2734	+
	2735	+- Option B is wrong because a single session per week is insufficient to achieve a significant cardiovascular benefit.
	2736	+- Option C is wrong because one hour without a defined weekly frequency is not the recognised standard, and the absence of a weekly frequency is problematic.
	2737	+- Option D is wrong because a heart rate triple the resting rate corresponds to intense exercise that is not recommended as a prevention standard; excessively intense exercise can even be dangerous.