APPS/glidr-content.git - git.mnsoft.org

..	..	@@ -261,11 +261,15 @@
261	261
262	262	#### Explanation
263	263
264		-The correct answer is C because the balance arm of any mass item is measured as the horizontal distance from the aircraft's datum to that item's center of gravity. The datum is a fixed reference point defined in the flight manual.
	264	+![](figures/Balance_arm_EN.png)
	265	+
	266	+The correct answer is C because the balance arm of any mass item is measured as the horizontal distance from the aircraft's datum to that item's center of gravity.
	267	+
	268	+The datum (reference datum) is an arbitrary imaginary vertical plane chosen by the aircraft manufacturer as the "zero" reference for all weight and balance measurements. It is typically located at or ahead of the aircraft nose, so that all balance arms are positive numbers. Its location is defined in the aircraft flight manual (AFM/POH) and never changes for a given aircraft type. (Ref: FAA-H-8083-1B Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook; EASA CS-22)
265	269
266	270	- A is wrong because it references the rear C.G. limit, not the datum.
267		-- B is wrong because it describes the distance between the forward C.G. limit and the datum.
268		-- D describes the allowable C.G. range, not a balance arm.
	271	+- B is wrong because it describes the distance between the forward C.G. limit and the datum, not a mass's balance arm.
	272	+- D describes the allowable C.G. range (distance between front and rear limits), not a balance arm.
269	273
270	274	### Q13: The required data for a mass and balance calculation including masses and balance arms can be found in the ^t30q13
271	275
..	..	@@ -556,7 +560,7 @@
556	560	- C is wrong because linear features like highways and railways are useful navigation aids.
557	561	- D is wrong because built-up areas with dark surfaces (asphalt, concrete) generate strong thermals.
558	562
559		-### Q25: During a cross-country flight, you approach a downwind turning point. The point ought to be taken ... (2,00 P.) ^t30q25
	563	+### Q25: During a cross-country flight, you approach a downwind turning point. The point ought to be taken ... ^t30q25
560	564
561	565	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q25) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q25)
562	566
..	..	@@ -577,7 +581,7 @@
577	581	- C is wrong because arriving low with a turn ahead and headwind return is tactically dangerous.
578	582	- D is wrong because steep turns lose more altitude, compounding the problem.
579	583
580		-### Q26: After getting around a turning point, what should a glider pilot be prepared for? (2,00 P.) ^t30q26
	584	+### Q26: After getting around a turning point, what should a glider pilot be prepared for? ^t30q26
581	585
582	586	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q26) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q26)
583	587
..	..	@@ -826,8 +830,6 @@
826	830	\| 245 \| 184 \| 184 \| 184 \| 180 \| 170 \|
827	831	\| 250 \| 184 \| 184 \| 184 \| 175 \| 165 \|
828	832
829		-> Water ballast in both wing tanks (kg). For empty mass 245 kg and ballast 184 kg: the maximum seat load is 90 kg* (column 90 kg → value 184, but column 100 kg → 180 and column 110 kg → 170; with ballast=184 required, read the 245 kg row and find the seat load corresponding to ballast=184, i.e. max 90 kg permitted according to the table).*
830		-
831	833	- A) 100 kg
832	834	- B) 110 kg
833	835	- C) 90 kg
..	..	@@ -838,6 +840,8 @@
838	840	C)
839	841
840	842	#### Explanation
	843	+
	844	+Water ballast in both wing tanks (kg). For empty mass 245 kg and ballast 184 kg: the maximum seat load is 90 kg* (column 90 kg → value 184, but column 100 kg → 180 and column 110 kg → 170; with ballast=184 required, read the 245 kg row and find the seat load corresponding to ballast=184, i.e. max 90 kg permitted according to the table).*
841	845
842	846	The correct answer is C (90 kg). Reading the Discus B loading table at the row for empty mass 245 kg: with a seat load of 90 kg the permitted water ballast is 184 kg (matching our requirement), but at 100 kg seat load only 180 kg of ballast is permitted, and at 110 kg only 170 kg. Since we need the full 184 kg of ballast, the maximum seat load that still allows this is 90 kg.
843	847
..	..	@@ -915,24 +919,32 @@
915	919
916	920	> ![](figures/t30_q40.png)
917	921
918		-> Two curves: G=470 kp (light mass, min sink rate ~0.657 m/s at ~75 km/h) and G=570 kp (heavy mass, min sink rate ~0.724 m/s). The best glide ratio is read from the tangent from the origin. At 170 km/h, the sink rate is higher for G=570 kp than for G=470 kp.
	922	+> Two curves: G=470 kp (light mass, min sink rate ~0.657 m/s at ~75 km/h) and G=570 kp (heavy mass, min sink rate ~0.724 m/s). The curves cross in the ~90–110 km/h range; above that, the G=570 kp curve sits above* the G=470 kp curve (i.e. has the smaller sink rate).*
919	923
920	924	- A) Regardless of the mass of the ASK21, the sink rate stays constant.
921		-- B) As the mass of the ASK21 rises, the sink rate increases.
	925	+- B) As the mass of the ASK21 rises, the sink rate decreases.
922	926	- C) As the mass of the ASK21 increases, the sink rate increases.
923	927	- D) As the mass of the ASK21 decreases, the glide angle improves.
924	928
925	929	#### Answer
926	930
927		-C)
	931	+B)
928	932
929	933	#### Explanation
930	934
931		-The correct answer is C because at 170 km/h, reading both polar curves, the heavier configuration (570 kp) shows a higher sink rate than the lighter one (470 kp). A heavier glider requires more lift to maintain flight, producing greater induced drag and therefore a higher sink rate at any given speed.
	935	+On a glider polar diagram the Y axis is sink rate increasing downward — higher points on the chart mean less sink (better), lower points mean more sink (worse).
932	936
933		-- A is wrong because the two curves clearly show different sink rates at 170 km/h.
934		-- B and C state the same thing — sink rate increases with mass — which is correct.
935		-- D is wrong because at high speeds the glide angle is not necessarily better at lower mass.
	937	+On the attached ASK 21 speed polar, the two curves (G = 470 kp light and G = 570 kp heavy) cross somewhere around 90–110 km/h. At 170 km/h we are well above that crossover, and the *heavier curve sits visually above* the lighter one on the chart** — meaning the 570 kp configuration has a smaller sink rate than the 470 kp one at that airspeed.
	938	+
	939	+Why? The polar for a heavier mass is the lighter one scaled along both axes by √(m_heavy / m_light). At low speeds the heavy configuration needs a larger sink rate to hold the extra weight up (more induced drag). At high speeds, where parasite drag dominates and sink rate is roughly proportional to V · D/W, the extra weight actually reduces sink per unit horizontal distance — the classic reason water ballast pays off above best-glide speed.
	940	+
	941	+So at 170 km/h the heavier ASK 21 sinks more slowly than the lighter one: as the mass rises, the sink rate decreases → B.
	942	+
	943	+- A is wrong: the two curves only share the same sink rate at the crossover point (~90–110 km/h), not at 170 km/h.
	944	+- C is wrong at high speed — sink rate rises with mass only below the crossover.
	945	+- D is wrong for the same reason: above the crossover the lighter mass has the worse glide angle, not the better one.
	946	+
	947	+See also [t30q61](glidr://q/flight_performance/t30q61), which asks the same physics at 150 km/h.
936	948
937	949	### Q41: Which is the speed at the minimum sink rate in still air for a mass of 450 kg? ^t30q41
938	950
..	..	@@ -942,7 +954,7 @@
942	954
943	955	> ![](figures/t30_q41.png)
944	956
945		-> Two curves: 450 kg and 580 kg. The minimum sink rate (top of the curve) for 450 kg is at approximately 75 km/h. The 580 kg curve is shifted to the right (higher speeds) and downward (greater sink rate).
	957	+> Two curves: 450 kg and 580 kg. The minimum sink rate (top of the curve) for 450 kg is at approximately 75 km/h. The 580 kg curve is shifted to the right (higher speeds).
946	958
947	959	- A) 75 km/h
948	960	- B) 95 km/h
..	..	@@ -957,13 +969,26 @@
957	969
958	970	The correct answer is A because the minimum sink rate speed corresponds to the highest point on the speed polar curve — where the sink rate is smallest. For 450 kg, this peak occurs at approximately 75 km/h. This speed maximises flight endurance in still air and is optimal for centring thermals.
959	971
960		-- Option B (95 km/h) would be closer to the best-glide speed or the minimum-sink speed at higher mass.
	972	+- Option B (95 km/h) is closer to the minimum-sink speed at the higher mass (580 kg).
961	973	- Option C (50 km/h) is below the stall speed.
962	974	- Option D (140 km/h) is far into the high-speed range where sink rate is much greater.
963	975
964	976	### Q42: From what altitude on the route between Murten (approx. N46°56'/E007°07') and Neuchâtel aerodrome (approx. N46°57'/E006°52') are you required to request permission to cross the PAYERNE TMA? ^t30q42
965	977
966	978	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q42) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q42)
	979	+
	980	+![](figures/t30_q42.png)
	981	+
	982	+> Payerne TMA Sectors (Class D, FL 100 upper limit):
	983	+>
	984	+> \| Sector \| Lower limit \|
	985	+> \|--------\|------------\|
	986	+> \| CTR \| GND \|
	987	+> \| TMA 1 \| 2300 ft AMSL (700 m) \|
	988	+> \| TMA 2 \| 2800 ft AMSL (853 m) \|
	989	+> \| TMA 3 \| 3100 ft AMSL (945 m) \|
	990	+> \| TMA 5 \| 4000 ft AMSL (1219 m) \|
	991	+> \| TMA 6 \| 4500 ft AMSL (1372 m) \|
967	992
968	993	- A) 950 m AMSL (3100 ft).
969	994	- B) 3050 m AMSL (FL 100).
..	..	@@ -976,19 +1001,22 @@
976	1001
977	1002	#### Explanation
978	1003
979		-The correct answer is C because on the route between Murten and Neuchatel, the relevant sector of the PAYERNE TMA has a lower limit at 700 m AMSL (2300 ft). Below this altitude, flight can proceed in uncontrolled airspace without clearance. Above 700 m AMSL, ATC authorisation is required. A (950 m) does not match the published boundary. B (FL 100) is far too high — that is the upper limit of some TMAs, not the lower limit here.
	1004	+The Murten-Neuchatel route crosses TMA sector 1 of the Payerne TMA. TMA 1 has its lower limit at 2300 ft AMSL (700 m). Below this altitude you fly in uncontrolled airspace without clearance. Above it, you need ATC authorisation on 128.675 MHz.
980	1005
981		-- D is wrong because the TMA does not extend to the ground in this sector.
	1006	+The TMA sectors step up in altitude as you move away from the airfield: CTR at GND, TMA 1 at 2300 ft, TMA 3 at 3100 ft, TMA 5 at 4000 ft, etc. The sector numbers and their boundaries are shown on the ICAO chart (numbers 1, 3, 5 in the blue shading), but the altitude limits are published in the AIP (ENR 2.1), not on the chart itself.
982	1007
983		-#### Key Terms
	1008	+- A (950 m / 3100 ft) is the lower limit of TMA 3, not TMA 1. TMA 3 is further from Payerne.
	1009	+- B (FL 100) is the upper limit of the entire TMA, not a lower limit.
	1010	+- D is wrong: only the CTR extends to GND. The TMA sectors start at higher altitudes.
984	1011
985		-- AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level
986		-- FL = Flight Level
987		-- ATC = Air Traffic Control
988		-- TMA = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
	1012	+Ref: Swiss AIP ENR 2.1; [OpenAIP: search "Payerne"](https://www.openaip.net/data/airspaces?page=1&limit=50&sortBy=name&sortDesc=false&search=Payerne&searchOptLwc=true&searchOptRegex=false&byNotam=false&onRequest=false&onDemand=false&specialAgreement=false&requestCompliance=false&dataIngestion=false&deleteProtection=false)
989	1013	### Q43: In which airspace class are you flying at 1400 m AMSL (QNH 1013 hPa) over Birrfeld aerodrome (47°25'36"N/007°14'02"E), and what are the visibility and cloud distance minima in that airspace? ^t30q43
990	1014
991	1015	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q43) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q43)
	1016	+
	1017	+![](figures/t30_q43.png)
	1018	+
	1019	+![](figures/luftraeume_overview.jpg)
992	1020
993	1021	- A) Airspace class E, horizontal visibility 5 km, horizontal cloud distance 1.5 km, vertical 300 m.
994	1022	- B) Airspace class D, horizontal visibility 5 km, horizontal cloud distance 1.5 km, vertical 300 m.
..	..	@@ -1001,25 +1029,33 @@
1001	1029
1002	1030	#### Explanation
1003	1031
1004		-The correct answer is A because at 1400 m AMSL over Birrfeld, you are in Class E airspace. VFR minima in Class E require 5 km horizontal visibility, 1500 m horizontal cloud clearance, and 300 m vertical cloud clearance.
	1032	+Birrfeld (LSZF) sits at about 400 m elevation. It is not inside a CTR — it's in uncontrolled airspace. The vertical airspace profile over Birrfeld looks like this:
1005	1033
1006		-- B is wrong because Class D applies within specific CTRs or TMAs, not over Birrfeld at this altitude.
1007		-- C is wrong because Class G applies below a certain altitude and has reduced minima.
1008		-- D is wrong because Class C begins at a higher altitude in this area (typically FL 130 in Switzerland).
	1034	+Ground (400 m) to ~600 m AGL (~1000 m AMSL): Class G
	1035	+- 1.5 km visibility, clear of cloud, ground contact required
1009	1036
1010		-#### Key Terms
	1037	+~1000 m AMSL to 5500 ft / 1676 m AMSL: Class E
	1038	+- 5 km visibility, 1500 m horizontal cloud clearance, 300 m vertical
1011	1039
1012		-- AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level
1013		-- FL = Flight Level
1014		-- QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
1015		-- VFR = Visual Flight Rules
1016		-### Q44: The route shown below towards SCHWYZ (dotted line) is planned for 20 June 2015 (summer time) between 1515–1545 LT at 6500 ft AMSL. Which of the following statements is correct? ^t30q44
	1040	+5500 ft AMSL to FL195: Class C (Zurich TMA)
	1041	+- ATC clearance required
	1042	+
	1043	+At 1400 m AMSL (about 4593 ft), you are above Class G but below the Class C floor at 5500 ft. That puts you in Class E — answer A.
	1044	+
	1045	+On the ICAO chart, the blue box near Birrfeld reading "C FL195 / 5500" marks where Class C starts. Below that, and above Class G, is uncontrolled Class E.
	1046	+
	1047	+- B is wrong: Class D applies inside CTRs (controlled zones around airports like Zurich). Birrfeld has no CTR.
	1048	+- C is wrong: Class G only extends to about 1000 m AMSL here. At 1400 m you are above it.
	1049	+- D is wrong: Class C starts at 5500 ft (1676 m). At 1400 m you are below it.
	1050	+### Q44: The route shown below towards SCHWYZ (red line) is planned for 20 June 2015 (summer time) between 1515–1545 LT at 6500 ft AMSL. Which of the following statements is correct? ^t30q44
1017	1051
1018	1052	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q44) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q44)
1019	1053
1020	1054	> DABS — Daily Airspace Bulletin Switzerland (extract)
1021	1055
1022	1056	> ![](figures/t30_q44.png)
	1057	+>
	1058	+> ![](figures/t30_q44b.png)
1023	1059
1024	1060	\| Firing-Nr D-/R-Area NOTAM-Nr \| Validity UTC \| Lower Limit AMSL or FL \| Upper Limit AMSL or FL \| Location \| Center Point \| Covering Radius \| Activity / Remarks \|
1025	1061	\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|
..	..	@@ -1057,6 +1093,8 @@
1057	1093
1058	1094	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q45) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q45)
1059	1095
	1096	+![](figures/t30_q45.png)
	1097	+
1060	1098	- A) FL 90
1061	1099	- B) 4500 ft
1062	1100	- C) FL 130
..	..	@@ -1064,20 +1102,19 @@
1064	1102
1065	1103	#### Answer
1066	1104
1067		-C)
	1105	+A)
1068	1106
1069	1107	#### Explanation
1070	1108
1071		-The correct answer is C because over Schwyz, the Swiss ICAO 1:500,000 chart shows Class C airspace beginning at FL 130. Below FL 130, the airspace is Class E. Entering Class C requires ATC clearance regardless of flight rules.
	1109	+The correct answer is A. On the ICAO chart, Schwyz (47°01'N, 8°39'E) falls inside the AWY A9.1 corridor where Class C begins at FL 090. The blue box near Schwyz reads "C FL195 / FL090" — meaning Class C extends from FL 090 up to FL 195 in this sector.
1072	1110
1073		-- Option A (FL 90) is below the actual boundary.
1074		-- Option B (4500 ft) is far too low and in uncontrolled airspace.
1075		-- Option D (FL 195) is the upper limit of Swiss controlled airspace, not the lower limit of Class C over Schwyz.
	1111	+The nearby "C FL195 / FL130" box (south, near Fluelen) belongs to a different sector (AWY A9.2). The boundary between these two sectors runs just south of Schwyz at approximately 47°00'N. Schwyz town at 47°01'N is north of this line, in the FL 090 sector.
1076	1112
1077		-#### Key Terms
	1113	+Reading the chart: each blue "C" box shows the upper and lower limits of Class C for that sector. The label is placed inside the sector it belongs to. Look at the blue boundary lines to see which sector your position falls in.
1078	1114
1079		-- FL = Flight Level
1080		-- ATC = Air Traffic Control
	1115	+- Option B (4500 ft) is far too low — that's in Class E or G, not Class C.
	1116	+- Option C (FL 130) is the lower limit of the sector SOUTH of Schwyz (near Fluelen/Gotthard), not over Schwyz itself.
	1117	+- Option D (FL 195) is the upper limit of Swiss Class C, not the lower limit.
1081	1118	- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1082	1119	### Q46: Until what time is La Côte aerodrome (LSGP) open in the evening? ^t30q46
1083	1120
..	..	@@ -1299,9 +1336,13 @@
1299	1336	- B is wrong because flaring higher risks ballooning on the slope.
1300	1337	- D is wrong because full airbrakes may cause an excessively steep descent on short final.
1301	1338
	1339	+Flare (also: round-out) = the pitch-up manoeuvre just before touchdown. The pilot pulls back on the stick to raise the nose, reducing the descent rate and converting speed into lift for a smooth touchdown.
	1340	+
1302	1341	### Q53: In which airspace class are you above Langenthal aerodrome (47 deg 10'58''N / 007 deg 44'29''E) at an altitude of 2000 m AMSL (QNH 1013 hPa), and what are the minimum visibility and cloud distance requirements? ^t30q53
1303	1342
1304	1343	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q53) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q53)
	1344	+
	1345	+![](figures/t30_q53.png)
1305	1346
1306	1347	- A) Class E airspace, horizontal visibility 5 km, cloud clearance: 1.5 km horizontally, 300 m vertically.
1307	1348	- B) Class G airspace, horizontal visibility 1.5 km, clear of cloud with continuous sight of the ground.
..	..	@@ -1418,7 +1459,7 @@
1418	1459	- CTR = Control Zone
1419	1460	- NOTAM = Notice to Air Missions
1420	1461	- TMA = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
1421		-### Q58: Which is the best glide speed in calm air for a flying mass of 450 kg? See attached sheet. ^t30q58
	1462	+### Q58: Which is the best glide speed in calm air for a flying mass of 470 kg? See attached sheet. ^t30q58
1422	1463
1423	1464	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q58) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q58)
1424	1465
..	..	@@ -1435,7 +1476,7 @@
1435	1476
1436	1477	#### Explanation
1437	1478
1438		-The correct answer is B (75 km/h) because the best glide speed is found by drawing a tangent from the origin to the speed polar curve for 450 kg. The point where this tangent touches the curve gives the speed for maximum lift-to-drag ratio (best glide).
	1479	+The correct answer is B (75 km/h) because the best glide speed is found by drawing a tangent from the origin to the speed polar curve for 470 kg. The point where this tangent touches the curve gives the speed for maximum lift-to-drag ratio (best glide).
1439	1480
1440	1481	- Option A (95 km/h) is too fast and would correspond to a heavier mass or a different polar.
1441	1482	- Option C (55 km/h) is near the stall speed.
..	..	@@ -1444,11 +1485,13 @@
1444	1485	#### Key Terms
1445	1486
1446	1487	D — Drag
1447		-### Q59: A VFR flight will follow the route shown on the map below (dotted line) from APPENZELL towards MUOTATHAL. The route is planned for 19 March 2013 (winter time) between 1205 and 1255 LT. Answer using the DABS below. Which of these answers is correct? ^t30q59
	1488	+### Q59: A VFR flight will follow the route shown on the map below (the red line on the map) from APPENZELL towards MUOTATHAL. The route is planned for 19 March 2013 (winter time) between 1205 and 1255 LT. Answer using the DABS below. Which of these answers is correct? ^t30q59
1448	1489
1449	1490	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q59) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q59)
1450	1491
1451	1492	![](figures/t30_q59.png)
	1493	+
	1494	+![](figures/t30_q59b.png)
1452	1495
1453	1496	- A) The DABS can be ignored as it solely applies to military aircraft.
1454	1497	- B) You may pass through all relevant danger and restricted zones below 1000 ft AGL or above 10,000 ft AMSL.
..	..	@@ -1506,15 +1549,23 @@
1506	1549
1507	1550	#### Answer
1508	1551
1509		-A)
	1552	+B)
1510	1553
1511	1554	#### Explanation
1512	1555
1513		-The correct answer is A because at 150 km/h, the two polar curves for different masses of the ASK21 intersect, meaning both configurations have the same sink rate at this particular speed. This is an aerodynamic property of the polar: the curves cross at one speed where mass has no effect on sink rate.
	1556	+On a glider polar diagram the Y axis is sink rate increasing downward — higher points on the chart mean less sink (better), lower points mean more sink (worse).
1514	1557
1515		-- B is wrong because at 150 km/h the glide ratio is equal for both masses.
1516		-- C is wrong because the sink rates are identical at this intersection point.
1517		-- D is also wrong because neither mass has a better glide ratio at this specific speed.
	1558	+On the attached polar, the two curves (G = 570 kp heavy and G = 470 kp light) cross well below 150 km/h — roughly in the 90–110 km/h range. Past that crossover, at 150 km/h, the *heavier curve sits visually above* the lighter one on the chart** — i.e. the 570 kp ASK 21 has a smaller sink rate than the 470 kp one at the same airspeed.
	1559	+
	1560	+Why? The polar for a heavier mass is the lighter one scaled along both axes by √(m_heavy / m_light). At low speeds this means the heavy configuration needs a larger sink rate to balance the extra weight (more induced drag). At high speeds, where parasite drag dominates and the sink rate is roughly proportional to V · D/W, the extra weight reduces sink per unit distance — which is exactly why water ballast pays off above best-glide speed.
	1561	+
	1562	+So at 150 km/h:
	1563	+
	1564	+- sink rate is smaller at 570 kp than at 470 kp → same horizontal distance for less altitude lost → better glide ratio at higher mass, equivalently worse glide ratio at lower mass → B is correct.
	1565	+
	1566	+- A is wrong: sink rate is only equal at the single crossover speed (~90–110 km/h), not at 150 km/h.
	1567	+- C is wrong: at 150 km/h the heavier mass has a smaller sink rate, not larger.
	1568	+- D is wrong: lighter mass is better only at speeds below the crossover, not above.
1518	1569
1519	1570	### Q62: At Amlikon aerodrome, what is the maximum available landing distance heading East? ^t30q62
1520	1571
..	..	@@ -1529,14 +1580,24 @@
1529	1580
1530	1581	#### Answer
1531	1582
1532		-B)
	1583	+D)
1533	1584
1534	1585	#### Explanation
1535	1586
1536		-The correct answer is B (780 m) because the AIP chart for Amlikon aerodrome shows a maximum landing distance available of 780 metres in the eastward direction. Always verify the unit and the specific runway direction when reading aerodrome charts.
	1587	+Heading East means landing on RWY 09 (bearing 093°). Reading the declared-distances table in the Amlikon (LSZT) AIP chart:
1537	1588
1538		-- Option A and C are wrong because landing distances in Switzerland are given in metres, not feet.
1539		-- Option D (700 m) does not match the published data for the eastward heading.
	1589	+\| RWY \| BRG \| AVBL LEN LDG \| AVBL LEN TKOF \|
	1590	+\|-----\|-----\|---\|---\|
	1591	+\| 09 (East) \| 093/091 \| 700 m \| 780 m \|
	1592	+\| 27 (West) \| 273/271 \| 780 m \| 780 m \|
	1593	+
	1594	+So the landing distance available (LDA) on RWY 09 is 700 m → answer D.
	1595	+
	1596	+- Option A (700 ft) has the right number but the wrong unit — declared distances in Swiss AIP are in metres.
	1597	+- Option B (780 m) is the takeoff distance on RWY 09, or the landing distance on RWY 27 (heading West), not the landing distance heading East.
	1598	+- Option C (780 ft) is wrong on both count and unit.
	1599	+
	1600	+Note the asymmetry: RWY 09's LDA is shorter than its TKOF distance because of an obstacle on the approach or a displaced threshold; on the reciprocal RWY 27 the LDA equals the TKOF distance.
1540	1601
1541	1602	#### Key Terms
1542	1603
..	..	@@ -1710,14 +1771,19 @@
1710	1771	- QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
1711	1772	- MSL = Mean Sea Level
1712	1773	- TMA = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
1713		-### Q70: Which of these statements is correct? ^t30q70
	1774	+### Q70: Which of the following statements is correct? ^t30q70
1714	1775
1715	1776	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q70) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q70)
1716	1777
1717		-- A) New C.G: 76.7, within approved limits.
1718		-- B) New C.G: 78.5, within approved limits.
1719		-- C) New C.G: 82.0, outside approved limits.
1720		-- D) New C.G: 75.5, outside approved limits.
	1778	+> - Aircraft mass: 800 lb
	1779	+> - Current C.G.: 77
	1780	+> - C.G. limits: forward 75.2, aft 80.5
	1781	+> - Move: 10 lb baggage item from arm 30 → arm 150
	1782	+
	1783	+- A) New C.G: 78.5, within approved limits.
	1784	+- B) New C.G: 75.5, outside approved limits.
	1785	+- C) New C.G: 76.7, within approved limits.
	1786	+- D) New C.G: 82.0, outside approved limits.
1721	1787
1722	1788	#### Answer
1723	1789
..	..	@@ -1725,15 +1791,24 @@
1725	1791
1726	1792	#### Explanation
1727	1793
1728		-The correct answer is A because applying the mass-and-balance calculation with the data provided (from the attached sheet), the new C.G. position computes to 76.7, which falls within the approved forward and aft C.G. limits. Always verify your calculation by checking whether the result is between the published forward and aft limits.
	1794	+The correct answer is A.
1729	1795
1730		-- Option B (78.5) is an incorrect calculation result.
1731		-- Option C (82.0) is too far aft and would be outside limits.
1732		-- Option D (75.5) is incorrectly calculated and would also fall outside the forward limit.
	1796	+Calculation: moving 10 lb from arm 30 to arm 150 shifts the moment by 10 × (150 − 30) = +1200 lb·in. The aircraft mass is unchanged (the baggage is relocated, not removed), so the new C.G. is:
	1797	+
	1798	+new C.G. = 77 + 1200 / 800 = 77 + 1.5 = 78.5
	1799	+
	1800	+Since 75.2 ≤ 78.5 ≤ 80.5, the new C.G. lies within the approved envelope.
	1801	+
	1802	+- Option B (75.5, outside limits) — arithmetic error; 75.5 would actually still be inside the 75.2–80.5 envelope.
	1803	+- Option C (76.7) — does not match the calculation; that would require moving the baggage forward, but the question specifies moving it from arm 30 to arm 150 (aft).
	1804	+- Option D (82.0) — exceeds the aft limit and is not produced by this calculation.
1733	1805
1734	1806	#### Key Terms
1735	1807
1736		-D — Drag
	1808	+- C.G. (Centre of Gravity) — the point where the aircraft's weight acts.
	1809	+- Arm — the horizontal distance from a reference datum to a load.
	1810	+- Moment — mass × arm; used to compute the combined C.G.
	1811	+- Envelope — the range between forward and aft C.G. limits within which the C.G. must lie.
1737	1812	### Q71: What is the effect of a waterlogged grass runway on landing? ^t30q71
1738	1813
1739	1814	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q71) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q71)
..	..	@@ -1872,7 +1947,7 @@
1872	1947	- AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level
1873	1948	- TAS = True Airspeed
1874	1949	- IAS = Indicated Airspeed
1875		-### Q77: At what speed must you fly to achieve the best glide ratio for a flying mass of 450 kg? (See attached sheet.) ^t30q77
	1950	+### Q77: At what speed must you fly to achieve the best glide ratio for a flying mass of 470 kg? (See attached sheet.) ^t30q77
1876	1951
1877	1952	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q77) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q77)
1878	1953
..	..	@@ -1889,7 +1964,7 @@
1889	1964
1890	1965	#### Explanation
1891	1966
1892		-The correct answer is B (90 km/h) because the best glide ratio speed is found where the tangent from the origin touches the speed polar curve for 450 kg. For this glider type at 450 kg, this occurs at approximately 90 km/h.
	1967	+The correct answer is B (90 km/h) because the best glide ratio speed is found where the tangent from the origin touches the speed polar curve for 470 kg. For this glider type at 470 kg, this occurs at approximately 90 km/h.
1893	1968
1894	1969	- Option A (130 km/h) is too fast — at this speed the glide ratio is significantly reduced.
1895	1970	- Option C (70 km/h) is closer to the minimum sink speed, which maximises endurance but not distance.
..	..	@@ -2024,7 +2099,7 @@
2024	2099	- AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level
2025	2100	- FL = Flight Level
2026	2101	- VFR = Visual Flight Rules
2027		-### Q83: Which is the sink rate at 160 km/h for this glider at a flying mass of 580 kg? (See attached sheet.) ^t30q83
	2102	+### Q83: Which is the sink rate at 160 km/h for this glider at a flying mass of 580 kg? (See image.) ^t30q83
2028	2103
2029	2104	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q83) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q83)
2030	2105
..	..	@@ -2041,7 +2116,7 @@
2041	2116
2042	2117	#### Explanation
2043	2118
2044		-The correct answer is C (2.0 m/s) because reading the speed polar curve for a flying mass of 580 kg at 160 km/h, the sink rate is approximately 2.0 m/s. When reading a speed polar, always identify the correct curve for the given mass before reading the value at the specified speed.
	2119	+The correct answer is C (2.0 m/s) because reading the speed polar curve for a flying mass of 570 kg at 160 km/h, the sink rate is approximately 2.0 m/s. When reading a speed polar, always identify the correct curve for the given mass before reading the value at the specified speed.
2045	2120
2046	2121	- Option A (1.6 m/s) would correspond to a lighter mass or lower speed.
2047	2122	- Option B (0.8 m/s) is near the minimum sink rate at much lower speed.
..	..	@@ -2227,15 +2302,17 @@
2227	2302
2228	2303	#### Explanation
2229	2304
2230		-The correct answer is C because restricted airspace areas (LO R) on aeronautical charts express their limits using standard altitude references. LO R 16 has an upper limit of 1,500 ft MSL (mean sea level), which is a fixed, absolute altitude.
	2305	+The correct answer is C. On the chart extract, LO R 16 shows "1500 ft" — this is the upper limit of the restricted area, measured in feet above mean sea level (MSL).
2231	2306
2232		-- A is wrong because 1,500 m MSL would be approximately 4,900 ft — a completely different altitude that confuses feet with metres.
2233		-- B is wrong because FL150 (15,000 ft pressure altitude) is far too high for a typical low-level restriction.
2234		-- D is wrong because 1,500 ft GND (above ground level) would vary with terrain elevation and is not the published reference.
	2307	+Reading restricted area labels on ICAO charts: the number in the pink/red zone is the upper limit. "1500" with no prefix means feet. "MSL" or "AMSL" means above mean sea level (a fixed altitude). "GND" would mean above ground level (varies with terrain).
	2308	+
	2309	+- A is wrong: 1,500 m MSL would be ~4,900 ft — confuses feet with metres. The chart uses feet.
	2310	+- B is wrong: FL150 = 15,000 ft pressure altitude — far too high for a low-level restriction.
	2311	+- D is wrong: 1,500 ft GND would vary with terrain. The published limit is referenced to MSL, not ground.
2235	2312
2236	2313	#### Key Terms
2237	2314
2238		-FL = Flight Level; MSL = Mean Sea Level
	2315	+FL = Flight Level; MSL = Mean Sea Level; GND = Ground (above ground level)
2239	2316
2240	2317	### Q92: The upper limit of LO R 4 equals ^t30q92
2241	2318
..	..	@@ -2291,7 +2368,7 @@
2291	2368
2292	2369	AGL = Above Ground Level; FL = Flight Level; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; MSL = Mean Sea Level; NOTAM = Notice to Air Missions; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
2293	2370
2294		-### Q94: According ICAO, what symbol indicates a group of unlighted obstacles? (2,00 P.) ^t30q94
	2371	+### Q94: According ICAO, what symbol indicates a group of unlighted obstacles? ^t30q94
2295	2372
2296	2373	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q94) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q94)
2297	2374
..	..	@@ -2315,7 +2392,7 @@
2315	2392	#### Key Terms
2316	2393
2317	2394	ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2318		-### Q95: According ICAO, what symbol indicates a civil airport (not international airport) with paved runway? (2,00 P.) ^t30q95
	2395	+### Q95: According ICAO, what symbol indicates a civil airport (not international airport) with paved runway? ^t30q95
2319	2396
2320	2397	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q95) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q95)
2321	2398
..	..	@@ -2339,7 +2416,7 @@
2339	2416	#### Key Terms
2340	2417
2341	2418	ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2342		-### Q96: According ICAO, what symbol indicates a general spot elevation? (2,00 P.) ^t30q96
	2419	+### Q96: According ICAO, what symbol indicates a general spot elevation? ^t30q96
2343	2420
2344	2421	[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q96) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q96)
2345	2422
..	..	@@ -2453,3 +2530,499 @@
2453	2530	#### Key Terms
2454	2531
2455	2532	VFR = Visual Flight Rules
	2533	+
	2534	+### Q101: You want to fly a glider over the Dittigen area. Who can activate this zone? ^t30q101
	2535	+
	2536	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q101) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q101)
	2537	+
	2538	+![](figures/t30q101.png)
	2539	+
	2540	+- A) The pilot
	2541	+- B) The Zurich flight safety authority
	2542	+- C) The chief of the flight service at Dittingen
	2543	+- D) FOCA
	2544	+
	2545	+#### Answer
	2546	+
	2547	+C)
	2548	+
	2549	+#### Explanation
	2550	+
	2551	+The correct answer is C because local glider zones are managed by the responsible flight service officer of the relevant aerodrome. It is that person who activates and deactivates the zone in coordination with local authorities according to operational requirements. The pilot, Zurich ATC, or FOCA do not hold the role of local activation.
	2552	+
	2553	+### Q102: You are planning a cross-country triangle flight Schänis-Kloster-Klausenpass-Schänis. What is the total distance of this flight? ^t30q102
	2554	+
	2555	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q102) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q102)
	2556	+
	2557	+![](figures/t30q102.png)
	2558	+
	2559	+- A) 186 nm
	2560	+- B) 310 km
	2561	+- C) 62 km
	2562	+- D) 186 km
	2563	+
	2564	+#### Answer
	2565	+
	2566	+D)
	2567	+
	2568	+#### Explanation
	2569	+
	2570	+The correct answer is D because, on a 1:300 000 scale map:
	2571	+- Schänis - Kloster: 24 cm × 300 000 = 72 km
	2572	+- Kloster - Klausenpass: 26 cm × 300 000 = 78 km
	2573	+- Klausenpass - Schänis: 12 cm × 300 000 = 36 km
	2574	+- Total: 72 + 78 + 36 = 186 km
	2575	+
	2576	+The result in nautical miles would be different; 62 km only covers approximately one leg, and 310 km would indicate a scale calculation error.
	2577	+
	2578	+### Q103: You are flying from Gruyère to Sion via the Sanetsch Pass. At what altitude is this pass located? ^t30q103
	2579	+
	2580	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q103) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q103)
	2581	+
	2582	+![](figures/t30q103.png)
	2583	+
	2584	+- A) 1085 m AMSL
	2585	+- B) 7385 ft AMSL
	2586	+- C) 2252 m AMSL
	2587	+- D) 8400 ft AMSL
	2588	+
	2589	+#### Answer
	2590	+
	2591	+C)
	2592	+
	2593	+#### Explanation
	2594	+
	2595	+The correct answer is C because the Sanetsch Pass is charted at 2252 m AMSL on the Swiss gliding map. This value is directly readable from the map as the crossing altitude for planning the Alps traverse between the Fribourg Plateau and Valais.
	2596	+
	2597	+### Q104: What category of aerodrome is Les Eplatures? ^t30q104
	2598	+
	2599	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q104) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q104)
	2600	+
	2601	+![](figures/t30q104.png)
	2602	+
	2603	+- A) An airport open to public traffic
	2604	+- B) A private aerodrome with a flight service officer
	2605	+- C) A private airfield
	2606	+- D) A private aerodrome with military activity
	2607	+
	2608	+#### Answer
	2609	+
	2610	+A)
	2611	+
	2612	+#### Explanation
	2613	+
	2614	+The correct answer is A because Les Eplatures (LSGC), located near La Chaux-de-Fonds, is a regional airport open to public traffic. Its status is indicated on the ICAO chart by the civil aerodrome symbol with a paved runway. It has a flight information service and is accessible to commercial and private flights according to applicable procedures.
	2615	+
	2616	+### Q105: Up to what altitude is safety-relevant aeronautical information shown on the gliding map? ^t30q105
	2617	+
	2618	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q105) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q105)
	2619	+
	2620	+- A) All aeronautical safety data
	2621	+- B) 50 000 ft AMSL
	2622	+- C) GND - 5950 m AMSL
	2623	+- D) FL 150
	2624	+
	2625	+#### Answer
	2626	+
	2627	+C)
	2628	+
	2629	+#### Explanation
	2630	+
	2631	+The correct answer is C because the folded front page of the Swiss gliding map specifies that aeronautical safety information (airspaces, restrictions, obstacles) is depicted up to 5950 m AMSL. Above this limit, the glider is beyond the practical Swiss gliding airspace, and other publications (AIP, special charts) would be required.
	2632	+
	2633	+### Q106: What information must always be noted on the navigation chart for a cross-country flight? ^t30q106
	2634	+
	2635	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q106) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q106)
	2636	+
	2637	+- A) The true track (TT) from the chart
	2638	+- B) The magnetic heading
	2639	+- C) The compass heading
	2640	+- D) The deviation
	2641	+
	2642	+#### Answer
	2643	+
	2644	+A)
	2645	+
	2646	+#### Explanation
	2647	+
	2648	+The correct answer is A because for a cross-country flight, the true track (TT) is first drawn directly on the chart, measured relative to true north. This TT is the basis for all navigation planning: it is then corrected for magnetic variation to obtain the magnetic heading, then for deviation to obtain the compass heading. Without the TT noted on the chart, subsequent corrections cannot be made.
	2649	+
	2650	+### Q107: What is the flight distance between Schänis and the Arlberg Pass? ^t30q107
	2651	+
	2652	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q107) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q107)
	2653	+
	2654	+![](figures/t30q107.png)
	2655	+
	2656	+- A) 98 km
	2657	+- B) 145 km
	2658	+- C) 88.5 km
	2659	+- D) 88.5 nm
	2660	+
	2661	+#### Answer
	2662	+
	2663	+C)
	2664	+
	2665	+#### Explanation
	2666	+
	2667	+The correct answer is C because on a 1:300 000 scale map, the measured distance between Schänis and the Arlberg Pass is 29.5 cm. The conversion gives: 29.5 cm × 300 000 = 8 850 000 cm = 88.5 km. Option D is wrong because 88.5 nm would represent approximately 164 km, which is far too large.
	2668	+
	2669	+### Q108: You are flying at the height of the Uri-Rotstock toward Amlikon. The sink rate is 0.6 m/s at 125 km/h. At what altitude do you reach Amlikon? ^t30q108
	2670	+
	2671	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q108) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q108)
	2672	+
	2673	+![](figures/t30q108.png)
	2674	+
	2675	+- A) 1400 m AMSL
	2676	+- B) 1260 m AMSL
	2677	+- C) 1250 m AGL
	2678	+- D) 950 m AMSL
	2679	+
	2680	+#### Answer
	2681	+
	2682	+A)
	2683	+
	2684	+#### Explanation
	2685	+
	2686	+The correct answer is A because:
	2687	+- Altitude Uri-Rotstock: 2928 m AMSL
	2688	+- Distance Uri-Rotstock - Amlikon: 29.5 cm × 3 km/cm = 88 km (1:300 000 map)
	2689	+- Flight time: t = 88 km / 125 km/h = 0.70 h = 2530 s
	2690	+- Altitude loss: 0.6 m/s × 2530 s = 1520 m
	2691	+- Arrival altitude: 2928 m - 1520 m = 1408 m ≈ 1400 m AMSL
	2692	+
	2693	+### Q109: What is the meaning of the green dotted line passing above Montreux and north of Thun? ^t30q109
	2694	+
	2695	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q109) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q109)
	2696	+
	2697	+![](figures/t30q109.png)
	2698	+
	2699	+- A) Boundary of instrument flying zone 6
	2700	+- B) The boundary separating the Plateau/Jura from the Alps
	2701	+- C) The main route between Montreux and Thun
	2702	+- D) A recommended route for cross-country flying
	2703	+
	2704	+#### Answer
	2705	+
	2706	+B)
	2707	+
	2708	+#### Explanation
	2709	+
	2710	+The correct answer is B because the green dotted line on the Swiss gliding map marks the conventional boundary between the thermal and topographic regions of the Plateau/Jura on one side and the Alps on the other. This distinction is important for planning: soaring conditions, airspaces, and instrument cloud-flying rules differ significantly on either side of this line.
	2711	+
	2712	+### Q110: What should a glider pilot do regarding speed when severe turbulence occurs in flight? ^t30q110
	2713	+
	2714	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q110) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q110)
	2715	+
	2716	+- A) Stay within the green arc of the airspeed indicator
	2717	+- B) Increase speed and stay in the yellow arc
	2718	+- C) Increase speed and extend spoilers halfway
	2719	+- D) Reduce speed and fully extend spoilers
	2720	+
	2721	+#### Answer
	2722	+
	2723	+A)
	2724	+
	2725	+#### Explanation
	2726	+
	2727	+The correct answer is A because in severe turbulence, the pilot must maintain speed within the green arc (normal operating range). The green arc corresponds to the normal operating speed range for which the structure is certified even during turbulence. Flying in the yellow arc (caution range) is prohibited in turbulent air; extending spoilers would change the polar and could be hazardous.
	2728	+
	2729	+### Q111: What does the glide ratio of a glider signify? ^t30q111
	2730	+
	2731	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q111) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q111)
	2732	+
	2733	+- A) The ratio between lift and total weight
	2734	+- B) The ratio between thrust and drag
	2735	+- C) The ratio between drag and total weight
	2736	+- D) The ratio between lift and drag
	2737	+
	2738	+#### Answer
	2739	+
	2740	+D)
	2741	+
	2742	+#### Explanation
	2743	+
	2744	+The correct answer is D because the glide ratio (L/D ratio) is defined as the ratio between lift (L) and drag (D): L/D. It also directly indicates the horizontal distance covered per unit of altitude lost in unpowered gliding flight without wind. A glide ratio of 48 means the glider travels 48 m horizontally for every 1 m of descent.
	2745	+
	2746	+- A is wrong because lift/total weight is not the glide ratio.
	2747	+- B is wrong because a pure glider has no thrust.
	2748	+- C is wrong because drag/total weight gives the glide angle, not the glide ratio.
	2749	+
	2750	+### Q112: What does a glide ratio of 48 mean for a glider? ^t30q112
	2751	+
	2752	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q112) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q112)
	2753	+
	2754	+- A) The angle between the wing chord and the horizon is 48 degrees
	2755	+- B) In a glide, the angle between the roll axis and the horizontal line is 48 degrees
	2756	+- C) To cover the maximum distance, minimum speed must be increased by 1/48
	2757	+- D) For an altitude of 1 km, in gliding flight without wind, a glider can cover 48 km
	2758	+
	2759	+#### Answer
	2760	+
	2761	+D)
	2762	+
	2763	+#### Explanation
	2764	+
	2765	+The correct answer is D because the glide ratio directly expresses the horizontal distance covered for each unit of altitude lost. A glide ratio of 48 means: for 1 km (1000 m) of available altitude, the glider can glide 48 km in calm air without thermals. This is the operational definition of glide ratio, used directly to calculate a glider's range during flight planning.
	2766	+
	2767	+### Q113: What can cause a shift of the center of gravity? ^t30q113
	2768	+
	2769	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q113) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q113)
	2770	+
	2771	+- A) A change in the angle of incidence
	2772	+- B) A shift in the load
	2773	+- C) A change in the angle of attack
	2774	+- D) A shift of the center of pressure
	2775	+
	2776	+#### Answer
	2777	+
	2778	+B)
	2779	+
	2780	+#### Explanation
	2781	+
	2782	+The correct answer is B because the center of gravity is the resultant of all masses and their positions (moment arms). If a load (baggage, water ballast, pilot) shifts forward or rearward, the sum of moments changes, which displaces the CG. The angle of incidence (A and C) has no effect on the CG. The center of pressure (D) may shift with angle of attack but does not displace the CG.
	2783	+
	2784	+### Q114: When loading a glider with an aft center of gravity at the AFM-approved limit, a takeoff cannot be made because... ^t30q114
	2785	+
	2786	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q114) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q114)
	2787	+
	2788	+- A) It is not permitted by law
	2789	+- B) The glider is overloaded
	2790	+- C) The force on the control surfaces becomes too large
	2791	+- D) The glider may become unstable in the pitch axis
	2792	+
	2793	+#### Answer
	2794	+
	2795	+D)
	2796	+
	2797	+#### Explanation
	2798	+
	2799	+The correct answer is D because with a CG at the extreme aft limit, longitudinal static stability is at its minimum. Any speed change or disturbance is no longer automatically compensated, the glider becomes difficult to control in pitch, and in the worst case can enter divergent oscillations or an uncontrollable stall/spin. The law prohibits exceeding the limit, but the actual physical reason is pitch instability.
	2800	+
	2801	+### Q115: In severe turbulence, at what speed should you fly? ^t30q115
	2802	+
	2803	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q115) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q115)
	2804	+
	2805	+- A) In the yellow arc of the airspeed indicator
	2806	+- B) V(A) up to V(NE)
	2807	+- C) Below the maneuvering speed V(A)
	2808	+- D) Maximum speed V(NE)
	2809	+
	2810	+#### Answer
	2811	+
	2812	+C)
	2813	+
	2814	+#### Explanation
	2815	+
	2816	+The correct answer is C because the maneuvering speed V(A) is the maximum speed below which gusts and full control deflections will not overstress the structure: if an excessive load factor is generated, the wing will stall before being damaged. Above V(A), severe gusts can generate load factors exceeding structural limits. Flying below V(A) in turbulence is therefore the only safe procedure.
	2817	+
	2818	+### Q116: Above what speed can abrupt or full control inputs damage the glider's structure? ^t30q116
	2819	+
	2820	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q116) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q116)
	2821	+
	2822	+- A) Maneuvering speed V(A)
	2823	+- B) Minimum speed V(S)
	2824	+- C) Never-exceed speed V(NE)
	2825	+- D) Normal cruising speed
	2826	+
	2827	+#### Answer
	2828	+
	2829	+A)
	2830	+
	2831	+#### Explanation
	2832	+
	2833	+The correct answer is A because V(A), the maneuvering speed, is defined precisely as the maximum speed at which full control deflections cannot damage the structure: below V(A), a stall occurs before the structural load limits are exceeded. Above V(A), an abrupt or full control input can generate load factors that exceed the certified structural limits and cause damage.
	2834	+
	2835	+### Q117: What must be observed when loading water ballast? ^t30q117
	2836	+
	2837	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q117) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q117)
	2838	+
	2839	+- A) Loading with water has no influence
	2840	+- B) The center of gravity position must comply with the flight manual
	2841	+- C) The neutral position of the water tank has no influence on the center of gravity
	2842	+- D) The load must not exceed 100 litres of water
	2843	+
	2844	+#### Answer
	2845	+
	2846	+B)
	2847	+
	2848	+#### Explanation
	2849	+
	2850	+The correct answer is B because water ballast is an additional mass placed at a specific moment arm (typically in the wings). Its addition shifts the CG. It is therefore necessary to verify, with the total mass and pilot position, that the resulting CG remains within the forward and aft limits stated in the flight manual (AFM). Exceeding the aft limit would make the glider unstable; exceeding the forward limit would overload elevator authority on landing.
	2851	+
	2852	+### Q118: What is meant by the takeoff mass of a glider? ^t30q118
	2853	+
	2854	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q118) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q118)
	2855	+
	2856	+- A) The total mass of the glider at takeoff
	2857	+- B) The empty mass of the glider without payload
	2858	+- C) The mass of the glider at takeoff without water
	2859	+- D) The payload including water
	2860	+
	2861	+#### Answer
	2862	+
	2863	+A)
	2864	+
	2865	+#### Explanation
	2866	+
	2867	+The correct answer is A because the takeoff mass (maximum takeoff mass, MTOM) is the sum of all masses at the moment of takeoff: empty airframe + pilot + water ballast + any onboard equipment. This is the value that must not exceed the certified limit stated in the AFM. Option C is wrong: water ballast is included in the takeoff mass.
	2868	+
	2869	+### Q119: Your glider has a glide ratio of 1:45. What distance can you cover while maintaining a height reserve of 500 m if you are at 3200 m? ^t30q119
	2870	+
	2871	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q119) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q119)
	2872	+
	2873	+- A) 270 km
	2874	+- B) 60 km
	2875	+- C) 12.1 km
	2876	+- D) 121.5 km
	2877	+
	2878	+#### Answer
	2879	+
	2880	+D)
	2881	+
	2882	+#### Explanation
	2883	+
	2884	+The correct answer is D because:
	2885	+- Usable altitude: 3200 m - 500 m (reserve) = 2700 m
	2886	+- Distance = glide ratio × altitude = 45 × 2700 m = 121 500 m = 121.5 km
	2887	+
	2888	+Option A (270 km) would correspond to a glide ratio of 100, far too high. Option B (60 km) ignores the glide ratio. Option C (12.1 km) is a factor of 10 too small.
	2889	+
	2890	+
	2891	+### Q120: You are flying from the Säntis toward Amlikon at best glide speed of 110 km/h. At what time do you reach Amlikon if you fly over the Säntis at 17:45? ^t30q120
	2892	+
	2893	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q120) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q120)
	2894	+
	2895	+![](figures/t30q120.png)
	2896	+
	2897	+- A) 18:01
	2898	+- B) 18:30
	2899	+- C) 18:08
	2900	+- D) 18:20
	2901	+
	2902	+#### Answer
	2903	+
	2904	+C)
	2905	+
	2906	+#### Explanation
	2907	+
	2908	+The correct answer is C because:
	2909	+- Distance Säntis - Amlikon: 14 cm × 300 000 = 42 km (1:300 000 map)
	2910	+- Flight time: t = 42 km / 110 km/h = 0.382 h × 60 min/h ≈ 23 min
	2911	+- Arrival time: 17:45 + 23 min = 18:08
	2912	+
	2913	+### Q121: At 17:21 you fly from the Rigi toward Birrfeld. You reach Birrfeld at 17:42. The distance measured on the chart is 15.5 cm. What was your ground speed? ^t30q121
	2914	+
	2915	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q121) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q121)
	2916	+
	2917	+![](figures/t30q121.png)
	2918	+
	2919	+- A) 130 km/h
	2920	+- B) 110 km/h
	2921	+- C) 145 km/h
	2922	+- D) 95 km/h
	2923	+
	2924	+#### Answer
	2925	+
	2926	+A)
	2927	+
	2928	+#### Explanation
	2929	+
	2930	+The correct answer is A because:
	2931	+- Distance Rigi - Birrfeld: d = 15.5 cm × 300 000 = 4 650 000 cm = 46.5 km (measured on 1:300 000 map)
	2932	+- Flight time: t = 17:42 − 17:21 = 21 min = 0.35 h
	2933	+- Ground speed: v = d / t = 46.5 km / 0.35 h ≈ 133 km/h ≈ 130 km/h
	2934	+
	2935	+### Q122: On a return flight from Samedan toward Schänis in very calm air, with a constant sink rate of 0.9 m/s and a glide speed of 125 km/h, at what altitude do you reach Schänis? (Altitude at Samedan: 4150 m) ^t30q122
	2936	+
	2937	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q122) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q122)
	2938	+
	2939	+![](figures/t30q122.png)
	2940	+
	2941	+- A) 1873 m
	2942	+- B) 1666 m
	2943	+- C) 1340 m
	2944	+- D) 1123 m
	2945	+
	2946	+#### Answer
	2947	+
	2948	+B)
	2949	+
	2950	+#### Explanation
	2951	+
	2952	+The correct answer is B because:
	2953	+- Distance Samedan - Schänis: 32 cm × 3 km/cm = 96 km (1:300 000 map)
	2954	+- Flight time: t = 96 km / 125 km/h = 0.768 h × 3600 s/h = 2765 s
	2955	+- Altitude loss: 0.9 m/s × 2765 s = 2488 m
	2956	+- Arrival altitude: 4150 m - 2488 m ≈ 1662 m ≈ 1666 m
	2957	+
	2958	+### Q123: In which publication can you find information about military firing activities? ^t30q123
	2959	+
	2960	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q123) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q123)
	2961	+
	2962	+- A) GAFOR
	2963	+- B) KOSIF
	2964	+- C) SIGMET
	2965	+- D) GAMET
	2966	+
	2967	+#### Answer
	2968	+
	2969	+B)
	2970	+
	2971	+#### Explanation
	2972	+
	2973	+The correct answer is B because KOSIF (Koordinationsstelle fur flugbeschränkende Massnahmen der Armee) is the official Swiss publication listing military activities (artillery firing, exercises) that may temporarily restrict or prohibit airspace. GAFOR is a visual flight forecast for Alpine passes, SIGMET concerns dangerous meteorological phenomena, and GAMET is a low-altitude meteorological forecast.
	2974	+
	2975	+### Q124: Where do you find detailed information about Swiss aerodromes? ^t30q124
	2976	+
	2977	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q124) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q124)
	2978	+
	2979	+- A) The air traffic manual
	2980	+- B) Swiss aviation law
	2981	+- C) The Swiss VFR manual in the MAP chapter
	2982	+- D) On the ICAO chart
	2983	+
	2984	+#### Answer
	2985	+
	2986	+C)
	2987	+
	2988	+#### Explanation
	2989	+
	2990	+The correct answer is C because the Swiss VFR manual (AIP VFR Switzerland), in its MAP chapter (aerodrome charts), contains detailed information about each aerodrome: frequencies, procedures, runway lengths, available services, opening hours, etc. The ICAO chart provides an overview but not operational details. The air traffic manual and aviation law cover other aspects.
	2991	+
	2992	+### Q125: What important information should be noted on a chart for the safe completion of a flight in the Alps? ^t30q125
	2993	+
	2994	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q125) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q125)
	2995	+
	2996	+- A) The glide angle, the true track
	2997	+- B) GPS coordinates for programming
	2998	+- C) The distance circle, field landing sites
	2999	+- D) The thermal lift zones
	3000	+
	3001	+#### Answer
	3002	+
	3003	+C)
	3004	+
	3005	+#### Explanation
	3006	+
	3007	+The correct answer is C because for an alpine glider flight, the two key pieces of information to plot on the chart are:
	3008	+1. The distance circle (range circle): shows how far the glider can reach from its current position with the available height, taking the glide ratio into account.
	3009	+2. Field landing sites: identifies emergency landing fields available along the route, essential in the mountains where diversion options are scarce.
	3010	+
	3011	+The glide angle (A) is calculated but not plotted on the chart; GPS coordinates (B) are useful but not essential for basic safety; thermal zones (D) are relevant but secondary compared to emergency information.
	3012	+
	3013	+### Q126: Where do you find information on the boundary between day and night? ^t30q126
	3014	+
	3015	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/30%20-%20Flugleistung%20und%20Flugplanung.md#^t30q126) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/30%20-%20Performances%20et%20planification%20du%20vol.md#^t30q126)
	3016	+
	3017	+- A) In Swiss aviation law
	3018	+- B) The air traffic manual
	3019	+- C) In the VFR guide
	3020	+- D) On the ICAO chart
	3021	+
	3022	+#### Answer
	3023	+
	3024	+C)
	3025	+
	3026	+#### Explanation
	3027	+
	3028	+The correct answer is C because the Swiss VFR guide (AIP VFR Switzerland) contains tables of sunrise and sunset times, as well as legal definitions of the boundaries between aeronautical day and night (civil twilight). This information is essential for complying with VFR night-flying restrictions. The ICAO chart does not contain these time-related data; aviation law defines the rules but not the specific times.