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Matthias Nott
2026-03-22 c7fe4faf1aab7bd121763380c10be86d95a80333 
 SPL Exam Questions EN/20 - Aircraft General Knowledge.md
....@@ -194,12 +194,12 @@
194194 
195195 #### Key Terms
196196 
197
+- **n** — Load Factor (ratio of lift to weight: n = L/W)
197198 - **L** — Lift — aerodynamic force acting perpendicular to the airflow
198199 - **W** — Weight — force due to gravity acting on the aircraft (W = m × g)
199
-- **n** — Load Factor (ratio of lift to weight: n = L/W)
200
-- **D** — Drag
201200 - **g** — gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s²)
202
-
201
+- **e** — Oswald Efficiency Factor — wing efficiency factor (1.0 for ideal elliptical lift distribution)
202
+- **D** — Drag
203203 ### Q10: What are the key benefits of sandwich construction? ^t20q10
204204 
205205 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q10) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q10)
....@@ -243,9 +243,7 @@
243243 
244244 #### Key Terms
245245 
246
-- **D** — Drag
247246 D — Drag
248
-
249247 ### Q12: The trim lever in a glider serves to ^t20q12
250248 
251249 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q12) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q12)
....@@ -353,9 +351,7 @@
353351 
354352 #### Key Terms
355353 
356
-- **D** — Drag
357354 D — Drag
358
-
359355 ### Q17: When left rudder is applied, what are the primary and secondary effects? ^t20q17
360356 
361357 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q17) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q17)
....@@ -420,9 +416,7 @@
420416 
421417 #### Key Terms
422418 
423
-- **D** — Drag
424419 D — Drag
425
-
426420 ### Q20: What function do secondary flight controls serve? ^t20q20
427421 
428422 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q20) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q20)
....@@ -556,10 +550,9 @@
556550 
557551 #### Key Terms
558552 
559
-- **rho** — ρ (rho) — air density
560553 - **q** — dynamic pressure (q = ½ × ρ × V²)
554
+- **rho** — ρ (rho) — air density
561555 - **D** — Drag
562
-
563556 ### Q26: QFE refers to the ^t20q26
564557 
565558 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q26) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q26)
....@@ -583,9 +576,9 @@
583576 
584577 #### Key Terms
585578 
586
-- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
587579 - **QFE** = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
588580 - **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
581
+- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
589582 ### Q27: What is the function of the altimeter subscale? ^t20q27
590583 
591584 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q27) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q27)
....@@ -609,8 +602,8 @@
609602 
610603 #### Key Terms
611604 
612
-- **QFE** = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
613605 - **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
606
+- **QFE** = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
614607 ### Q28: How can an altimeter subscale set to an incorrect QNH lead to a dangerous altimeter error? ^t20q28
615608 
616609 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q28) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q28)
....@@ -712,8 +705,8 @@
712705 
713706 #### Key Terms
714707 
715
-- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
716708 - **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
709
+- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
717710 - **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
718711 ---
719712 
....@@ -740,8 +733,8 @@
740733 #### Key Terms
741734 
742735 - **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
743
-- **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
744736 - **D** — Drag
737
+- **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
745738 ---
746739 
747740 ### Q33: When flying in an air mass at ISA temperature with the correct QNH set, the indicated altitude is ^t20q33
....@@ -913,9 +906,10 @@
913906 
914907 #### Key Terms
915908 
916
-- **IAS** = Indicated Airspeed
917
-- **ρ** (rho) — air density
918909 - **q** — dynamic pressure (q = ½ × ρ × V²)
910
+- **ρ** (rho) — air density
911
+- **e** — Oswald Efficiency Factor — wing efficiency factor (1.0 for ideal elliptical lift distribution)
912
+- **IAS** = Indicated Airspeed
919913 ---
920914 
921915 ### Q40: Red lines on instrument displays typically mark which values? ^t20q40
....@@ -1542,9 +1536,7 @@
15421536 
15431537 #### Key Terms
15441538 
1545
-- **D** — Drag
15461539 D — Drag
1547
-
15481540 ### Q67: Your glider has an ELT with a toggle switch offering ON, OFF, and ARM modes. Which setting enables automatic distress signal transmission upon a violent impact? ^t20q67
15491541 
15501542 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q67) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q67)
....@@ -1852,8 +1844,8 @@
18521844 
18531845 #### Key Terms
18541846 
1855
-- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed
18561847 - **VNO** = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
1848
+- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed
18571849 ### Q81: Why must a compass be compensated (swung)? ^t20q81
18581850 
18591851 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q81) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q81)
....@@ -2514,9 +2506,9 @@
25142506 
25152507 #### Key Terms
25162508 
2517
-- **VA** = Manoeuvring Speed
2518
-- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed
25192509 - **VNO** = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
2510
+- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed
2511
+- **VA** = Manoeuvring Speed
25202512 ### Q111: What causes the dip error on a direct-reading compass? ^t20q111
25212513 
25222514 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q111) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q111)
....@@ -2561,8 +2553,8 @@
25612553 
25622554 #### Key Terms
25632555 
2564
-- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed
25652556 - **VNO** = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
2557
+- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed
25662558 ### Q113: If the altimeter subscale setting is changed from 1000 hPa to 1010 hPa, what difference in altitude is displayed? ^t20q113
25672559 
25682560 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q113) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q113)
....@@ -2586,8 +2578,8 @@
25862578 
25872579 #### Key Terms
25882580 
2589
-- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
25902581 - **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
2582
+- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
25912583 ### Q114: When the altimeter reference scale is set to QFE, what does the instrument show during flight? ^t20q114
25922584 
25932585 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q114) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q114)
....@@ -2611,9 +2603,9 @@
26112603 
26122604 #### Key Terms
26132605 
2614
-- **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
26152606 - **QFE** = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
26162607 - **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
2608
+- **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
26172609 ### Q115: A vertical speed indicator connected to an oversized equalizing tank results in ^t20q115
26182610 
26192611 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q115) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q115)
....@@ -2678,8 +2670,8 @@
26782670 
26792671 #### Key Terms
26802672 
2681
-- **TMG** = Touring Motor Glider
26822673 - **D** — Drag
2674
+- **TMG** = Touring Motor Glider
26832675 ### Q118: What does the yellow arc on the airspeed indicator signify? ^t20q118
26842676 
26852677 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q118) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q118)
....@@ -2703,8 +2695,8 @@
27032695 
27042696 #### Key Terms
27052697 
2706
-- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed
27072698 - **VNO** = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
2699
+- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed
27082700 ### Q119: During a steady glide, an energy-compensated VSI shows the vertical speed ^t20q119
27092701 
27102702 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q119) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q119)
....@@ -2807,9 +2799,9 @@
28072799 
28082800 #### Key Terms
28092801 
2810
-- **VS** = Stall Speed
28112802 - **W** — Weight — force due to gravity acting on the aircraft (W = m × g)
28122803 - **S** — Wing Area — total planform area of the wings
2804
+- **VS** = Stall Speed
28132805 ### Q124: The maximum load according to the load sheet has been exceeded. What action must be taken? ^t20q124
28142806 
28152807 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q124) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q124)
....@@ -2871,9 +2863,9 @@
28712863 
28722864 #### Key Terms
28732865 
2874
-- **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
28752866 - **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed
28762867 - **VNO** = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
2868
+- **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
28772869 ### Q127: The airspeed indicator is unserviceable. The aircraft may only be operated ^t20q127
28782870 
28792871 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q127) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q127)
....@@ -2957,9 +2949,8 @@
29572949 
29582950 #### Key Terms
29592951 
2960
-- **ρ** (rho) — air density
29612952 - **q** — dynamic pressure (q = ½ × ρ × V²)
2962
-
2953
+- **ρ** (rho) — air density
29632954 ### Q131: The airspeed indicator, altimeter and vertical speed indicator all display incorrect readings simultaneously. What could be the cause? ^t20q131
29642955 
29652956 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q131) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q131)
....@@ -3002,8 +2993,8 @@
30022993 
30032994 #### Key Terms
30042995 
3005
-- **QFE** = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
30062996 - **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
2997
+- **QFE** = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
30072998 ### Q133: The term "inclination" is defined as ^t20q133
30082999 
30093000 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q133) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q133)
....@@ -3027,9 +3018,7 @@
30273018 
30283019 #### Key Terms
30293020 
3030
-- **D** — Drag
30313021 D — Drag
3032
-
30333022 ### Q134: As air density decreases, the airflow speed at stall increases (TAS) and vice versa. How should a final approach be flown on a hot summer day? ^t20q134
30343023 
30353024 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q134) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q134)
....@@ -3075,10 +3064,9 @@
30753064 
30763065 #### Key Terms
30773066 
3067
+- **n** — Load Factor (ratio of lift to weight: n = L/W)
30783068 - **L** — Lift — aerodynamic force acting perpendicular to the airflow
30793069 - **W** — Weight — force due to gravity acting on the aircraft (W = m × g)
3080
-- **n** — Load Factor (ratio of lift to weight: n = L/W)
3081
-
30823070 ### Q136: The term static pressure is defined as the pressure ^t20q136
30833071 
30843072 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q136) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q136)
....@@ -3121,5 +3109,4 @@
31213109 
31223110 #### Key Terms
31233111 
3124
-- **D** — Drag
3125
-D — Drag
3112
+D — Drag