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Matthias Nott
2026-03-22 a3f8f79b018d166cecb3f5c9869357194b872a94 
 SPL Exam Questions EN/20 - Aircraft General Knowledge.md
....@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@
2525 
2626 #### Key Terms
2727 
28
-EASA = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
29
-
28
+- **EASA** = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
3029 ### Q2: Wing thickness is measured as the distance between the upper and lower surfaces of a wing at its ^t20q2
3130 
3231 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q2) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q2)
....@@ -193,6 +192,14 @@
193192 
194193 - **Options A, C, and D** describe unrelated force ratios.
195194 
195
+#### Key Terms
196
+
197
+- **L** — Lift — aerodynamic force acting perpendicular to the airflow
198
+- **W** — Weight — force due to gravity acting on the aircraft (W = m × g)
199
+- **n** — Load Factor (ratio of lift to weight: n = L/W)
200
+- **D** — Drag
201
+- **g** — gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s²)
202
+
196203 ### Q10: What are the key benefits of sandwich construction? ^t20q10
197204 
198205 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q10) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q10)
....@@ -233,6 +240,10 @@
233240 - **Option B** (aluminium) is strong but significantly weaker than CFRP.
234241 - **Option D** (magnesium) is lighter than aluminium but lower in absolute strength.
235242 - **Option A** (wood) has good specific strength but is the weakest in absolute terms among those listed.
243
+
244
+#### Key Terms
245
+
246
+- **D** — Drag
236247 
237248 ### Q12: The trim lever in a glider serves to ^t20q12
238249 
....@@ -277,8 +288,7 @@
277288 
278289 #### Key Terms
279290 
280
-VA = Manoeuvring Speed
281
-
291
+- **VA** = Manoeuvring Speed
282292 ### Q14: How many axes does an aircraft rotate about, and what are they called? ^t20q14
283293 
284294 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q14) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q14)
....@@ -339,6 +349,10 @@
339349 
340350 - **Option A** (fly-by-wire) is used on modern airliners and military aircraft.
341351 - **Options B and D** (hydraulic systems) are used on larger aircraft requiring greater control forces.
352
+
353
+#### Key Terms
354
+
355
+- **D** — Drag
342356 
343357 ### Q17: When left rudder is applied, what are the primary and secondary effects? ^t20q17
344358 
....@@ -401,6 +415,10 @@
401415 - **Option A** lists secondary/high-lift devices only.
402416 - **Option B** is too vague and includes secondary controls.
403417 - **Option D** mixes primary with secondary controls (trim tabs, high-lift devices, power controls).
418
+
419
+#### Key Terms
420
+
421
+- **D** — Drag
404422 
405423 ### Q20: What function do secondary flight controls serve? ^t20q20
406424 
....@@ -466,8 +484,7 @@
466484 
467485 #### Key Terms
468486 
469
-CG = Centre of Gravity
470
-
487
+- **CG** = Centre of Gravity
471488 ### Q23: The purpose of the trim system is to ^t20q23
472489 
473490 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q23) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q23)
....@@ -491,8 +508,7 @@
491508 
492509 #### Key Terms
493510 
494
-CG = Centre of Gravity
495
-
511
+- **CG** = Centre of Gravity
496512 ### Q24: The Pitot-static system is designed to ^t20q24
497513 
498514 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q24) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q24)
....@@ -535,6 +551,12 @@
535551 - **Option C** (cabin pressure) is unrelated.
536552 - **Option D** (dynamic pressure) is not measured directly by the Pitot tube -- it is derived by subtracting static from total pressure inside the ASI.
537553 
554
+#### Key Terms
555
+
556
+- **rho** — ρ (rho) — air density
557
+- **q** — dynamic pressure (q = ½ × ρ × V²)
558
+- **D** — Drag
559
+
538560 ### Q26: QFE refers to the ^t20q26
539561 
540562 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q26) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q26)
....@@ -558,8 +580,9 @@
558580 
559581 #### Key Terms
560582 
561
-ISA = International Standard Atmosphere; QFE = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation; QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
562
-
583
+- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
584
+- **QFE** = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
585
+- **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
563586 ### Q27: What is the function of the altimeter subscale? ^t20q27
564587 
565588 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q27) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q27)
....@@ -583,8 +606,8 @@
583606 
584607 #### Key Terms
585608 
586
-QFE = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation; QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
587
-
609
+- **QFE** = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
610
+- **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
588611 ### Q28: How can an altimeter subscale set to an incorrect QNH lead to a dangerous altimeter error? ^t20q28
589612 
590613 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q28) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q28)
....@@ -608,8 +631,8 @@
608631 
609632 #### Key Terms
610633 
611
-QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
612
-
634
+- **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
635
+- **D** — Drag
613636 ### Q29: A temperature lower than the ISA standard may cause ^t20q29
614637 
615638 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q29) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q29)
....@@ -635,8 +658,8 @@
635658 
636659 #### Key Terms
637660 
638
-ISA = International Standard Atmosphere
639
-
661
+- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
662
+- **D** — Drag
640663 ### Q30: A flight level is a ^t20q30
641664 
642665 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q30) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q30)
....@@ -660,8 +683,9 @@
660683 
661684 #### Key Terms
662685 
663
-AGL = Above Ground Level; FL = Flight Level; MSL = Mean Sea Level
664
-
686
+- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
687
+- **FL** = Flight Level
688
+- **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
665689 ### Q31: True altitude is defined as ^t20q31
666690 
667691 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q31) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q31)
....@@ -685,8 +709,9 @@
685709 
686710 #### Key Terms
687711 
688
-AGL = Above Ground Level; ISA = International Standard Atmosphere; MSL = Mean Sea Level
689
-
712
+- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
713
+- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
714
+- **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
690715 ---
691716 
692717 ### Q32: When flying in air colder than ISA, the indicated altitude is ^t20q32
....@@ -711,8 +736,9 @@
711736 
712737 #### Key Terms
713738 
714
-ISA = International Standard Atmosphere; MSL = Mean Sea Level
715
-
739
+- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
740
+- **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
741
+- **D** — Drag
716742 ---
717743 
718744 ### Q33: When flying in an air mass at ISA temperature with the correct QNH set, the indicated altitude is ^t20q33
....@@ -737,8 +763,8 @@
737763 
738764 #### Key Terms
739765 
740
-ISA = International Standard Atmosphere; QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
741
-
766
+- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
767
+- **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
742768 ---
743769 
744770 ### Q34: Which instrument is susceptible to hysteresis error? ^t20q34
....@@ -787,8 +813,7 @@
787813 
788814 #### Key Terms
789815 
790
-ISA = International Standard Atmosphere
791
-
816
+- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
792817 ---
793818 
794819 ### Q36: How does a vertical speed indicator work? ^t20q36
....@@ -858,8 +883,7 @@
858883 
859884 #### Key Terms
860885 
861
-TAS = True Airspeed
862
-
886
+- **TAS** = True Airspeed
863887 ---
864888 
865889 ### Q39: What principle does the airspeed indicator use to determine speed? ^t20q39
....@@ -886,8 +910,9 @@
886910 
887911 #### Key Terms
888912 
889
-IAS = Indicated Airspeed
890
-
913
+- **IAS** = Indicated Airspeed
914
+- **ρ** (rho) — air density
915
+- **q** — dynamic pressure (q = ½ × ρ × V²)
891916 ---
892917 
893918 ### Q40: Red lines on instrument displays typically mark which values? ^t20q40
....@@ -914,8 +939,7 @@
914939 
915940 #### Key Terms
916941 
917
-VNE = Never Exceed Speed
918
-
942
+- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed
919943 ---
920944 
921945 ### Q41: To determine indicated airspeed (IAS), the airspeed indicator requires ^t20q41
....@@ -942,8 +966,7 @@
942966 
943967 #### Key Terms
944968 
945
-IAS = Indicated Airspeed
946
-
969
+- **IAS** = Indicated Airspeed
947970 ---
948971 
949972 ### Q42: What does the red line on an airspeed indicator represent? ^t20q42
....@@ -970,8 +993,7 @@
970993 
971994 #### Key Terms
972995 
973
-VNE = Never Exceed Speed
974
-
996
+- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed
975997 ---
976998 
977999 ### Q43: The compass error produced by the aircraft's own magnetic field is known as ^t20q43
....@@ -1019,8 +1041,6 @@
10191041 - **C** lists physical properties of Earth's field rather than specific instrument errors.
10201042 - Only D correctly names all three.
10211043 
1022
----.
1023
-
10241044 ### Q45: Which cockpit instrument receives input from the Pitot tube? ^t20q45
10251045 
10261046 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q45) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q45)
....@@ -1044,8 +1064,7 @@
10441064 
10451065 #### Key Terms
10461066 
1047
-IAS = Indicated Airspeed
1048
-
1067
+- **IAS** = Indicated Airspeed
10491068 ---
10501069 
10511070 ### Q46: An aircraft in the northern hemisphere turns from 270° to 360° via the shortest route. At roughly what compass indication should the pilot stop the turn? ^t20q46
....@@ -1138,8 +1157,6 @@
11381157 - **D** more closely describes dynamic pressure, which arises from organized directed air motion.
11391158 - Only C correctly defines static pressure.
11401159 
1141
----.
1142
-
11431160 ### Q50: An aircraft in the northern hemisphere turns from 030° to 180° via the shortest route. At approximately what compass heading should the turn be ended? ^t20q50
11441161 
11451162 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q50) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q50)
....@@ -1187,8 +1204,7 @@
11871204 
11881205 #### Key Terms
11891206 
1190
-EASA = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
1191
-
1207
+- **EASA** = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
11921208 ---
11931209 
11941210 ### Q52: During winter maintenance, you notice honeycomb elements inside the fuselage. What construction category does this glider belong to? ^t20q52
....@@ -1285,8 +1301,7 @@
12851301 
12861302 #### Key Terms
12871303 
1288
-CG = Centre of Gravity
1289
-
1304
+- **CG** = Centre of Gravity
12901305 ---
12911306 
12921307 ### Q56: Aileron deflection produces rotation around which axis? ^t20q56
....@@ -1479,8 +1494,7 @@
14791494 
14801495 #### Key Terms
14811496 
1482
-VNE = Never Exceed Speed
1483
-
1497
+- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed
14841498 ### Q65: Switching on the radio in a glider consistently causes the magnetic compass to rotate in the same direction. Why? ^t20q65
14851499 
14861500 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q65) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q65)
....@@ -1523,6 +1537,10 @@
15231537 - **B** is too restrictive (not limited to path-crossing traffic).
15241538 - **D** is too restrictive (shows all nearby traffic, not just collision threats).
15251539 
1540
+#### Key Terms
1541
+
1542
+- **D** — Drag
1543
+
15261544 ### Q67: Your glider has an ELT with a toggle switch offering ON, OFF, and ARM modes. Which setting enables automatic distress signal transmission upon a violent impact? ^t20q67
15271545 
15281546 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q67) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q67)
....@@ -1544,8 +1562,7 @@
15441562 
15451563 #### Key Terms
15461564 
1547
-ELT = Emergency Locator Transmitter
1548
-
1565
+- **ELT** = Emergency Locator Transmitter
15491566 ### Q68: Electric current is measured in which unit? ^t20q68
15501567 
15511568 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q68) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q68)
....@@ -1567,6 +1584,11 @@
15671584 - **Option A** (Watt) is the unit of electrical power (P = U x I).
15681585 - **Option B** (Volt) is the unit of voltage or electrical potential difference.
15691586 - **Option C** (Ohm) is the unit of electrical resistance.
1587
+
1588
+#### Key Terms
1589
+
1590
+- **V** — Velocity / Airspeed
1591
+- **P** — Power
15701592 
15711593 ### Q69: During a pre-flight check, you discover the battery fuse is defective and the electrical instruments are inoperative. Would it be acceptable to bridge the fuse with aluminum foil from a chocolate wrapper? ^t20q69
15721594 
....@@ -1610,8 +1632,7 @@
16101632 
16111633 #### Key Terms
16121634 
1613
-VHF = Very High Frequency
1614
-
1635
+- **VHF** = Very High Frequency
16151636 ### Q71: Which instrument is connected to the Pitot tube? ^t20q71
16161637 
16171638 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q71) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q71)
....@@ -1695,8 +1716,7 @@
16951716 
16961717 #### Key Terms
16971718 
1698
-CG = Centre of Gravity
1699
-
1719
+- **CG** = Centre of Gravity
17001720 ### Q75: What is the purpose of a glider's flight manual (AFM)? ^t20q75
17011721 
17021722 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q75) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q75)
....@@ -1798,10 +1818,13 @@
17981818 - **Option B** (removing the battery) is not the standard procedure.
17991819 - **Option D** (nothing) is negligent because accidental activation must always be checked.
18001820 
1821
+> **ELT switch positions:** ON = actively transmitting (emergencies only), ARM = armed with crash sensor (correct setting during flight), OFF = fully disabled (correct setting during hangar storage). When hangaring, set the ELT to OFF to prevent false triggers from ground handling, then verify no accidental transmission on 121.5 MHz.
1822
+
18011823 #### Key Terms
18021824 
1803
-ELT = Emergency Locator Transmitter
1825
+- **ELT** = Emergency Locator Transmitter
18041826 
1827
+> **Note:** An ELT is not the same as FLARM. ELT transmits a distress signal on 121.5 MHz after a crash; FLARM is a collision avoidance system. Most gliders in Switzerland/Germany have FLARM but not necessarily an ELT. This question applies where ELT is fitted.
18051828 ### Q80: What does the green arc on a glider's airspeed indicator represent? ^t20q80
18061829 
18071830 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q80) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q80)
....@@ -1825,8 +1848,8 @@
18251848 
18261849 #### Key Terms
18271850 
1828
-VNE = Never Exceed Speed; VNO = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
1829
-
1851
+- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed
1852
+- **VNO** = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
18301853 ### Q81: Why must a compass be compensated (swung)? ^t20q81
18311854 
18321855 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q81) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q81)
....@@ -1862,14 +1885,19 @@
18621885 
18631886 #### Explanation
18641887 
1865
-For aerotow takeoff, the nose (front) hook must always be used. Wait -- rereading the question and answers: D states "Always the centre-of-gravity hook (lower)." However, for aerotow launches, the correct hook is actually the nose hook (front hook), not the CG hook. The CG hook is used for winch launches. Given that the correct answer is marked D, the nose hook is sometimes also referred to differently in various flight manuals. Per the marked answer D, use the CG hook for aerotow. The CG hook ensures directional stability during the tow by keeping the tow force close to the aircraft's center of gravity.
1888
+For aerotow takeoff, the nose hook (Bugkupplung) must always be used. The nose hook provides passive directional stability: any lateral deviation generates a natural restoring moment pulling the glider back into line behind the tug.
18661889 
1867
-- **Option C** (nose hook) is reserved for winch launches where the higher attachment point provides better climb geometry.
1890
+- **Option D** (CG hook / Schwerpunktkupplung) is for winch launches, where the CG hook's automatic release mechanism is needed. Using the CG hook for aerotow is dangerous - the glider tends to pitch up and has no natural directional stability.
1891
+- **Option A** is misleading - the choice depends on the Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM), not pure pilot discretion. The AFM specifies which hooks are approved for each launch method.
1892
+- **Option B** is irrelevant.
1893
+
1894
+> **Rule:** Standard procedure: Aerotow = nose hook. Winch launch = CG hook. However, some gliders are approved for CG hook aerotow per their AFM - this requires more active piloting as the CG hook provides no passive directional stability.
1895
+>
1896
+> **Safety warning:** Never use the nose hook for winch launch. The nose hook has no automatic release mechanism. If the cable fails to release at the top of the arc, the glider is pulled nose-down with no recovery possible - this is a fatal scenario. The CG hook's spring-loaded automatic release is specifically designed to prevent this.
18681897 
18691898 #### Key Terms
18701899 
1871
-CG = Centre of Gravity
1872
-
1900
+- **CG** = Centre of Gravity
18731901 ### Q83: A glider pilot weighs 110 kg equipped; the glider has an empty weight of 250 kg. How much water ballast can be loaded? See attached sheet. ^t20q83
18741902 
18751903 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q83) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q83)
....@@ -1935,8 +1963,7 @@
19351963 
19361964 #### Key Terms
19371965 
1938
-VNO = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
1939
-
1966
+- **VNO** = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
19401967 ### Q86: What constitutes a glider's minimum equipment? ^t20q86
19411968 
19421969 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q86) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q86)
....@@ -2001,8 +2028,8 @@
20012028 
20022029 #### Key Terms
20032030 
2004
-VNE = Never Exceed Speed; VNO = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
2005
-
2031
+- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed
2032
+- **VNO** = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
20062033 ### Q89: In a glider cockpit, three handles are colored red, blue, and green. Which controls do they correspond to? ^t20q89
20072034 
20082035 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q89) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q89)
....@@ -2025,8 +2052,7 @@
20252052 
20262053 #### Key Terms
20272054 
2028
-EASA = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
2029
-
2055
+- **EASA** = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
20302056 ### Q90: For a glider with an empty weight of 275 kg, determine the correct combination of maximum payload and permitted water ballast. ^t20q90
20312057 
20322058 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q90) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q90)
....@@ -2052,8 +2078,7 @@
20522078 
20532079 #### Key Terms
20542080 
2055
-CG = Centre of Gravity
2056
-
2081
+- **CG** = Centre of Gravity
20572082 ### Q91: To which loading category of a glider does the parachute belong? ^t20q91
20582083 
20592084 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q91) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q91)
....@@ -2265,8 +2290,8 @@
22652290 
22662291 #### Key Terms
22672292 
2268
-VNE = Never Exceed Speed; VNO = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
2269
-
2293
+- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed
2294
+- **VNO** = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
22702295 ### Q101: How can you determine whether a glider is approved for aerobatics? ^t20q101
22712296 
22722297 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q101) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q101)
....@@ -2353,8 +2378,8 @@
23532378 
23542379 #### Key Terms
23552380 
2356
-VA = Manoeuvring Speed; VNO = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
2357
-
2381
+- **VA** = Manoeuvring Speed
2382
+- **VNO** = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
23582383 ### Q105: The airspeed indicator on a glider is defective. Under what condition may the glider fly again? ^t20q105
23592384 
23602385 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q105) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q105)
....@@ -2399,8 +2424,7 @@
23992424 
24002425 #### Key Terms
24012426 
2402
-CG = Centre of Gravity
2403
-
2427
+- **CG** = Centre of Gravity
24042428 ### Q107: The maximum mass stated in the flight manual has been exceeded. What is required? ^t20q107
24052429 
24062430 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q107) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q107)
....@@ -2486,8 +2510,9 @@
24862510 
24872511 #### Key Terms
24882512 
2489
-VA = Manoeuvring Speed; VNE = Never Exceed Speed; VNO = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
2490
-
2513
+- **VA** = Manoeuvring Speed
2514
+- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed
2515
+- **VNO** = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
24912516 ### Q111: What causes the dip error on a direct-reading compass? ^t20q111
24922517 
24932518 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q111) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q111)
....@@ -2532,8 +2557,8 @@
25322557 
25332558 #### Key Terms
25342559 
2535
-VNE = Never Exceed Speed; VNO = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
2536
-
2560
+- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed
2561
+- **VNO** = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
25372562 ### Q113: If the altimeter subscale setting is changed from 1000 hPa to 1010 hPa, what difference in altitude is displayed? ^t20q113
25382563 
25392564 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q113) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q113)
....@@ -2557,8 +2582,8 @@
25572582 
25582583 #### Key Terms
25592584 
2560
-ISA = International Standard Atmosphere; QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
2561
-
2585
+- **ISA** = International Standard Atmosphere
2586
+- **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
25622587 ### Q114: When the altimeter reference scale is set to QFE, what does the instrument show during flight? ^t20q114
25632588 
25642589 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q114) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q114)
....@@ -2582,8 +2607,9 @@
25822607 
25832608 #### Key Terms
25842609 
2585
-MSL = Mean Sea Level; QFE = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation; QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
2586
-
2610
+- **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
2611
+- **QFE** = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
2612
+- **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
25872613 ### Q115: A vertical speed indicator connected to an oversized equalizing tank results in ^t20q115
25882614 
25892615 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q115) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q115)
....@@ -2648,8 +2674,8 @@
26482674 
26492675 #### Key Terms
26502676 
2651
-TMG = Touring Motor Glider
2652
-
2677
+- **TMG** = Touring Motor Glider
2678
+- **D** — Drag
26532679 ### Q118: What does the yellow arc on the airspeed indicator signify? ^t20q118
26542680 
26552681 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q118) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q118)
....@@ -2673,8 +2699,8 @@
26732699 
26742700 #### Key Terms
26752701 
2676
-VNE = Never Exceed Speed; VNO = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
2677
-
2702
+- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed
2703
+- **VNO** = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
26782704 ### Q119: During a steady glide, an energy-compensated VSI shows the vertical speed ^t20q119
26792705 
26802706 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q119) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q119)
....@@ -2755,8 +2781,7 @@
27552781 
27562782 #### Key Terms
27572783 
2758
-CG = Centre of Gravity
2759
-
2784
+- **CG** = Centre of Gravity
27602785 ### Q123: Water ballast increases wing loading by 40%. By what percentage does the glider's minimum speed increase? ^t20q123
27612786 
27622787 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q123) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q123)
....@@ -2778,8 +2803,9 @@
27782803 
27792804 #### Key Terms
27802805 
2781
-VS = Stall Speed
2782
-
2806
+- **VS** = Stall Speed
2807
+- **W** — Weight — force due to gravity acting on the aircraft (W = m × g)
2808
+- **S** — Wing Area — total planform area of the wings
27832809 ### Q124: The maximum load according to the load sheet has been exceeded. What action must be taken? ^t20q124
27842810 
27852811 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q124) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q124)
....@@ -2841,8 +2867,9 @@
28412867 
28422868 #### Key Terms
28432869 
2844
-AIP = Aeronautical Information Publication; VNE = Never Exceed Speed; VNO = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
2845
-
2870
+- **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
2871
+- **VNE** = Never Exceed Speed
2872
+- **VNO** = Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
28462873 ### Q127: The airspeed indicator is unserviceable. The aircraft may only be operated ^t20q127
28472874 
28482875 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q127) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q127)
....@@ -2865,8 +2892,7 @@
28652892 
28662893 #### Key Terms
28672894 
2868
-IAS = Indicated Airspeed
2869
-
2895
+- **IAS** = Indicated Airspeed
28702896 ### Q128: During a left turn, the yaw string deflects to the left. What rudder input can centre the string? ^t20q128
28712897 
28722898 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q128) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q128)
....@@ -2925,6 +2951,11 @@
29252951 - Lift and drag coefficients **(A)** are aerodynamic effects that depend on dynamic pressure, not the other way around.
29262952 - Air pressure and temperature **(D)** influence density indirectly but are not the direct parameters in the formula.
29272953 
2954
+#### Key Terms
2955
+
2956
+- **ρ** (rho) — air density
2957
+- **q** — dynamic pressure (q = ½ × ρ × V²)
2958
+
29282959 ### Q131: The airspeed indicator, altimeter and vertical speed indicator all display incorrect readings simultaneously. What could be the cause? ^t20q131
29292960 
29302961 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q131) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q131)
....@@ -2967,8 +2998,8 @@
29672998 
29682999 #### Key Terms
29693000 
2970
-QFE = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation; QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
2971
-
3001
+- **QFE** = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
3002
+- **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
29723003 ### Q133: The term "inclination" is defined as ^t20q133
29733004 
29743005 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q133) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q133)
....@@ -2989,6 +3020,10 @@
29893020 - Magnetic variation/declination **(B)** is the angle between magnetic and true north.
29903021 
29913022 - **Option D** describes aircraft heading, which is unrelated.
3023
+
3024
+#### Key Terms
3025
+
3026
+- **D** — Drag
29923027 
29933028 ### Q134: As air density decreases, the airflow speed at stall increases (TAS) and vice versa. How should a final approach be flown on a hot summer day? ^t20q134
29943029 
....@@ -3012,8 +3047,8 @@
30123047 
30133048 #### Key Terms
30143049 
3015
-IAS = Indicated Airspeed; TAS = True Airspeed
3016
-
3050
+- **IAS** = Indicated Airspeed
3051
+- **TAS** = True Airspeed
30173052 ### Q135: The load factor n describes the relationship between ^t20q135
30183053 
30193054 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/20%20-%20Allgemeine%20Luftfahrzeugkunde.md#^t20q135) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/20%20-%20Connaissances%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales%20de%20l%27a%C3%A9ronef.md#^t20q135)
....@@ -3032,6 +3067,12 @@
30323067 The load factor (n) is the ratio of the aerodynamic lift acting on the aircraft to the aircraft's weight: n = L/W. In level unaccelerated flight, n = 1. In turns or pull-ups, n increases.
30333068 
30343069 - It does not describe weight/thrust **(A)**, drag/lift **(B)**, or thrust/drag **(D)** relationships.
3070
+
3071
+#### Key Terms
3072
+
3073
+- **L** — Lift — aerodynamic force acting perpendicular to the airflow
3074
+- **W** — Weight — force due to gravity acting on the aircraft (W = m × g)
3075
+- **n** — Load Factor (ratio of lift to weight: n = L/W)
30353076 
30363077 ### Q136: The term static pressure is defined as the pressure ^t20q136
30373078 
....@@ -3073,3 +3114,6 @@
30733114 
30743115 - **Option D** describes aircraft heading relative to true north.
30753116 
3117
+#### Key Terms
3118
+
3119
+- **D** — Drag