APPS/glidr-content.git - git.mnsoft.org

..	..	@@ -3590,3 +3590,796 @@
3590	3590	#### Key Terms
3591	3591
3592	3592	ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	3593	+
	3594	+### Q145: What does a steady green light signal directed at a glider in flight mean? ^t10q145
	3595	+
	3596	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q145) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q145)
	3597	+
	3598	+- A) Return to land
	3599	+- B) Cleared to land
	3600	+- C) Cleared to land but immediately take off again
	3601	+- D) Give way to another aircraft and continue circling
	3602	+
	3603	+#### Answer
	3604	+
	3605	+B)
	3606	+
	3607	+#### Explanation
	3608	+
	3609	+In accordance with ICAO Annex 2 and SERA, a steady green light directed at an aircraft in flight means cleared to land. This is the standard signal used by a control tower or flight information service when radio communication is unavailable.
	3610	+
	3611	+#### Key Terms
	3612	+
	3613	+- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	3614	+- SERA = Standardised European Rules of the Air
	3615	+
	3616	+### Q146: What does a steady red light signal directed at a glider in flight mean? ^t10q146
	3617	+
	3618	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q146) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q146)
	3619	+
	3620	+- A) Give way to other aircraft and continue circling
	3621	+- B) Return to your departure aerodrome
	3622	+- C) Aerodrome unsafe, do not land
	3623	+- D) Land at this aerodrome and taxi to your parking position
	3624	+
	3625	+#### Answer
	3626	+
	3627	+A)
	3628	+
	3629	+#### Explanation
	3630	+
	3631	+A steady red light directed at an aircraft in flight means: give way to other aircraft and continue circling in the aerodrome traffic circuit. This signal indicates that landing is not yet possible due to other traffic.
	3632	+
	3633	+#### Key Terms
	3634	+
	3635	+- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	3636	+
	3637	+### Q147: What does a flashing green light signal directed at a glider in flight mean? ^t10q147
	3638	+
	3639	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q147) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q147)
	3640	+
	3641	+- A) Return for landing
	3642	+- B) Return to your departure aerodrome
	3643	+- C) Cleared to land
	3644	+- D) Give way to another aircraft and continue circling
	3645	+
	3646	+#### Answer
	3647	+
	3648	+A)
	3649	+
	3650	+#### Explanation
	3651	+
	3652	+A flashing green light directed at an aircraft in flight means: return for landing. This signal tells the pilot to join the aerodrome circuit with the intention of landing, but does not yet grant final clearance.
	3653	+
	3654	+#### Key Terms
	3655	+
	3656	+- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	3657	+
	3658	+### Q148: What does a flashing red light signal directed at a glider in flight mean? ^t10q148
	3659	+
	3660	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q148) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q148)
	3661	+
	3662	+- A) Return to your departure aerodrome
	3663	+- B) Give way to another aircraft and continue circling
	3664	+- C) Do not land
	3665	+- D) Return for landing
	3666	+
	3667	+#### Answer
	3668	+
	3669	+C)
	3670	+
	3671	+#### Explanation
	3672	+
	3673	+A flashing red light directed at an aircraft in flight means: do not land (for the time being). The pilot must continue flying and must not initiate a landing approach. This signal may be used in case of an aerodrome emergency or other priority traffic.
	3674	+
	3675	+#### Key Terms
	3676	+
	3677	+- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	3678	+
	3679	+### Q149: What does a flashing white light signal directed at a glider in flight mean? ^t10q149
	3680	+
	3681	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q149) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q149)
	3682	+
	3683	+- A) Return to your departure aerodrome
	3684	+- B) Land at this aerodrome and proceed to your parking position
	3685	+- C) Notwithstanding previous instructions, do not land now
	3686	+- D) Give way to another aircraft and continue circling
	3687	+
	3688	+#### Answer
	3689	+
	3690	+B)
	3691	+
	3692	+#### Explanation
	3693	+
	3694	+A flashing white light directed at an aircraft in flight means: land at this aerodrome and proceed to the parking area. This signal instructs the pilot to land and immediately proceed to the designated parking position.
	3695	+
	3696	+#### Key Terms
	3697	+
	3698	+- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	3699	+
	3700	+### Q150: What does a red pyrotechnic signal directed at a glider in flight mean? ^t10q150
	3701	+
	3702	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q150) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q150)
	3703	+
	3704	+- A) Notwithstanding any previous instructions, do not land for the time being
	3705	+- B) Give way to another aircraft and continue circling
	3706	+- C) Return to your departure aerodrome
	3707	+- D) Land at this aerodrome and taxi to your parking position
	3708	+
	3709	+#### Answer
	3710	+
	3711	+A)
	3712	+
	3713	+#### Explanation
	3714	+
	3715	+A red pyrotechnic signal (flare) fired towards an aircraft in flight means that, notwithstanding any previous instructions, the aircraft must not land for the time being. It is an emergency signal used when there is an immediate hazard on or near the runway.
	3716	+
	3717	+#### Key Terms
	3718	+
	3719	+- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	3720	+
	3721	+### Q151: What does a steady green light signal directed at a glider on the ground mean? ^t10q151
	3722	+
	3723	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q151) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q151)
	3724	+
	3725	+- A) Cleared to taxi
	3726	+- B) Taxi back to your parking position on this aerodrome
	3727	+- C) Cleared for take-off
	3728	+- D) Clear the runway/take-off area
	3729	+
	3730	+#### Answer
	3731	+
	3732	+C)
	3733	+
	3734	+#### Explanation
	3735	+
	3736	+A steady green light directed at an aircraft on the ground means: cleared for take-off. It is the standard signal indicating that the runway is clear and the aircraft may proceed with its take-off.
	3737	+
	3738	+#### Key Terms
	3739	+
	3740	+- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	3741	+
	3742	+### Q152: What does a steady red light signal directed at a glider on the ground mean? ^t10q152
	3743	+
	3744	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q152) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q152)
	3745	+
	3746	+- A) Stop
	3747	+- B) Clear the landing area
	3748	+- C) Taxi back to your parking position
	3749	+- D) Cleared for take-off
	3750	+
	3751	+#### Answer
	3752	+
	3753	+A)
	3754	+
	3755	+#### Explanation
	3756	+
	3757	+A steady red light directed at an aircraft on the ground means: stop. The aircraft must stop immediately and await further instructions.
	3758	+
	3759	+#### Key Terms
	3760	+
	3761	+- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	3762	+
	3763	+### Q153: What does a flashing green light signal directed at a glider on the ground mean? ^t10q153
	3764	+
	3765	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q153) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q153)
	3766	+
	3767	+- A) Cleared for take-off
	3768	+- B) Cleared to taxi
	3769	+- C) Clear the landing area
	3770	+- D) Taxi back to parking
	3771	+
	3772	+#### Answer
	3773	+
	3774	+B)
	3775	+
	3776	+#### Explanation
	3777	+
	3778	+A flashing green light directed at an aircraft on the ground means: cleared to taxi. This signal gives the pilot clearance to move on the ground towards the take-off position.
	3779	+
	3780	+#### Key Terms
	3781	+
	3782	+- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	3783	+
	3784	+### Q154: What does a flashing red light signal directed at a glider on the ground mean? ^t10q154
	3785	+
	3786	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q154) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q154)
	3787	+
	3788	+- A) Stop
	3789	+- B) Clear the runway in use
	3790	+- C) Return to parking position
	3791	+- D) Cleared to taxi
	3792	+
	3793	+#### Answer
	3794	+
	3795	+B)
	3796	+
	3797	+#### Explanation
	3798	+
	3799	+A flashing red light directed at an aircraft on the ground means: clear the landing area in use. This signal is used to move an aircraft away from a runway or landing area without commanding a full stop.
	3800	+
	3801	+#### Key Terms
	3802	+
	3803	+- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	3804	+
	3805	+### Q155: What does a flashing white light signal directed at a glider on the ground mean? ^t10q155
	3806	+
	3807	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q155) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q155)
	3808	+
	3809	+- A) Return to starting point on the aerodrome
	3810	+- B) Clear the landing area
	3811	+- C) Stop
	3812	+- D) Cleared to taxi
	3813	+
	3814	+#### Answer
	3815	+
	3816	+A)
	3817	+
	3818	+#### Explanation
	3819	+
	3820	+A flashing white light directed at an aircraft on the ground means: return to starting point on the aerodrome (go back to the runway threshold or initial holding point). This signal is used to redirect an aircraft back to its departure point.
	3821	+
	3822	+#### Key Terms
	3823	+
	3824	+- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	3825	+
	3826	+### Q156: How does a glider in flight acknowledge receipt of a light signal during the day? ^t10q156
	3827	+
	3828	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q156) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q156)
	3829	+
	3830	+- A) By rocking the wings
	3831	+- B) By moving the ailerons and rudder
	3832	+- C) By switching the landing light on and off
	3833	+- D) By switching the navigation lights on and off
	3834	+
	3835	+#### Answer
	3836	+
	3837	+A)
	3838	+
	3839	+#### Explanation
	3840	+
	3841	+During the day, an aircraft in flight acknowledges receipt of a light signal by rocking the wings (lateral wing movement). This visual signal confirms to the flight service that the pilot has received and understood the light signal.
	3842	+
	3843	+#### Key Terms
	3844	+
	3845	+- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	3846	+
	3847	+### Q157: Is wing rocking mandatory to acknowledge a light signal in all phases of flight? ^t10q157
	3848	+
	3849	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q157) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q157)
	3850	+
	3851	+- A) Yes
	3852	+- B) No, it is not required on base leg or final approach
	3853	+- C) No, only to confirm prohibitions
	3854	+- D) No, only during training flights
	3855	+
	3856	+#### Answer
	3857	+
	3858	+B)
	3859	+
	3860	+#### Explanation
	3861	+
	3862	+Wing rocking is not required on base leg or final approach, as these phases near landing require the pilot's full attention. In that case, switching the landing light on and off may be used instead.
	3863	+
	3864	+#### Key Terms
	3865	+
	3866	+- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	3867	+
	3868	+### Q158: What does a brightly coloured right-angle arrow on the signal area mean? ^t10q158
	3869	+
	3870	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q158) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q158)
	3871	+
	3872	+- A) Gliding activity is in progress at this aerodrome
	3873	+- B) Before landing and after take-off, direction changes are only permitted to the right
	3874	+- C) After take-off, only right turns are permitted. Before landing the direction is unrestricted
	3875	+- D) Before landing, right turns are permitted. After take-off the direction is unrestricted
	3876	+
	3877	+#### Answer
	3878	+
	3879	+B)
	3880	+
	3881	+#### Explanation
	3882	+
	3883	+A brightly coloured right-angle arrow (broken arrow) on the signal area indicates that direction changes are permitted only to the right, both for landing and take-off. This applies when the terrain or obstacles impose a right-hand circuit.
	3884	+
	3885	+#### Key Terms
	3886	+
	3887	+- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	3888	+- AIP = Aeronautical Information Publication
	3889	+
	3890	+### Q159: What does a black letter C on a yellow background placed vertically mean? ^t10q159
	3891	+
	3892	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q159) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q159)
	3893	+
	3894	+- A) Gliding activity is in progress at this aerodrome
	3895	+- B) Different runways are used for take-off and landing
	3896	+- C) Location where pilots must report to the aerodrome management or flight service
	3897	+- D) Caution on approach and landing
	3898	+
	3899	+#### Answer
	3900	+
	3901	+C)
	3902	+
	3903	+#### Explanation
	3904	+
	3905	+A black letter C on a yellow background is the signal marking the location where pilots must report (announce themselves) to the aerodrome management or flight service. It generally marks the position of the flight information office or control tower.
	3906	+
	3907	+#### Key Terms
	3908	+
	3909	+- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	3910	+- AIP = Aeronautical Information Publication
	3911	+
	3912	+### Q160: What does a white two-arm cross on the signal area mean? ^t10q160
	3913	+
	3914	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q160) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q160)
	3915	+
	3916	+- A) Gliding activity is in progress at this aerodrome
	3917	+- B) Aerodrome with civil and military activity
	3918	+- C) Aerodrome closed to all activity
	3919	+- D) Caution on approach and landing
	3920	+
	3921	+#### Answer
	3922	+
	3923	+A)
	3924	+
	3925	+#### Explanation
	3926	+
	3927	+A white two-arm cross (X shape) on the signal area indicates that gliding activity is in progress at this aerodrome. This signal warns other pilots of the presence of gliders and the possibility of active soaring areas.
	3928	+
	3929	+#### Key Terms
	3930	+
	3931	+- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	3932	+
	3933	+### Q161: What is the validity period of a short-term permit (permis de brève durée) in Switzerland? ^t10q161
	3934	+
	3935	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q161) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q161)
	3936	+
	3937	+- A) 20 days
	3938	+- B) 60 days
	3939	+- C) 3 months
	3940	+- D) 6 months
	3941	+
	3942	+#### Answer
	3943	+
	3944	+B)
	3945	+
	3946	+#### Explanation
	3947	+
	3948	+In Switzerland, a short-term permit (Kurzfristbewilligung) is valid for 60 days. It allows a candidate who has passed the practical examination to exercise pilot privileges while waiting for the official licence to be issued by FOCA.
	3949	+
	3950	+#### Key Terms
	3951	+
	3952	+- FOCA = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
	3953	+
	3954	+### Q162: May a holder of a short-term permit fly abroad? ^t10q162
	3955	+
	3956	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q162) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q162)
	3957	+
	3958	+- A) Yes, without restriction
	3959	+- B) Yes, but only with the instructor's authorisation
	3960	+- C) Yes, but only with the authorisation of foreign authorities
	3961	+- D) No
	3962	+
	3963	+#### Answer
	3964	+
	3965	+D)
	3966	+
	3967	+#### Explanation
	3968	+
	3969	+A short-term permit is valid only within Switzerland. The holder may not fly abroad, as this document is not internationally recognised as a pilot licence under the Chicago Convention.
	3970	+
	3971	+#### Key Terms
	3972	+
	3973	+- FOCA = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
	3974	+
	3975	+### Q163: May a pilot fly when their capabilities no longer allow them to ensure flight safety? ^t10q163
	3976	+
	3977	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q163) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q163)
	3978	+
	3979	+- A) Yes
	3980	+- B) Yes, but only when flying alone
	3981	+- C) Yes, provided a person holding at least a student pilot certificate is on board
	3982	+- D) No
	3983	+
	3984	+#### Answer
	3985	+
	3986	+D)
	3987	+
	3988	+#### Explanation
	3989	+
	3990	+In accordance with Swiss and European regulations (SERA.2010), a pilot is strictly prohibited from flying when their physical or mental capabilities are impaired to the extent that they jeopardise flight safety. This prohibition applies in all circumstances, regardless of whether passengers are on board.
	3991	+
	3992	+#### Key Terms
	3993	+
	3994	+- SERA = Standardised European Rules of the Air
	3995	+- FOCA = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
	3996	+
	3997	+### Q164: May the holder of a glider pilot licence perform aerobatic flight (vol de virtuosité)? ^t10q164
	3998	+
	3999	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q164) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q164)
	4000	+
	4001	+- A) Yes, without restriction
	4002	+- B) Yes, but only rolls, hammerheads and loops
	4003	+- C) Yes, but only over uninhabited areas
	4004	+- D) No, they must hold an aerobatic extension to their licence
	4005	+
	4006	+#### Answer
	4007	+
	4008	+D)
	4009	+
	4010	+#### Explanation
	4011	+
	4012	+In Switzerland, aerobatic flight requires a specific extension to the glider pilot licence. The basic licence alone is not sufficient. The pilot must have completed specialised training and obtained authorisation from FOCA.
	4013	+
	4014	+#### Key Terms
	4015	+
	4016	+- FOCA = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
	4017	+
	4018	+### Q165: Where can a glider pilot licence normally be renewed in Switzerland? ^t10q165
	4019	+
	4020	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q165) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q165)
	4021	+
	4022	+- A) At FOCA
	4023	+- B) At a flying school
	4024	+- C) By a flying instructor
	4025	+- D) At an authorised aerodrome director or airport management
	4026	+
	4027	+#### Answer
	4028	+
	4029	+D)
	4030	+
	4031	+#### Explanation
	4032	+
	4033	+In Switzerland, the ordinary renewal of a glider pilot licence is carried out by the aerodrome director or the management of an aerodrome authorised for this purpose by FOCA. It is not necessary to go directly to FOCA for a routine renewal.
	4034	+
	4035	+#### Key Terms
	4036	+
	4037	+- FOCA = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
	4038	+
	4039	+### Q166: What conditions must a glider pilot licence holder meet to fly a powered glider (motorglider)? ^t10q166
	4040	+
	4041	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q166) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q166)
	4042	+
	4043	+- A) Hold a glider pilot licence
	4044	+- B) Hold the motorglider extension
	4045	+- C) Prove at least 20 hours of glider flight
	4046	+- D) Prove at least 10 hours of glider flight
	4047	+
	4048	+#### Answer
	4049	+
	4050	+B)
	4051	+
	4052	+#### Explanation
	4053	+
	4054	+To fly a powered glider (motorglider), the glider pilot licence holder must have a specific motorglider extension. The basic glider licence alone is not sufficient, since the use of the engine requires an additional qualification.
	4055	+
	4056	+#### Key Terms
	4057	+
	4058	+- FOCA = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
	4059	+
	4060	+### Q167: For renewal of a glider pilot licence, may a pilot count powered aircraft hours instead of glider hours? ^t10q167
	4061	+
	4062	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q167) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q167)
	4063	+
	4064	+- A) Yes, up to the full number of required hours
	4065	+- B) Yes, up to half of the required flight hours
	4066	+- C) Yes, up to one quarter of the required hours
	4067	+- D) No
	4068	+
	4069	+#### Answer
	4070	+
	4071	+B)
	4072	+
	4073	+#### Explanation
	4074	+
	4075	+In Switzerland, powered aircraft hours may be counted up to half (50 %) of the flight hours required for renewal of a glider pilot licence. The other half must be flown on a glider or motorglider.
	4076	+
	4077	+#### Key Terms
	4078	+
	4079	+- FOCA = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
	4080	+
	4081	+### Q168: You are flying in a soaring area (zone de vol à voile). What minimum cloud clearances must you observe? ^t10q168
	4082	+
	4083	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q168) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q168)
	4084	+
	4085	+- A) Vertically 100 m and horizontally 300 m
	4086	+- B) Vertically 50 m and horizontally 100 m
	4087	+- C) Vertically 300 m and horizontally 1.5 km
	4088	+- D) Clear of clouds with permanent view of the ground or water
	4089	+
	4090	+#### Answer
	4091	+
	4092	+B)
	4093	+
	4094	+#### Explanation
	4095	+
	4096	+In a soaring area (Segelfluggebiet), specific Swiss rules allow flying with reduced minimum cloud clearances: 50 m vertically and 100 m horizontally. These values are lower than standard Class E VMC minima to accommodate conditions specific to thermal soaring.
	4097	+
	4098	+#### Key Terms
	4099	+
	4100	+- FOCA = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
	4101	+- AIP = Aeronautical Information Publication
	4102	+
	4103	+### Q169: What cloud clearances must you maintain in an active cloud-flying zone above 600 m AGL if you do not hold a cloud-flying extension? ^t10q169
	4104	+
	4105	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q169) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q169)
	4106	+
	4107	+- A) Vertically 50 m and horizontally 100 m
	4108	+- B) Vertically 100 m and horizontally 300 m
	4109	+- C) Vertically 300 m and horizontally 1.5 km
	4110	+- D) Clear of clouds with permanent view of the ground or water
	4111	+
	4112	+#### Answer
	4113	+
	4114	+C)
	4115	+
	4116	+#### Explanation
	4117	+
	4118	+In an active cloud-flying zone above 600 m AGL, a pilot without a cloud-flying extension must observe standard VMC clearances: 300 m vertically and 1.5 km horizontally. Even when the zone is activated for cloud flying, pilots without the qualification must maintain VMC separation.
	4119	+
	4120	+#### Key Terms
	4121	+
	4122	+- FOCA = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
	4123	+- VMC = Visual Meteorological Conditions
	4124	+
	4125	+### Q170: What is the minimum flight altitude above densely populated areas when flying a glider? ^t10q170
	4126	+
	4127	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q170) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q170)
	4128	+
	4129	+- A) 600 m AGL
	4130	+- B) You must be able to land outside the built-up area
	4131	+- C) 300 m AGL above any built-up area within a radius of 600 m from the glider
	4132	+- D) 300 m AGL
	4133	+
	4134	+#### Answer
	4135	+
	4136	+D)
	4137	+
	4138	+#### Explanation
	4139	+
	4140	+In accordance with Swiss regulations (FOCA), the minimum overflight height above densely populated areas is 300 m AGL. This rule is intended to protect people and property in the event of an emergency landing and to limit noise nuisance.
	4141	+
	4142	+#### Key Terms
	4143	+
	4144	+- AGL = Above Ground Level
	4145	+- FOCA = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
	4146	+
	4147	+### Q171: What is the minimum flight height for a glider flying along a slope in the countryside? ^t10q171
	4148	+
	4149	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q171) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q171)
	4150	+
	4151	+- A) 120 m AGL
	4152	+- B) 60 m AGL
	4153	+- C) 80 m AGL
	4154	+- D) There is no fixed numerical limit - you must always be able to turn away
	4155	+
	4156	+#### Answer
	4157	+
	4158	+B)
	4159	+
	4160	+#### Explanation
	4161	+
	4162	+For slope soaring in the countryside, Swiss regulations set a minimum height of 60 m AGL above the slope. This value is an absolute minimum and the pilot must always ensure sufficient space to carry out a turn safely.
	4163	+
	4164	+#### Key Terms
	4165	+
	4166	+- AGL = Above Ground Level
	4167	+- FOCA = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
	4168	+
	4169	+### Q172: You are flying in a thermal and you see a glider circling 50 m above you. Which direction of turn do you choose? ^t10q172
	4170	+
	4171	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q172) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q172)
	4172	+
	4173	+- A) You must maintain a minimum height difference of 150 m
	4174	+- B) I am free to choose the direction of turn
	4175	+- C) I turn in the opposite direction to better observe other gliders
	4176	+- D) I turn in the same direction
	4177	+
	4178	+#### Answer
	4179	+
	4180	+D)
	4181	+
	4182	+#### Explanation
	4183	+
	4184	+When thermal soaring with other gliders, the rule is that all aircraft must turn in the same direction as the first glider that entered the thermal. This reduces the risk of collision and makes traffic management within the thermal easier. The direction is set by the first glider circling in that air mass.
	4185	+
	4186	+#### Key Terms
	4187	+
	4188	+- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	4189	+
	4190	+### Q173: You are flying in a thermal with no other gliders nearby. Which direction of turn is prescribed? ^t10q173
	4191	+
	4192	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q173) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q173)
	4193	+
	4194	+- A) There is no legal requirement
	4195	+- B) Turn to the right
	4196	+- C) Turn to the left
	4197	+- D) Fly in a figure-8 in the best lift
	4198	+
	4199	+#### Answer
	4200	+
	4201	+A)
	4202	+
	4203	+#### Explanation
	4204	+
	4205	+When there are no other gliders in the thermal, there is no legal requirement specifying a particular direction of turn. The pilot is free to choose the direction that allows them to remain in the best lift. A direction is only prescribed when another glider is already circling in the thermal.
	4206	+
	4207	+#### Key Terms
	4208	+
	4209	+- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	4210	+
	4211	+### Q174: Is water ballast jettisoning from a glider permitted during flight? ^t10q174
	4212	+
	4213	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q174) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q174)
	4214	+
	4215	+- A) No
	4216	+- B) Yes
	4217	+- C) Yes, but only in the traffic circuit
	4218	+- D) Yes, with authorisation from FOCA
	4219	+
	4220	+#### Answer
	4221	+
	4222	+B)
	4223	+
	4224	+#### Explanation
	4225	+
	4226	+Water ballast jettisoning is permitted from a glider in flight. This common practice in competition and performance soaring allows the glider to be lightened when thermal conditions improve. However, the pilot must ensure that jettisoning is not carried out over populated areas or other aircraft.
	4227	+
	4228	+#### Key Terms
	4229	+
	4230	+- FOCA = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
	4231	+
	4232	+### Q175: What is the maximum speed you must fly at in Swiss airspace below 3000 m AMSL? ^t10q175
	4233	+
	4234	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q175) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q175)
	4235	+
	4236	+- A) Only below the speed of sound
	4237	+- B) Below 3000 m AMSL maximum 250 KT
	4238	+- C) Below 3000 m AMSL maximum 500 KT
	4239	+- D) No breaking the sound barrier below 6000 m AMSL
	4240	+
	4241	+#### Answer
	4242	+
	4243	+B)
	4244	+
	4245	+#### Explanation
	4246	+
	4247	+Below 3000 m AMSL in Swiss airspace, the maximum permitted speed is 250 knots (KT) IAS. This limitation is intended to reduce collision risks with other aircraft and limit noise nuisance in low-altitude areas.
	4248	+
	4249	+#### Key Terms
	4250	+
	4251	+- AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level
	4252	+- IAS = Indicated Air Speed
	4253	+- KT = Knots
	4254	+
	4255	+### Q176: What rights did contracting states agree upon in the Chicago Convention for non-commercial aircraft on international flights? ^t10q176
	4256	+
	4257	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q176) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q176)
	4258	+
	4259	+- A) The right of overflight and landing for non-commercial flights
	4260	+- B) Only the right of overflight
	4261	+- C) Only the right of landing for non-commercial flights but not overflight
	4262	+- D) The right to make landings without customs formalities
	4263	+
	4264	+#### Answer
	4265	+
	4266	+A)
	4267	+
	4268	+#### Explanation
	4269	+
	4270	+The 1944 Chicago Convention (Article 5) grants civil aircraft of contracting states conducting non-commercial flights the right to overfly the territory of other contracting states and the right to land for technical stops, without prior authorisation required.
	4271	+
	4272	+#### Key Terms
	4273	+
	4274	+- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	4275	+
	4276	+### Q177: Does a state have the right to prohibit the entry or overflight of part or all of its territory by foreign aircraft? ^t10q177
	4277	+
	4278	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q177) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q177)
	4279	+
	4280	+- A) Yes
	4281	+- B) Yes, but only for commercial flights
	4282	+- C) Yes, but only for military aircraft
	4283	+- D) No
	4284	+
	4285	+#### Answer
	4286	+
	4287	+A)
	4288	+
	4289	+#### Explanation
	4290	+
	4291	+In accordance with Article 9 of the Chicago Convention, each contracting state may, for reasons of military necessity or public safety, restrict or prohibit aircraft of other states from flying over certain areas of its territory. The state must publish these restrictions in the AIP.
	4292	+
	4293	+#### Key Terms
	4294	+
	4295	+- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
	4296	+- AIP = Aeronautical Information Publication
	4297	+
	4298	+### Q178: When turning for landing or after take-off, to which side must the turn be made in the absence of specific instructions? ^t10q178
	4299	+
	4300	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q178) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q178)
	4301	+
	4302	+- A) To the left in both cases
	4303	+- B) To the right in both cases
	4304	+- C) To the left for landing approach and to the right after take-off
	4305	+- D) To the right for landing approach and to the left after take-off
	4306	+
	4307	+#### Answer
	4308	+
	4309	+A)
	4310	+
	4311	+#### Explanation
	4312	+
	4313	+In the absence of specific instructions, the standard circuit calls for left-hand turns, both on landing approach and after take-off. This is the default rule under SERA and international usage. Right-hand turns are possible if indicated in the AIP or by the control tower.
	4314	+
	4315	+#### Key Terms
	4316	+
	4317	+- SERA = Standardised European Rules of the Air
	4318	+- AIP = Aeronautical Information Publication
	4319	+
	4320	+### Q179: How must the landing approach be made when no radio contact has been established with the aerodrome? ^t10q179
	4321	+
	4322	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q179) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q179)
	4323	+
	4324	+- A) Make a direct approach to minimise disruption to other traffic
	4325	+- B) Fly at least one full circuit before landing
	4326	+- C) Fly at least one half-circuit before landing
	4327	+- D) Fly a 360° over the signal square then a full circuit before landing
	4328	+
	4329	+#### Answer
	4330	+
	4331	+C)
	4332	+
	4333	+#### Explanation
	4334	+
	4335	+In accordance with Swiss regulations, when no radio contact has been established with the aerodrome, the pilot must fly at least one half-circuit before landing. This half-circuit gives the flight information service time to see the incoming aircraft and, if necessary, to provide light signals.
	4336	+
	4337	+#### Key Terms
	4338	+
	4339	+- FOCA = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
	4340	+- AIP = Aeronautical Information Publication
	4341	+
	4342	+### Q180: Within what period must an appeal be lodged against a FOCA decision to refuse or withdraw a licence? ^t10q180
	4343	+
	4344	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q180) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q180)
	4345	+
	4346	+- A) Within 10 days of receiving the decision
	4347	+- B) Within 20 days of receiving the decision
	4348	+- C) Within 30 days of receiving the decision
	4349	+- D) Within 40 days of receiving the decision
	4350	+
	4351	+#### Answer
	4352	+
	4353	+C)
	4354	+
	4355	+#### Explanation
	4356	+
	4357	+In accordance with the Federal Administrative Procedure Act (PA) and the Aviation Act (LA), an appeal against a FOCA decision (refusal or withdrawal of a licence) must be lodged within 30 days of receiving the decision. The appeal is addressed to the competent federal department (DETEC).
	4358	+
	4359	+#### Key Terms
	4360	+
	4361	+- FOCA = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
	4362	+- DETEC = Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications
	4363	+
	4364	+### Q181: Before which authority may an appeal be lodged against FOCA in case of refusal or withdrawal of a licence? ^t10q181
	4365	+
	4366	+[DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#t10q181) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#t10q181)
	4367	+
	4368	+- A) Before the Federal Court
	4369	+- B) Before the Federal Council
	4370	+- C) Before the Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC)
	4371	+- D) Before the Federal Aviation Commission
	4372	+
	4373	+#### Answer
	4374	+
	4375	+C)
	4376	+
	4377	+#### Explanation
	4378	+
	4379	+Appeals against FOCA decisions regarding licences must be addressed to DETEC (Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications), which is the direct supervisory authority of FOCA. A DETEC decision may then be further appealed to the Federal Administrative Tribunal.
	4380	+
	4381	+#### Key Terms
	4382	+
	4383	+- FOCA = Federal Office of Civil Aviation
	4384	+- DETEC = Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications
	4385	+