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Matthias Nott
2026-03-22 a3f8f79b018d166cecb3f5c9869357194b872a94 
 SPL Exam Questions EN/10 - Air Law.md
....@@ -26,8 +26,9 @@
2626 
2727 #### Key Terms
2828 
29
-LAPL = Light Aircraft Pilot Licence; PIC = Pilot in Command; SPL = Sailplane Pilot Licence
30
-
29
+- **LAPL** = Light Aircraft Pilot Licence
30
+- **PIC** = Pilot in Command
31
+- **SPL** = Sailplane Pilot Licence
3132 ### Q2: Which documents are required to be carried on board during an international flight? a) Certificate of aircraft registration b) Certificate of airworthiness c) Airworthiness review certificate d) EASA Form-1 e) Airplane logbook f) Appropriate papers for every crew member g) Technical logbook ^t10q2
3233 
3334 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q2) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q2)
....@@ -52,8 +53,9 @@
5253 
5354 #### Key Terms
5455 
55
-ARC = Airworthiness Review Certificate; EASA = European Union Aviation Safety Agency; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
56
-
56
+- **ARC** = Airworthiness Review Certificate
57
+- **EASA** = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
58
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
5759 ### Q3: Which type of area may be entered subject to certain conditions? ^t10q3
5860 
5961 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q3) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q3)
....@@ -78,8 +80,8 @@
7880 
7981 #### Key Terms
8082 
81
-AIP = Aeronautical Information Publication; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
82
-
83
+- **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
84
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
8385 ### Q4: In which publication can the specific restrictions for a restricted airspace be found? ^t10q4
8486 
8587 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q4) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q4)
....@@ -95,6 +97,8 @@
9597 
9698 #### Explanation
9799 
100
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
101
+
98102 The Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) is the primary authoritative document containing permanent information about airspace structure, including the detailed conditions, activation times, and authority contacts for restricted areas in the ENR section.
99103 
100104 - **Option A** (NOTAMs) may announce temporary changes but do not define the base restrictions.
....@@ -103,8 +107,10 @@
103107 
104108 #### Key Terms
105109 
106
-AIC = Aeronautical Information Circular; AIP = Aeronautical Information Publication; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; NOTAM = Notice to Air Missions
107
-
110
+- **AIC** = Aeronautical Information Circular
111
+- **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
112
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
113
+- **NOTAM** = Notice to Air Missions
108114 ### Q5: What legal status do the rules and procedures established by EASA have? (e.g. Part-SFCL, Part-MED) ^t10q5
109115 
110116 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q5) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q5)
....@@ -128,8 +134,8 @@
128134 
129135 #### Key Terms
130136 
131
-EASA = European Union Aviation Safety Agency; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
132
-
137
+- **EASA** = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
138
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
133139 ### Q6: What is the validity period of the Certificate of Airworthiness? ^t10q6
134140 
135141 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q6) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q6)
....@@ -152,8 +158,7 @@
152158 
153159 #### Key Terms
154160 
155
-ARC = Airworthiness Review Certificate
156
-
161
+- **ARC** = Airworthiness Review Certificate
157162 ### Q7: What does the abbreviation "ARC" stand for? ^t10q7
158163 
159164 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q7) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q7)
....@@ -175,8 +180,9 @@
175180 
176181 #### Key Terms
177182 
178
-ARC = Airworthiness Review Certificate; EASA = European Union Aviation Safety Agency; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
179
-
183
+- **ARC** = Airworthiness Review Certificate
184
+- **EASA** = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
185
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
180186 ### Q8: The Certificate of Airworthiness is issued by the state ^t10q8
181187 
182188 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q8) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q8)
....@@ -200,8 +206,7 @@
200206 
201207 #### Key Terms
202208 
203
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
204
-
209
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
205210 ### Q9: A pilot licence issued in accordance with ICAO Annex 1 is recognised in ^t10q9
206211 
207212 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q9) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q9)
....@@ -226,8 +231,7 @@
226231 
227232 #### Key Terms
228233 
229
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
230
-
234
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
231235 ### Q10: Which topic does ICAO Annex 1 address? ^t10q10
232236 
233237 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q10) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q10)
....@@ -252,8 +256,7 @@
252256 
253257 #### Key Terms
254258 
255
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
256
-
259
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
257260 ### Q11: For a pilot aged 62, how long is a Class 2 medical certificate valid? ^t10q11
258261 
259262 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q11) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q11)
....@@ -296,8 +299,8 @@
296299 
297300 #### Key Terms
298301 
299
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; VMC = Visual Meteorological Conditions
300
-
302
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
303
+- **VMC** = Visual Meteorological Conditions
301304 ### Q13: What does the abbreviation "TRA" stand for? ^t10q13
302305 
303306 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q13) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q13)
....@@ -319,8 +322,9 @@
319322 
320323 #### Key Terms
321324 
322
-EASA = European Union Aviation Safety Agency; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; NOTAM = Notice to Air Missions
323
-
325
+- **EASA** = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
326
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
327
+- **NOTAM** = Notice to Air Missions
324328 ### Q14: What must be taken into account when entering an RMZ? ^t10q14
325329 
326330 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q14) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q14)
....@@ -336,6 +340,8 @@
336340 
337341 #### Explanation
338342 
343
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
344
+
339345 An RMZ (Radio Mandatory Zone) requires all aircraft to carry and operate a functioning radio, to monitor the designated frequency continuously, and to establish two-way radio contact before entry if possible.
340346 
341347 - **Option A** describes a TMZ requirement (transponder), not an RMZ.
....@@ -344,8 +350,9 @@
344350 
345351 #### Key Terms
346352 
347
-AIP = Aeronautical Information Publication; ATC = Air Traffic Control; CTR = Control Zone
348
-
353
+- **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
354
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
355
+- **CTR** = Control Zone
349356 ### Q15: What does an area designated as "TMZ" signify? ^t10q15
350357 
351358 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q15) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q15)
....@@ -361,14 +368,15 @@
361368 
362369 #### Explanation
363370 
371
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
372
+
364373 TMZ stands for Transponder Mandatory Zone -- airspace within which all aircraft must be equipped with and operate a pressure-altitude reporting transponder (Mode C or Mode S). This allows ATC radar and collision avoidance systems to identify and track traffic.
365374 
366375 - **Option A** (Traffic Management Zone), Option B (Touring Motorglider Zone), and Option D (Transportation Management Zone) are not recognised aviation terms.
367376 
368377 #### Key Terms
369378 
370
-ATC = Air Traffic Control
371
-
379
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
372380 ### Q16: A flight is classified as a "visual flight" when the ^t10q16
373381 
374382 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q16) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q16)
....@@ -391,8 +399,9 @@
391399 
392400 #### Key Terms
393401 
394
-IFR = Instrument Flight Rules; VFR = Visual Flight Rules; VMC = Visual Meteorological Conditions
395
-
402
+- **IFR** = Instrument Flight Rules
403
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
404
+- **VMC** = Visual Meteorological Conditions
396405 ### Q17: What does the abbreviation "VMC" stand for? ^t10q17
397406 
398407 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q17) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q17)
....@@ -417,8 +426,9 @@
417426 
418427 #### Key Terms
419428 
420
-IMC = Instrument Meteorological Conditions; VFR = Visual Flight Rules; VMC = Visual Meteorological Conditions
421
-
429
+- **IMC** = Instrument Meteorological Conditions
430
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
431
+- **VMC** = Visual Meteorological Conditions
422432 ### Q18: Two powered aircraft are converging on crossing courses at identical altitude. Which aircraft must give way? ^t10q18
423433 
424434 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q18) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q18)
....@@ -443,8 +453,8 @@
443453 
444454 #### Key Terms
445455 
446
-SERA = Standardised European Rules of the Air
447
-
456
+- **SERA** = Standardised European Rules of the Air
457
+- **D** — Drag
448458 ### Q19: Two aeroplanes are on crossing tracks. Which one must yield? ^t10q19
449459 
450460 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q19) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q19)
....@@ -483,6 +493,8 @@
483493 
484494 #### Explanation
485495 
496
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
497
+
486498 Per SERA.5001, VFR flights in airspace classes C, D, and E must maintain 1500 m horizontal distance from cloud and 1000 ft (approximately 300 m) vertical distance from cloud. The key detail is that horizontal is expressed in metres and vertical in feet -- mixing these units is a common exam trap.
487499 
488500 - **Option A** uses 1000 m horizontal (too small).
....@@ -491,8 +503,7 @@
491503 
492504 #### Key Terms
493505 
494
-VFR = Visual Flight Rules
495
-
506
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
496507 ### Q21: In airspace "E", what is the minimum flight visibility for a VFR aircraft at FL75? ^t10q21
497508 
498509 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q21) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q21)
....@@ -508,6 +519,8 @@
508519 
509520 #### Explanation
510521 
522
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
523
+
511524 Per SERA.5001, in airspace class E above 3000 ft AMSL but below FL100, the minimum VFR flight visibility is 5000 m (5 km). FL75 (approximately 7500 ft) falls within this altitude band.
512525 
513526 - **Option A** (3000 m) is not a standard VFR minimum.
....@@ -516,8 +529,9 @@
516529 
517530 #### Key Terms
518531 
519
-AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level; FL = Flight Level; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
520
-
532
+- **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
533
+- **FL** = Flight Level
534
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
521535 ### Q22: In airspace "C", what is the minimum flight visibility for a VFR aircraft at FL110? ^t10q22
522536 
523537 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q22) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q22)
....@@ -533,6 +547,8 @@
533547 
534548 #### Explanation
535549 
550
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
551
+
536552 Per SERA.5001, at and above FL100 in controlled airspace (including class C), the minimum VFR flight visibility is 8000 m (8 km). FL110 is above FL100, so the 8 km rule applies.
537553 
538554 - **Option A** (5000 m) is the minimum below FL100.
....@@ -541,8 +557,8 @@
541557 
542558 #### Key Terms
543559 
544
-FL = Flight Level; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
545
-
560
+- **FL** = Flight Level
561
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
546562 ### Q23: In airspace "C", what is the minimum flight visibility for a VFR aircraft at FL125? ^t10q23
547563 
548564 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q23) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q23)
....@@ -558,6 +574,8 @@
558574 
559575 #### Explanation
560576 
577
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
578
+
561579 FL125 is above FL100, so the SERA.5001 rule for high-altitude VFR applies: minimum flight visibility is 8000 m in all controlled airspace including class C.
562580 
563581 - **Option A** (5000 m) applies below FL100.
....@@ -566,8 +584,8 @@
566584 
567585 #### Key Terms
568586 
569
-FL = Flight Level; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
570
-
587
+- **FL** = Flight Level
588
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
571589 ### Q24: What are the minimum cloud clearance requirements for a VFR flight in airspace "B"? ^t10q24
572590 
573591 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q24) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q24)
....@@ -583,6 +601,8 @@
583601 
584602 #### Explanation
585603 
604
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
605
+
586606 Where VFR is permitted in class B airspace, the cloud clearance minima per SERA.5001 are 1500 m horizontal and 300 m (approximately 1000 ft) vertical.
587607 
588608 - **Option A** uses only 1000 m horizontal distance, which is insufficient.
....@@ -592,8 +612,9 @@
592612 
593613 #### Key Terms
594614 
595
-VFR = Visual Flight Rules
615
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
596616 
617
+> **Note:** Airspace Class B is not used in Germany or Switzerland but may appear in EASA exams.
597618 ### Q25: In airspace "C" below FL 100, what minimum flight visibility applies to VFR operations? ^t10q25
598619 
599620 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q25) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q25)
....@@ -609,6 +630,8 @@
609630 
610631 #### Explanation
611632 
633
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
634
+
612635 Per SERA.5001, in airspace class C below FL100 (above 3000 ft AMSL or 1000 ft AGL), the minimum VFR flight visibility is 5 km.
613636 
614637 - **Option A** (10 km) is not a standard SERA minimum.
....@@ -618,8 +641,10 @@
618641 
619642 #### Key Terms
620643 
621
-AGL = Above Ground Level; AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level; FL = Flight Level; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
622
-
644
+- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
645
+- **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
646
+- **FL** = Flight Level
647
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
623648 ### Q26: In airspace "C" at and above FL 100, what minimum flight visibility applies to VFR operations? ^t10q26
624649 
625650 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q26) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q26)
....@@ -635,6 +660,8 @@
635660 
636661 #### Explanation
637662 
663
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
664
+
638665 Per SERA.5001, at and above FL100 in controlled airspace including class C, the minimum VFR flight visibility is 8 km. This higher threshold reflects the greater closing speeds and reduced reaction time at higher altitudes.
639666 
640667 - **Option A** (5 km) is the minimum below FL100.
....@@ -643,8 +670,9 @@
643670 
644671 #### Key Terms
645672 
646
-FL = Flight Level; VFR = Visual Flight Rules; VMC = Visual Meteorological Conditions
647
-
673
+- **FL** = Flight Level
674
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
675
+- **VMC** = Visual Meteorological Conditions
648676 ### Q27: How is the term "ceiling" defined? ^t10q27
649677 
650678 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q27) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q27)
....@@ -669,8 +697,7 @@
669697 
670698 #### Key Terms
671699 
672
-MSL = Mean Sea Level
673
-
700
+- **MSL** = Mean Sea Level
674701 ### Q28: During daytime interception by a military aircraft, what does the following signal mean: a sudden 90-degree or greater heading change and a climb without crossing the intercepted aircraft's flight path? ^t10q28
675702 
676703 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q28) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q28)
....@@ -693,8 +720,7 @@
693720 
694721 #### Key Terms
695722 
696
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
697
-
723
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
698724 ### Q29: When flying at FL 80, what altimeter setting must be used? ^t10q29
699725 
700726 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q29) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q29)
....@@ -718,8 +744,9 @@
718744 
719745 #### Key Terms
720746 
721
-FL = Flight Level; QFE = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation; QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
722
-
747
+- **FL** = Flight Level
748
+- **QFE** = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
749
+- **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
723750 ### Q30: What is the objective of the semi-circular rule? ^t10q30
724751 
725752 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q30) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q30)
....@@ -743,8 +770,7 @@
743770 
744771 #### Key Terms
745772 
746
-AIP = Aeronautical Information Publication
747
-
773
+- **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
748774 ### Q31: A transponder capable of transmitting the current pressure altitude is a ^t10q31
749775 
750776 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q31) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q31)
....@@ -789,8 +815,7 @@
789815 
790816 #### Key Terms
791817 
792
-VFR = Visual Flight Rules
793
-
818
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
794819 ### Q33: In the event of a radio failure, which transponder code should be selected without any ATC request? ^t10q33
795820 
796821 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q33) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q33)
....@@ -814,8 +839,8 @@
814839 
815840 #### Key Terms
816841 
817
-ATC = Air Traffic Control; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
818
-
842
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
843
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
819844 ### Q34: Which transponder code should be set automatically during an emergency without waiting for instructions? ^t10q34
820845 
821846 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q34) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q34)
....@@ -839,8 +864,8 @@
839864 
840865 #### Key Terms
841866 
842
-ATC = Air Traffic Control; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
843
-
867
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
868
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
844869 ### Q35: Which air traffic service bears responsibility for the safe conduct of flights? ^t10q35
845870 
846871 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q35) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q35)
....@@ -864,8 +889,8 @@
864889 
865890 #### Key Terms
866891 
867
-ATC = Air Traffic Control; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
868
-
892
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
893
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
869894 ### Q36: Which services make up the air traffic control service? ^t10q36
870895 
871896 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q36) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q36)
....@@ -889,8 +914,8 @@
889914 
890915 #### Key Terms
891916 
892
-ATC = Air Traffic Control; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
893
-
917
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
918
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
894919 ### Q37: Regarding separation in airspace "E", which statement is correct? ^t10q37
895920 
896921 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q37) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q37)
....@@ -906,6 +931,8 @@
906931 
907932 #### Explanation
908933 
934
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
935
+
909936 In Class E airspace, ATC separates IFR flights from other IFR flights, but VFR traffic receives no ATC separation service whatsoever -- neither from other VFR traffic nor from IFR traffic. VFR pilots in Class E must rely entirely on the see-and-avoid principle, with traffic information provided where possible.
910937 
911938 - **Option A** incorrectly states IFR is separated only from VFR (it is separated from other IFR).
....@@ -913,8 +940,9 @@
913940 
914941 #### Key Terms
915942 
916
-ATC = Air Traffic Control; IFR = Instrument Flight Rules; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
917
-
943
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
944
+- **IFR** = Instrument Flight Rules
945
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
918946 ### Q38: Which air traffic services are available within an FIR (flight information region)? ^t10q38
919947 
920948 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q38) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q38)
....@@ -936,8 +964,9 @@
936964 
937965 #### Key Terms
938966 
939
-ATC = Air Traffic Control; FIR = Flight Information Region; NOTAM = Notice to Air Missions
940
-
967
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
968
+- **FIR** = Flight Information Region
969
+- **NOTAM** = Notice to Air Missions
941970 ### Q39: How can a pilot reach FIS (flight information service) during flight? ^t10q39
942971 
943972 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q39) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q39)
....@@ -980,8 +1009,8 @@
9801009 
9811010 #### Key Terms
9821011 
983
-EASA = European Union Aviation Safety Agency; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
984
-
1012
+- **EASA** = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
1013
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
9851014 ### Q41: Which of the following represents a correct position report? ^t10q41
9861015 
9871016 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q41) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q41)
....@@ -1007,8 +1036,8 @@
10071036 
10081037 #### Key Terms
10091038 
1010
-FL = Flight Level; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1011
-
1039
+- **FL** = Flight Level
1040
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
10121041 ### Q42: What kind of information is contained in the general part (GEN) of the AIP? ^t10q42
10131042 
10141043 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q42) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q42)
....@@ -1032,8 +1061,8 @@
10321061 
10331062 #### Key Terms
10341063 
1035
-AIP = Aeronautical Information Publication; ATC = Air Traffic Control
1036
-
1064
+- **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
1065
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
10371066 ### Q43: Into which parts is the Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) divided? ^t10q43
10381067 
10391068 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q43) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q43)
....@@ -1056,8 +1085,8 @@
10561085 
10571086 #### Key Terms
10581087 
1059
-AIP = Aeronautical Information Publication; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1060
-
1088
+- **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
1089
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
10611090 ### Q44: What kind of information is found in the "AD" section of the AIP? ^t10q44
10621091 
10631092 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q44) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q44)
....@@ -1081,8 +1110,7 @@
10811110 
10821111 #### Key Terms
10831112 
1084
-AIP = Aeronautical Information Publication
1085
-
1113
+- **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
10861114 ### Q45: The NOTAM shown is valid until... A1024/13 A) LOWW B) 1305211200 C) 1305211400 E) STOCKERAU VOR STO 113.00 UNSERVICEABLE. ^t10q45
10871115 
10881116 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q45) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q45)
....@@ -1108,8 +1136,7 @@
11081136 
11091137 #### Key Terms
11101138 
1111
-NOTAM = Notice to Air Missions
1112
-
1139
+- **NOTAM** = Notice to Air Missions
11131140 ### Q46: A Pre-Flight Information Bulletin (PIB) is a compilation of current ^t10q46
11141141 
11151142 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q46) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q46)
....@@ -1133,8 +1160,10 @@
11331160 
11341161 #### Key Terms
11351162 
1136
-AIC = Aeronautical Information Circular; AIP = Aeronautical Information Publication; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; NOTAM = Notice to Air Missions
1137
-
1163
+- **AIC** = Aeronautical Information Circular
1164
+- **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
1165
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
1166
+- **NOTAM** = Notice to Air Missions
11381167 ### Q47: How is "aerodrome elevation" defined? ^t10q47
11391168 
11401169 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q47) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q47)
....@@ -1158,8 +1187,7 @@
11581187 
11591188 #### Key Terms
11601189 
1161
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1162
-
1190
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
11631191 ### Q48: How is the term "runway" defined? ^t10q48
11641192 
11651193 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q48) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q48)
....@@ -1183,8 +1211,7 @@
11831211 
11841212 #### Key Terms
11851213 
1186
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1187
-
1214
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
11881215 ### Q49: How can a wind direction indicator be made more visible? ^t10q49
11891216 
11901217 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q49) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q49)
....@@ -1208,8 +1235,7 @@
12081235 
12091236 #### Key Terms
12101237 
1211
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1212
-
1238
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
12131239 ### Q50: What shape does a landing direction indicator have? ^t10q50
12141240 
12151241 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q50) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q50)
....@@ -1232,8 +1258,7 @@
12321258 
12331259 #### Key Terms
12341260 
1235
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1236
-
1261
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
12371262 ### Q51: Who bears the responsibility for ensuring that mandatory on-board documents are present and that logbooks are correctly maintained? ^t10q51
12381263 
12391264 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q51) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q51)
....@@ -1256,8 +1281,10 @@
12561281 
12571282 #### Key Terms
12581283 
1259
-EASA = European Union Aviation Safety Agency; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; PIC = Pilot in Command
1260
-
1284
+- **EASA** = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
1285
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
1286
+- **PIC** = Pilot in Command
1287
+- **D** — Drag
12611288 ### Q52: Which activities may the Federal Council require OFAC authorization for? ^t10q52
12621289 
12631290 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q52) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q52)
....@@ -1323,8 +1350,7 @@
13231350 
13241351 #### Key Terms
13251352 
1326
-VFR = Visual Flight Rules
1327
-
1353
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
13281354 ### Q55: Your aircraft, not used for commercial traffic, requires repairs abroad. Which statement applies? ^t10q55
13291355 
13301356 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q55) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q55)
....@@ -1348,8 +1374,7 @@
13481374 
13491375 #### Key Terms
13501376 
1351
-EASA = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
1352
-
1377
+- **EASA** = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
13531378 ### Q56: A well-known watchmaker has painted an aircraft in the brand's colours with a large watch on its fuselage. Is this allowed? ^t10q56
13541379 
13551380 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q56) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q56)
....@@ -1394,8 +1419,7 @@
13941419 
13951420 #### Key Terms
13961421 
1397
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1398
-
1422
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
13991423 ### Q58: Under what conditions is it permitted to carry and operate a radio on board? ^t10q58
14001424 
14011425 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q58) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q58)
....@@ -1440,8 +1464,7 @@
14401464 
14411465 #### Key Terms
14421466 
1443
-ATC = Air Traffic Control
1444
-
1467
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
14451468 ### Q60: Your ophthalmologist has prescribed corrective lenses. Which statement is correct? ^t10q60
14461469 
14471470 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q60) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q60)
....@@ -1478,6 +1501,8 @@
14781501 
14791502 #### Explanation
14801503 
1504
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
1505
+
14811506 Special VFR (SVFR) flights can only be authorised within a CTR (Control Zone), which is the controlled airspace immediately surrounding an aerodrome. When meteorological conditions fall below normal VMC minima, ATC within the CTR can grant SVFR clearance to permit operations.
14821507 
14831508 - **Option A** (FIR) is too broad -- SVFR is not applicable to the entire flight information region.
....@@ -1486,8 +1511,12 @@
14861511 
14871512 #### Key Terms
14881513 
1489
-ATC = Air Traffic Control; CTR = Control Zone; FIR = Flight Information Region; TMA = Terminal Manoeuvring Area; VFR = Visual Flight Rules; VMC = Visual Meteorological Conditions
1490
-
1514
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
1515
+- **CTR** = Control Zone
1516
+- **FIR** = Flight Information Region
1517
+- **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
1518
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
1519
+- **VMC** = Visual Meteorological Conditions
14911520 ### Q62: What evasive action should the pilots of two VFR aircraft on converging tracks generally take? ^t10q62
14921521 
14931522 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q62) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q62)
....@@ -1511,8 +1540,8 @@
15111540 
15121541 #### Key Terms
15131542 
1514
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
1515
-
1543
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
1544
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
15161545 ### Q63: What are the minimum visibility and cloud distance requirements for VFR flight in Class D airspace below 10,000 ft AMSL? ^t10q63
15171546 
15181547 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q63) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q63)
....@@ -1528,6 +1557,8 @@
15281557 
15291558 #### Explanation
15301559 
1560
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
1561
+
15311562 In Class D airspace below FL100 (10,000 ft AMSL), SERA.5001 prescribes VMC minima of: 5 km visibility, 1,500 m horizontal cloud distance, and 300 m (1,000 ft) vertical cloud distance. These are the same minima as for Classes C and E in this altitude band.
15321563 
15331564 - **Option A** describes conditions applicable to lower uncontrolled airspace.
....@@ -1536,8 +1567,10 @@
15361567 
15371568 #### Key Terms
15381569 
1539
-AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level; FL = Flight Level; VFR = Visual Flight Rules; VMC = Visual Meteorological Conditions
1540
-
1570
+- **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
1571
+- **FL** = Flight Level
1572
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
1573
+- **VMC** = Visual Meteorological Conditions
15411574 ### Q64: Among the airspace classes used in Switzerland, which ones are classified as controlled airspace? ^t10q64
15421575 
15431576 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q64) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q64)
....@@ -1553,6 +1586,8 @@
15531586 
15541587 #### Explanation
15551588 
1589
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
1590
+
15561591 In Switzerland, airspace classes C, D, and E are all classified as controlled airspace. Class G is uncontrolled airspace. Classes A and B exist in the ICAO classification system but are not used in Switzerland.
15571592 
15581593 - **Option A** omits Class E, which is controlled airspace (though VFR traffic does not receive separation in it).
....@@ -1561,8 +1596,8 @@
15611596 
15621597 #### Key Terms
15631598 
1564
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
1565
-
1599
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
1600
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
15661601 ### Q65: According to the applicable rules of the air, what is the definition of "day"? ^t10q65
15671602 
15681603 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q65) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q65)
....@@ -1607,8 +1642,7 @@
16071642 
16081643 #### Key Terms
16091644 
1610
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1611
-
1645
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
16121646 ### Q67: You wish to carry out private flights for remuneration. What formality must you complete to limit your civil liability? ^t10q67
16131647 
16141648 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q67) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q67)
....@@ -1653,8 +1687,11 @@
16531687 
16541688 #### Key Terms
16551689 
1656
-AIC = Aeronautical Information Circular; AIP = Aeronautical Information Publication; IFR = Instrument Flight Rules; NOTAM = Notice to Air Missions; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
1657
-
1690
+- **AIC** = Aeronautical Information Circular
1691
+- **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
1692
+- **IFR** = Instrument Flight Rules
1693
+- **NOTAM** = Notice to Air Missions
1694
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
16581695 ### Q69: What does the aerodrome operations manual govern? ^t10q69
16591696 
16601697 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q69) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q69)
....@@ -1678,8 +1715,7 @@
16781715 
16791716 #### Key Terms
16801717 
1681
-EASA = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
1682
-
1718
+- **EASA** = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
16831719 ### Q70: What does this ground signal indicate? (Two dumbbells) ^t10q70
16841720 
16851721 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q70) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q70)
....@@ -1730,8 +1766,7 @@
17301766 
17311767 #### Key Terms
17321768 
1733
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1734
-
1769
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
17351770 ### Q72: Which of the following airspaces are not classified as controlled airspace? ^t10q72
17361771 
17371772 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q72) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q72)
....@@ -1747,6 +1782,8 @@
17471782 
17481783 #### Explanation
17491784 
1785
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
1786
+
17501787 In Switzerland, Classes G and E are not classified as controlled airspace for VFR traffic purposes. Class G is uncontrolled airspace, and Class E, while technically controlled for IFR flights, provides no ATC separation for VFR traffic.
17511788 
17521789 - **Option A** is incomplete because it lists only Class G and omits Class E.
....@@ -1755,8 +1792,9 @@
17551792 
17561793 #### Key Terms
17571794 
1758
-ATC = Air Traffic Control; IFR = Instrument Flight Rules; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
1759
-
1795
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
1796
+- **IFR** = Instrument Flight Rules
1797
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
17601798 ### Q73: To which authority has the Federal Council delegated aviation oversight in Switzerland? ^t10q73
17611799 
17621800 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q73) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q73)
....@@ -1801,8 +1839,11 @@
18011839 
18021840 #### Key Terms
18031841 
1804
-ATC = Air Traffic Control; CTR = Control Zone; TMA = Terminal Manoeuvring Area; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
1805
-
1842
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
1843
+- **CTR** = Control Zone
1844
+- **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
1845
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
1846
+- **D** — Drag
18061847 ### Q75: What minimum height must be maintained above densely populated areas during VFR flight? ^t10q75
18071848 
18081849 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q75) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q75)
....@@ -1826,8 +1867,11 @@
18261867 
18271868 #### Key Terms
18281869 
1829
-AGL = Above Ground Level; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
1830
-
1870
+- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
1871
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
1872
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
1873
+- **D** — Drag
1874
+- **m** — mass of the aircraft
18311875 ### Q76: Among the aircraft listed below, which have priority for landing and takeoff? ^t10q76
18321876 
18331877 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q76) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q76)
....@@ -1851,8 +1895,8 @@
18511895 
18521896 #### Key Terms
18531897 
1854
-ATC = Air Traffic Control; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1855
-
1898
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
1899
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
18561900 ### Q77: What does this signal indicate? ^t10q77
18571901 
18581902 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q77) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q77)
....@@ -1879,8 +1923,7 @@
18791923 
18801924 #### Key Terms
18811925 
1882
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1883
-
1926
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
18841927 ### Q78: Who has the responsibility for ensuring that the required documents are carried on board the aircraft? ^t10q78
18851928 
18861929 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q78) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q78)
....@@ -1903,8 +1946,9 @@
19031946 
19041947 #### Key Terms
19051948 
1906
-EASA = European Union Aviation Safety Agency; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; PIC = Pilot in Command
1907
-
1949
+- **EASA** = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
1950
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
1951
+- **PIC** = Pilot in Command
19081952 ### Q79: Which of the following instructions regarding runway direction in use takes precedence? ^t10q79
19091953 
19101954 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q79) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q79)
....@@ -1928,8 +1972,7 @@
19281972 
19291973 #### Key Terms
19301974 
1931
-ATC = Air Traffic Control
1932
-
1975
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
19331976 ### Q80: In the event of a radio failure, what code must be set on the transponder? ^t10q80
19341977 
19351978 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q80) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q80)
....@@ -1953,8 +1996,8 @@
19531996 
19541997 #### Key Terms
19551998 
1956
-ATC = Air Traffic Control; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
1957
-
1999
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
2000
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
19582001 ### Q81: Is it permitted to deviate from the rules of the air applicable to aircraft? ^t10q81
19592002 
19602003 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q81) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q81)
....@@ -1978,8 +2021,7 @@
19782021 
19792022 #### Key Terms
19802023 
1981
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
1982
-
2024
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
19832025 ### Q82: What are the minimum VMC values in Class E airspace at 2100 m AMSL? Visibility - Cloud clearance: Vertical / Horizontal ^t10q82
19842026 
19852027 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q82) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q82)
....@@ -1995,16 +2037,21 @@
19952037 
19962038 #### Explanation
19972039 
1998
-At 2100 m AMSL (approximately 6900 ft), which is well above 3000 ft AMSL and 1000 ft AGL, the SERA.5001 VMC minima in Class E airspace are: 8 km visibility, 300 m vertical cloud clearance, and 1500 m horizontal cloud clearance.
2040
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
19992041 
2000
-- **Option A** describes values for low-altitude uncontrolled airspace, far below the required minima.
2001
-- **Option B** has incorrect vertical and horizontal clearance values.
2002
-- **Option C** uses 5 km visibility, which does not match the Class E requirement at this altitude.
2042
+At 2100 m AMSL (approximately 6900 ft) in Class E airspace, this altitude is below FL100 (3,050 m) but above 3,000 ft. According to SERA.5001, the VMC minima for this altitude band are: 5 km visibility, 300 m vertical cloud clearance, and 1500 m horizontal cloud clearance.
2043
+
2044
+The 8 km visibility requirement only applies at or above FL100 (10,000 ft / 3,050 m).
2045
+
2046
+- **Option A** describes values far too low for this altitude.
2047
+- **Option B** has incorrect cloud clearance values.
2048
+- **Option D** incorrectly applies the 8 km visibility, which is for FL100 and above.
20032049 
20042050 #### Key Terms
20052051 
2006
-AGL = Above Ground Level; AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level; VMC = Visual Meteorological Conditions
2007
-
2052
+- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
2053
+- **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
2054
+- **VMC** = Visual Meteorological Conditions
20082055 ### Q83: By what time at the latest must a daytime VFR flight be completed? ^t10q83
20092056 
20102057 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q83) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q83)
....@@ -2028,8 +2075,7 @@
20282075 
20292076 #### Key Terms
20302077 
2031
-VFR = Visual Flight Rules
2032
-
2078
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
20332079 ### Q84: Are you allowed to use the aircraft radio to communicate with ATC without holding the radiotelephony rating extension? ^t10q84
20342080 
20352081 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q84) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q84)
....@@ -2054,8 +2100,7 @@
20542100 
20552101 #### Key Terms
20562102 
2057
-ATC = Air Traffic Control
2058
-
2103
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
20592104 ### Q85: Which type of flights may be conducted below the prescribed minimum heights without specific FOCA authorization, to the extent necessary? ^t10q85
20602105 
20612106 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q85) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q85)
....@@ -2090,6 +2135,8 @@
20902135 
20912136 #### Explanation
20922137 
2138
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
2139
+
20932140 At FL 115 (above FL 100), the minimum VFR visibility required is 8 km. With only 5 km visibility, the VMC minima are not met, and VFR flight through an airway is not permitted regardless of airspace class or flight type.
20942141 
20952142 - **Option A** (SVFR) is not applicable at flight levels -- SVFR is only authorised within CTRs.
....@@ -2099,8 +2146,9 @@
20992146 
21002147 #### Key Terms
21012148 
2102
-FL = Flight Level; VFR = Visual Flight Rules; VMC = Visual Meteorological Conditions
2103
-
2149
+- **FL** = Flight Level
2150
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
2151
+- **VMC** = Visual Meteorological Conditions
21042152 ### Q87: Are formation flights allowed? ^t10q87
21052153 
21062154 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q87) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q87)
....@@ -2122,6 +2170,9 @@
21222170 - **Option B** is incorrect because formation flights are not restricted to uncontrolled airspace.
21232171 - **Option D** is wrong because permanent radio contact, while useful, is not a regulatory requirement for formation flying.
21242172 
2173
+#### Key Terms
2174
+
2175
+- **D** — Drag
21252176 ### Q88: What does this signal mean? ^t10q88
21262177 
21272178 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q88) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q88)
....@@ -2148,8 +2199,7 @@
21482199 
21492200 #### Key Terms
21502201 
2151
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2152
-
2202
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
21532203 ### Q89: Can a Flight Information Zone (FIZ) be transited without any further formality? ^t10q89
21542204 
21552205 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q89) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q89)
....@@ -2173,8 +2223,7 @@
21732223 
21742224 #### Key Terms
21752225 
2176
-VFR = Visual Flight Rules
2177
-
2226
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
21782227 ### Q90: Which event qualifies as an aviation accident? ^t10q90
21792228 
21802229 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q90) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q90)
....@@ -2198,8 +2247,7 @@
21982247 
21992248 #### Key Terms
22002249 
2201
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2202
-
2250
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
22032251 ### Q91: Are observed or received signals binding for the glider pilot? ^t10q91
22042252 
22052253 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q91) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q91)
....@@ -2223,8 +2271,7 @@
22232271 
22242272 #### Key Terms
22252273 
2226
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2227
-
2274
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
22282275 ### Q92: What is the minimum flight height above densely populated areas and locations where large public gatherings occur? ^t10q92
22292276 
22302277 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q92) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q92)
....@@ -2249,8 +2296,7 @@
22492296 
22502297 #### Key Terms
22512298 
2252
-AGL = Above Ground Level
2253
-
2299
+- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
22542300 ### Q93: In which airspace classes may VFR flights be conducted in Switzerland without needing air traffic control services? ^t10q93
22552301 
22562302 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q93) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q93)
....@@ -2266,6 +2312,8 @@
22662312 
22672313 #### Explanation
22682314 
2315
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
2316
+
22692317 In Switzerland, VFR flights may be conducted without ATC services in Class E and Class G airspace. Class E is controlled for IFR but does not require ATC interaction for VFR flights; Class G is entirely uncontrolled.
22702318 
22712319 - **Option A** incorrectly includes Classes C and D, which require ATC clearance.
....@@ -2274,8 +2322,9 @@
22742322 
22752323 #### Key Terms
22762324 
2277
-ATC = Air Traffic Control; IFR = Instrument Flight Rules; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
2278
-
2325
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
2326
+- **IFR** = Instrument Flight Rules
2327
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
22792328 ### Q94: What does this signal indicate? ^t10q94
22802329 
22812330 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q94) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q94)
....@@ -2347,8 +2396,7 @@
23472396 
23482397 #### Key Terms
23492398 
2350
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2351
-
2399
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
23522400 ### Q97: What do white or other visible coloured signals placed horizontally on a runway signify? ^t10q97
23532401 
23542402 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q97) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q97)
....@@ -2393,8 +2441,7 @@
23932441 
23942442 #### Key Terms
23952443 
2396
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2397
-
2444
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
23982445 ### Q99: When one aircraft overtakes another in flight, how must it give way? ^t10q99
23992446 
24002447 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q99) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q99)
....@@ -2417,8 +2464,7 @@
24172464 
24182465 #### Key Terms
24192466 
2420
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2421
-
2467
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
24222468 ### Q100: For which domestic Swiss flights is a flight plan required? ^t10q100
24232469 
24242470 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q100) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q100)
....@@ -2442,8 +2488,10 @@
24422488 
24432489 #### Key Terms
24442490 
2445
-ATC = Air Traffic Control; CTR = Control Zone; TMA = Terminal Manoeuvring Area; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
2446
-
2491
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
2492
+- **CTR** = Control Zone
2493
+- **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
2494
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
24472495 ### Q101: During a VFR flight, who is responsible for collision avoidance? ^t10q101
24482496 
24492497 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q101) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q101)
....@@ -2467,8 +2515,9 @@
24672515 
24682516 #### Key Terms
24692517 
2470
-ATC = Air Traffic Control; PIC = Pilot in Command; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
2471
-
2518
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
2519
+- **PIC** = Pilot in Command
2520
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
24722521 ### Q102: Which event qualifies as an aviation accident? ^t10q102
24732522 
24742523 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q102) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q102)
....@@ -2510,10 +2559,14 @@
25102559 #### Explanation
25112560 
25122561 - **Option C** is the incorrect statement.
2513
-- Under SERA.3210, aircraft towing other aircraft or objects receive right-of-way priority -- meaning other aircraft (including gliders) do NOT have to give way to towing aircraft; rather, all aircraft must give way TO towing aircraft.
2514
-- **Option C** reverses this: it claims gliders give way to towing aircraft, but the actual rule is that towing aircraft give way to gliders (gliders have higher priority).
2515
-- **Options A, B, and D** all correctly state valid right-of-way exceptions.
2562
+- Under SERA.3210, the right-of-way priority order (highest to lowest) is: 1) Balloons, 2) Gliders, 3) Airships, 4) Towing aircraft, 5) Powered aircraft.
2563
+- Since gliders rank higher than towing aircraft, towing aircraft must give way to gliders -- not the other way around.
2564
+- **Option C** falsely claims gliders give way to towing aircraft, reversing the actual priority.
2565
+- **Options A, B, and D** all correctly state valid right-of-way rules.
25162566 
2567
+#### Key Terms
2568
+
2569
+- **D** — Drag
25172570 ### Q104: What minimum meteorological conditions are required to take off or land at an aerodrome in a CTR without Special VFR authorization? ^t10q104
25182571 
25192572 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q104) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q104)
....@@ -2529,16 +2582,24 @@
25292582 
25302583 #### Explanation
25312584 
2532
-Under Swiss regulations, the minimum meteorological conditions for take-off or landing at an aerodrome within a CTR without requiring Special VFR authorisation are: ground visibility of 1.5 km and a ceiling of 300 m above ground level. These are the basic SVFR minima in Switzerland.
2585
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
25332586 
2534
-- **Option A** and Option B use higher visibility values than required.
2535
-- **Option D** uses an insufficient ceiling of 150 m.
2536
-- These values are specific to Swiss operations within CTRs.
2587
+For normal VFR operations (without Special VFR) at an aerodrome in a CTR, the minimum conditions are: ground visibility of 5 km and a ceiling of 450 m (1,500 ft) above ground level.
2588
+
2589
+- **Option B** requires 8 km visibility, which is too high for CTR operations below FL100.
2590
+- **Option C** describes Special VFR (SVFR) minima (1.5 km / 300 m), not normal VFR.
2591
+- **Option D** has an insufficient ceiling of 150 m.
2592
+
2593
+> **Note:** Option C (1.5 km / 300 m) would apply if the question asked about Special VFR conditions. The distinction between normal VFR and SVFR minima in a CTR is a common exam trap.
2594
+
2595
+> **Tip:** In the airspace chart, the CTR shows both 1,500 ft and 1,000 ft. These are different concepts: 1,500 ft is the minimum *ceiling* (cloud base height) required for takeoff/landing, while 1,000 ft (300 m) is the minimum *vertical cloud clearance* you must maintain during flight.
25372596 
25382597 #### Key Terms
25392598 
2540
-CTR = Control Zone; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
2541
-
2599
+- **CTR** = Control Zone
2600
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
2601
+- **D** — Drag
2602
+- **m** — mass of the aircraft
25422603 ### Q105: For VFR flights in a terminal control area or control zone, how is the vertical position of an aircraft expressed below the transition altitude? ^t10q105
25432604 
25442605 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q105) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q105)
....@@ -2562,8 +2623,10 @@
25622623 
25632624 #### Key Terms
25642625 
2565
-CTR = Control Zone; QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level; TMA = Terminal Manoeuvring Area; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
2566
-
2626
+- **CTR** = Control Zone
2627
+- **QNH** = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
2628
+- **TMA** = Terminal Manoeuvring Area
2629
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
25672630 ### Q106: In Switzerland, what is the minimum visibility required for VFR flight in Class G airspace without special conditions? ^t10q106
25682631 
25692632 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q106) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q106)
....@@ -2579,6 +2642,8 @@
25792642 
25802643 #### Explanation
25812644 
2645
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
2646
+
25822647 In Class G airspace in Switzerland, without special conditions and at low altitudes (below 3000 ft AMSL or within 1000 ft of the surface), the minimum VFR visibility is 1.5 km. This is the lowest visibility minimum in the SERA VMC table.
25832648 
25842649 - **Option A** (5 km) applies in controlled airspace below FL100.
....@@ -2587,8 +2652,10 @@
25872652 
25882653 #### Key Terms
25892654 
2590
-AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level; FL = Flight Level; VFR = Visual Flight Rules; VMC = Visual Meteorological Conditions
2591
-
2655
+- **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
2656
+- **FL** = Flight Level
2657
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
2658
+- **VMC** = Visual Meteorological Conditions
25922659 ### Q107: May a Flight Information Zone (FIZ) be transited without any additional formality? ^t10q107
25932660 
25942661 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q107) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q107)
....@@ -2612,8 +2679,7 @@
26122679 
26132680 #### Key Terms
26142681 
2615
-VFR = Visual Flight Rules
2616
-
2682
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
26172683 ### Q108: Who is responsible for the regulatory maintenance of an aircraft? ^t10q108
26182684 
26192685 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q108) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q108)
....@@ -2656,8 +2722,7 @@
26562722 
26572723 #### Key Terms
26582724 
2659
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2660
-
2725
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
26612726 ### Q110: What are the minimum VMC values in Class E airspace at 6500 ft (2000 m) AMSL? Visibility - Cloud clearance: vertically - horizontally ^t10q110
26622727 
26632728 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q110) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q110)
....@@ -2673,16 +2738,21 @@
26732738 
26742739 #### Explanation
26752740 
2676
-At 6500 ft (2000 m) AMSL in Class E airspace, which is above 3000 ft AMSL and above 1000 ft AGL, the SERA.5001 VMC minima are: 8 km visibility, 300 m vertical cloud clearance, and 1500 m horizontal cloud clearance.
2741
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
26772742 
2678
-- **Option B** describes values for very low-altitude uncontrolled airspace, far too low for this altitude.
2679
-- **Option C** uses 5 km visibility, which is insufficient for Class E at this altitude.
2680
-- **Option D** has the correct visibility but incorrect cloud clearance values (100 m and 300 m are too small).
2743
+At 6500 ft (2000 m) AMSL in Class E airspace, this altitude is below FL100 (3,050 m) but above 3,000 ft. According to SERA.5001, the VMC minima for this altitude band are: 5 km visibility, 300 m vertical cloud clearance, and 1500 m horizontal cloud clearance.
2744
+
2745
+The 8 km visibility requirement only applies at or above FL100 (10,000 ft / 3,050 m).
2746
+
2747
+- **Option A** incorrectly applies the 8 km visibility, which is for FL100 and above.
2748
+- **Option B** describes values far too low for this altitude.
2749
+- **Option D** has incorrect cloud clearance values.
26812750 
26822751 #### Key Terms
26832752 
2684
-AGL = Above Ground Level; AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level; VMC = Visual Meteorological Conditions
2685
-
2753
+- **AGL** = Above Ground Level
2754
+- **AMSL** = Above Mean Sea Level
2755
+- **VMC** = Visual Meteorological Conditions
26862756 ### Q111: What is the function of the signal square at an aerodrome? ^t10q111
26872757 
26882758 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q111) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q111)
....@@ -2728,8 +2798,7 @@
27282798 
27292799 #### Key Terms
27302800 
2731
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2732
-
2801
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
27332802 ### Q113: Which runway designators are correct for two parallel runways? ^t10q113
27342803 
27352804 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q113) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q113)
....@@ -2753,8 +2822,7 @@
27532822 
27542823 #### Key Terms
27552824 
2756
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2757
-
2825
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
27582826 ### Q114: What does this sign at an aerodrome indicate? ^t10q114
27592827 
27602828 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q114) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q114)
....@@ -2801,8 +2869,7 @@
28012869 
28022870 #### Key Terms
28032871 
2804
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2805
-
2872
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
28062873 ### Q116: Who provides the search and rescue service? ^t10q116
28072874 
28082875 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q116) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q116)
....@@ -2826,8 +2893,7 @@
28262893 
28272894 #### Key Terms
28282895 
2829
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2830
-
2896
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
28312897 ### Q117: In the context of aircraft accident and incident investigation, what are the three categories of aircraft occurrences? ^t10q117
28322898 
28332899 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q117) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q117)
....@@ -2849,8 +2915,7 @@
28492915 
28502916 #### Key Terms
28512917 
2852
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2853
-
2918
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
28542919 ### Q118: While slope soaring with the hill on your left, another glider approaches from the opposite direction at the same altitude. What should you do? ^t10q118
28552920 
28562921 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q118) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q118)
....@@ -2873,6 +2938,9 @@
28732938 - **Option B** is partially correct in the action but wrong to expect the other glider to also turn -- they have right-of-way.
28742939 - **Option D** is wrong because you are the one who must give way.
28752940 
2941
+#### Key Terms
2942
+
2943
+- **D** — Drag
28762944 ### Q119: When circling in a thermal with other gliders, who determines the direction of turn? ^t10q119
28772945 
28782946 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q119) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q119)
....@@ -2910,6 +2978,8 @@
29102978 
29112979 #### Explanation
29122980 
2981
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
2982
+
29132983 Airspace Class C is controlled airspace where ATC clearance is mandatory for all flights, including VFR and gliders. A glider may enter Class C airspace only after obtaining an explicit clearance from the responsible ATC unit.
29142984 
29152985 - **Option A** is wrong because entry is possible with proper ATC clearance.
....@@ -2918,8 +2988,8 @@
29182988 
29192989 #### Key Terms
29202990 
2921
-ATC = Air Traffic Control; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
2922
-
2991
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
2992
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
29232993 ### Q121: What do longitudinal stripes of uniform dimensions arranged symmetrically about the centreline of a runway indicate? ^t10q121
29242994 
29252995 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q121) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q121)
....@@ -2964,8 +3034,7 @@
29643034 
29653035 #### Key Terms
29663036 
2967
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
2968
-
3037
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
29693038 ### Q123: An aerodrome beacon (ABN) is a ^t10q123
29703039 
29713040 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q123) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q123)
....@@ -3010,8 +3079,7 @@
30103079 
30113080 #### Key Terms
30123081 
3013
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
3014
-
3082
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
30153083 ### Q125: What is the validity period of the Certificate of Airworthiness? ^t10q125
30163084 
30173085 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q125) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q125)
....@@ -3057,8 +3125,9 @@
30573125 
30583126 #### Key Terms
30593127 
3060
-ARC = Airworthiness Review Certificate; EASA = European Union Aviation Safety Agency; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
3061
-
3128
+- **ARC** = Airworthiness Review Certificate
3129
+- **EASA** = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
3130
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
30623131 ### Q127: The Certificate of Airworthiness is issued by the state ^t10q127
30633132 
30643133 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q127) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q127)
....@@ -3105,8 +3174,8 @@
31053174 
31063175 #### Key Terms
31073176 
3108
-EASA = European Union Aviation Safety Agency; VMC = Visual Meteorological Conditions
3109
-
3177
+- **EASA** = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
3178
+- **VMC** = Visual Meteorological Conditions
31103179 ### Q129: What does the abbreviation TRA stand for? ^t10q129
31113180 
31123181 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q129) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q129)
....@@ -3128,8 +3197,8 @@
31283197 
31293198 #### Key Terms
31303199 
3131
-EASA = European Union Aviation Safety Agency; ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
3132
-
3200
+- **EASA** = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
3201
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
31333202 ### Q130: What does an area marked as TMZ signify? ^t10q130
31343203 
31353204 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q130) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q130)
....@@ -3144,6 +3213,8 @@
31443213 D)
31453214 
31463215 #### Explanation
3216
+
3217
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
31473218 
31483219 TMZ stands for Transponder Mandatory Zone, an airspace designation requiring all aircraft to be equipped with and operate a functioning transponder when flying within the zone. This enables radar identification and collision avoidance systems to track traffic.
31493220 
....@@ -3171,8 +3242,10 @@
31713242 
31723243 #### Key Terms
31733244 
3174
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; IFR = Instrument Flight Rules; VFR = Visual Flight Rules; VMC = Visual Meteorological Conditions
3175
-
3245
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
3246
+- **IFR** = Instrument Flight Rules
3247
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
3248
+- **VMC** = Visual Meteorological Conditions
31763249 ### Q132: What does the abbreviation VMC stand for? ^t10q132
31773250 
31783251 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q132) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q132)
....@@ -3196,8 +3269,9 @@
31963269 
31973270 #### Key Terms
31983271 
3199
-IMC = Instrument Meteorological Conditions; VFR = Visual Flight Rules; VMC = Visual Meteorological Conditions
3200
-
3272
+- **IMC** = Instrument Meteorological Conditions
3273
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
3274
+- **VMC** = Visual Meteorological Conditions
32013275 ### Q133: In airspace E, what is the minimum flight visibility for a VFR aircraft at FL75? ^t10q133
32023276 
32033277 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q133) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q133)
....@@ -3213,6 +3287,8 @@
32133287 
32143288 #### Explanation
32153289 
3290
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
3291
+
32163292 In Class E airspace below FL100, VFR flights require a minimum visibility of 5000 m (5 km) per SERA.5001. FL75 is below FL100, so the 5 km rule applies.
32173293 
32183294 - **Option A** (3000 m) is not a standard VFR minimum at this altitude.
....@@ -3221,8 +3297,8 @@
32213297 
32223298 #### Key Terms
32233299 
3224
-FL = Flight Level; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
3225
-
3300
+- **FL** = Flight Level
3301
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
32263302 ### Q134: In airspace C, what is the minimum flight visibility for a VFR aircraft at FL110? ^t10q134
32273303 
32283304 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q134) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q134)
....@@ -3238,6 +3314,8 @@
32383314 
32393315 #### Explanation
32403316 
3317
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
3318
+
32413319 In controlled airspace Class C at and above FL100, the minimum VFR flight visibility is 8000 m (8 km) per SERA. FL110 is above FL100, so the 8 km minimum applies.
32423320 
32433321 - **Option A** (5000 m) applies below FL100.
....@@ -3246,8 +3324,8 @@
32463324 
32473325 #### Key Terms
32483326 
3249
-FL = Flight Level; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
3250
-
3327
+- **FL** = Flight Level
3328
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
32513329 ### Q135: In airspace C, what is the minimum flight visibility for a VFR aircraft at FL125? ^t10q135
32523330 
32533331 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q135) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q135)
....@@ -3263,6 +3341,8 @@
32633341 
32643342 #### Explanation
32653343 
3344
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
3345
+
32663346 In airspace Class C at and above FL100, the minimum VFR flight visibility is 8000 m (8 km). FL125 is well above FL100, confirming the 8 km minimum applies.
32673347 
32683348 - **Option A** (1500 m) applies to low-altitude uncontrolled airspace.
....@@ -3271,8 +3351,8 @@
32713351 
32723352 #### Key Terms
32733353 
3274
-FL = Flight Level; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
3275
-
3354
+- **FL** = Flight Level
3355
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
32763356 ### Q136: What are the minimum cloud clearance requirements for a VFR flight in airspace B? ^t10q136
32773357 
32783358 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q136) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q136)
....@@ -3288,6 +3368,8 @@
32883368 
32893369 #### Explanation
32903370 
3371
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
3372
+
32913373 In ICAO airspace Class B, the cloud separation minima for VFR flights are 1500 m horizontally and 300 m (approximately 1000 ft) vertically from cloud.
32923374 
32933375 - **Option A** uses only 1000 m horizontal distance (insufficient).
....@@ -3297,8 +3379,10 @@
32973379 
32983380 #### Key Terms
32993381 
3300
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
3382
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization
3383
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
33013384 
3385
+> **Note:** Airspace Class B is not used in Germany or Switzerland but may appear in EASA exams.
33023386 ### Q137: In airspace C below FL 100, what is the minimum flight visibility for VFR operations? ^t10q137
33033387 
33043388 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q137) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q137)
....@@ -3314,6 +3398,8 @@
33143398 
33153399 #### Explanation
33163400 
3401
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
3402
+
33173403 In airspace Class C below FL100, the SERA-prescribed minimum VFR flight visibility is 5 km (5000 m).
33183404 
33193405 - **Option A** (10 km) is not a standard SERA minimum.
....@@ -3322,8 +3408,8 @@
33223408 
33233409 #### Key Terms
33243410 
3325
-FL = Flight Level; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
3326
-
3411
+- **FL** = Flight Level
3412
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
33273413 ### Q138: In airspace C at and above FL 100, what is the minimum flight visibility for VFR operations? ^t10q138
33283414 
33293415 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q138) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q138)
....@@ -3339,6 +3425,8 @@
33393425 
33403426 #### Explanation
33413427 
3428
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
3429
+
33423430 In airspace Class C at and above FL100, the minimum VFR flight visibility required by SERA is 8 km (8000 m). This higher minimum reflects the faster closing speeds at higher altitudes.
33433431 
33443432 - **Option A** (5 km) is the below-FL100 Class C minimum.
....@@ -3347,8 +3435,8 @@
33473435 
33483436 #### Key Terms
33493437 
3350
-FL = Flight Level; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
3351
-
3438
+- **FL** = Flight Level
3439
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
33523440 ### Q139: How is the term "ceiling" defined? ^t10q139
33533441 
33543442 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q139) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q139)
....@@ -3389,6 +3477,8 @@
33893477 
33903478 #### Explanation
33913479 
3480
+![](luftraeume_overview.jpg)
3481
+
33923482 In airspace Class E, ATC provides separation only between IFR flights. VFR flights receive no separation service whatsoever -- neither from IFR traffic nor from other VFR traffic. VFR pilots rely entirely on see-and-avoid.
33933483 
33943484 - **Option A** incorrectly states VFR receives separation from IFR.
....@@ -3397,8 +3487,10 @@
33973487 
33983488 #### Key Terms
33993489 
3400
-ATC = Air Traffic Control; IFR = Instrument Flight Rules; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
3401
-
3490
+- **ATC** = Air Traffic Control
3491
+- **IFR** = Instrument Flight Rules
3492
+- **VFR** = Visual Flight Rules
3493
+- **D** — Drag
34023494 ### Q141: What kind of information is contained in the AD section of the AIP? ^t10q141
34033495 
34043496 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q141) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q141)
....@@ -3422,8 +3514,7 @@
34223514 
34233515 #### Key Terms
34243516 
3425
-AIP = Aeronautical Information Publication
3426
-
3517
+- **AIP** = Aeronautical Information Publication
34273518 ### Q142: How is "aerodrome elevation" defined? ^t10q142
34283519 
34293520 [DE](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20DE/10%20-%20Luftrecht.md#^t10q142) · [FR](../SPL%20Exam%20Questions%20FR/10%20-%20Droit%20a%C3%A9rien.md#^t10q142)
....@@ -3498,4 +3589,4 @@
34983589 
34993590 #### Key Terms
35003591 
3501
-ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
3592
+- **ICAO** = International Civil Aviation Organization