Communications
Q1: When should a pilot make use of blind transmissions? ^t90q1
DE · FR
- A) When a transmission with important navigational or technical data needs to be sent to multiple stations simultaneously
- B) When the traffic situation at an airport permits sending information that does not require acknowledgement by the ground station
- C) When a pilot has inadvertently entered cloud or fog and wishes to request navigational help from a ground unit
- D) When two-way radio communication cannot be established with the relevant aeronautical station, but there is reason to believe that transmissions are being received at that ground unit
Answer
D)
Explanation
A blind transmission is used when the pilot cannot receive responses (e.g., due to a faulty receiver) but has reason to believe the ground station can still hear the transmissions, allowing ATC to track the aircraft's position and intentions.
- Option A describes a broadcast, not a blind transmission.
- Option B is not a recognised scenario for blind transmissions.
- Option C describes a situation requiring two-way communication or an urgency declaration, not a blind transmission.
Key Terms
ATC = Air Traffic Control
### Q2: What is the standard abbreviation for the term "abeam"? ^t90q2
DE · FR
- A) ABA
- B) ABE
- C) ABM
- D) ABB
Answer
C)
Explanation
ABM is the ICAO-standard abbreviation for "abeam," meaning a position at a right angle to the aircraft's track — directly to the side. This abbreviation appears in flight plans, ATC communications, and aeronautical charts.
- Options A, B, and D are not recognised ICAO abbreviations for this term.
Key Terms
- ATC = Air Traffic Control
- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q3: What abbreviation represents "visual flight rules"? ^t90q3
DE · FR
- A) VMC
- B) VFR
- C) VRU
- D) VFS
Answer
B)
Explanation
VFR stands for Visual Flight Rules, the regulatory framework under which pilots navigate by visual reference to the ground and other aircraft.
Option A (VMC) stands for Visual Meteorological Conditions, which describes the weather requirements for VFR flight — related but distinct.
Options C and D are not standard aviation abbreviations.
Key Terms
- VFR = Visual Flight Rules
- VMC = Visual Meteorological Conditions
### Q4: What is the ICAO abbreviation for "obstacle"? ^t90q4
DE · FR
- A) OBS
- B) OST
- C) OBST
- D) OBTC
Answer
C)
Explanation
OBST is the ICAO-standard abbreviation for obstacle, used in NOTAMs, aeronautical charts, and ATC communications.
Key Terms
- ATC = Air Traffic Control
- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q5: What does the abbreviation "FIS" represent? ^t90q5
DE · FR
- A) Flashing information service
- B) Flight information system
- C) Flashing information system
- D) Flight information service
Answer
D)
Explanation
FIS stands for Flight Information Service — a service providing pilots with information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights, including weather updates, NOTAMs, and traffic advisories.
Options A and C contain "flashing," which has no relevance to this aviation service.
Option B incorrectly uses "system" instead of "service.".
Q6: What does the abbreviation "FIR" represent? ^t90q6
DE · FR
- A) Flow information radar
- B) Flight integrity receiver
- C) Flight information region
- D) Flow integrity required
Answer
C)
Explanation
A Flight Information Region (FIR) is a defined volume of airspace within which flight information service and alerting service are provided under ICAO standards. Each country or group of countries has one or more FIRs covering all airspace vertically and horizontally.
- Options A, B, and D are fabricated terms with no aviation meaning.
Key Terms
- FIR = Flight Information Region
- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q7: What does the abbreviation "H24" indicate? ^t90q7
DE · FR
- A) Sunset to sunrise
- B) Sunrise to sunset
- C) No specific opening times
- D) 24 h service
Answer
D)
Explanation
H24 indicates continuous 24-hour service — the facility is staffed and operational at all times. This designation appears in AIP entries and NOTAMs for facilities like major ATC centres.
- Option A describes HN (night hours).
- Option B describes HJ (daylight hours).
- Option C describes HX (no specific hours).
Key Terms
- AIP = Aeronautical Information Publication
- ATC = Air Traffic Control
### Q8: What does the abbreviation "HX" indicate? ^t90q8
DE · FR
- A) Sunset to sunrise
- B) No specific opening hours
- C) 24 h service
- D) Sunrise to sunset
Answer
B)
Explanation
HX means the facility operates at no specific or predetermined hours and may be available on request or intermittently. Pilots must check NOTAMs or contact the facility to verify availability.
- Option A describes HN (sunset to sunrise).
- Option C describes H24 (continuous).
- Option D describes HJ (sunrise to sunset).
Q9: To which value must the altimeter be set so that it reads zero on the ground? ^t90q9
DE · FR
- A) QNH
- B) QNE
- C) QFE
- D) QTE
Answer
C)
Explanation
QFE is the atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation. When set on the altimeter subscale, the instrument reads zero on the ground at that aerodrome, displaying height above field during the circuit.
- Option A (QNH) gives altitude above mean sea level.
- Option B (QNE) refers to the standard pressure setting of 1013.25 hPa.
- Option D (QTE) is a true bearing from a station, not an altimeter setting.
Key Terms
- QFE = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
- QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
- QNE = Standard pressure setting (1013.25 hPa)
### Q10: What altitude does the altimeter display when set to a given QNH value? ^t90q10
DE · FR
- A) Altitude relative to the highest elevation within 10 km
- B) Altitude relative to the air pressure at the reference airfield
- C) Altitude relative to the 1013.25 hPa datum
- D) Altitude relative to mean sea level
Answer
D)
Explanation
QNH is the altimeter setting that, when dialled in, causes the altimeter to indicate altitude above mean sea level (AMSL), which is the standard reference for navigation and airspace limits below the transition altitude.
- Option A is not a standard altimetry reference.
- Option B describes QFE behaviour.
- Option C describes QNE (standard pressure) behaviour.
Key Terms
- QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
- AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level
- QFE = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
- QNE = Standard pressure setting (1013.25 hPa)
### Q11: What altitude does the altimeter display when set to a given QFE value? ^t90q11
DE · FR
- A) Altitude relative to the highest elevation within 10 km
- B) Altitude relative to mean sea level
- C) Altitude relative to the air pressure at the reference airfield
- D) Altitude relative to the 1013.25 hPa datum
Answer
C)
Explanation
With QFE set, the altimeter reads height above the reference aerodrome — the difference between actual pressure altitude and the aerodrome pressure level, showing zero on the ground and direct height above field in the circuit.
- Option A is not a standard reference.
- Option B describes QNH behaviour.
- Option D describes QNE behaviour.
Key Terms
- QFE = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
- QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
- QNE = Standard pressure setting (1013.25 hPa)
### Q12: What is the proper term for a message used in air traffic control? ^t90q12
DE · FR
- A) Flight regularity message
- B) Message related to direction finding
- C) Meteorological message
- D) Flight safety message
Answer
D)
Explanation
ATC messages — including clearances, instructions, position reports, and traffic information — are classified as flight safety messages, the third-highest priority after distress and urgency in the ICAO message hierarchy.
- Option A (regularity messages) concern the operation and maintenance of facilities.
- Option B (direction-finding messages) relate to radio navigation assistance.
- Option C (meteorological messages) pertain to weather information.
ICAO Message Priority Order (highest to lowest):
| Priority | Category | Signal | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Distress | MAYDAY | Engine failure, fire |
| 2 | Urgency | PAN PAN | Low fuel, passenger illness |
| 3 | Flight safety | — | ATC clearances, instructions |
| 4 | Meteorological | — | Weather reports, SIGMET |
| 5 | Flight regularity | — | Schedule changes, ops info |
Key Terms
- ATC = Air Traffic Control
- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q13: How are distress messages defined? ^t90q13
DE · FR
- A) Messages sent by a pilot or aircraft operating agency with immediate significance for aircraft in flight.
- B) Messages concerning aircraft and their passengers facing a grave and imminent threat that require immediate assistance.
- C) Messages concerning the safety of an aircraft, a watercraft, or some other vehicle or person in sight.
- D) Messages concerning the operation or maintenance of facilities important for the safety and regularity of flight operations.
Answer
B)
Explanation
A distress message (MAYDAY) is transmitted when an aircraft and its occupants face a grave and imminent danger requiring immediate assistance — the highest priority category in aeronautical communications, signalled by transponder code 7700.
- Option A is too vague and could apply to several message types.
- Option C describes urgency messages (PAN PAN).
- Option D describes regularity messages.
Q14: How are urgency messages defined? ^t90q14
DE · FR
- A) Messages concerning the operation or maintenance of facilities essential for the safety or regularity of aircraft operation.
- B) Messages concerning aircraft and their passengers facing a grave and imminent threat that require immediate assistance.
- C) Messages sent by a pilot or aircraft operating agency with immediate significance for aircraft in flight.
- D) Messages relating to the direction-finding service and the position of aircraft.
Answer
A)
Explanation
Urgency messages (PAN PAN) concern a condition that is serious and affects the safety of the aircraft or persons but does not yet constitute a grave and imminent danger requiring immediate assistance — examples include controllable engine problems or medical situations on board.
Q15: How are regularity messages defined? ^t90q15
DE · FR
- A) Messages concerning the safety of an aircraft, a watercraft, or some other vehicle or person in sight.
- B) Messages concerning aircraft and their passengers facing a grave and imminent threat that require immediate assistance.
- C) Messages concerning the operation or maintenance of facilities essential for the safety or regularity of aircraft operation.
- D) Messages sent by an aircraft operating agency or an aircraft with immediate concern for an aircraft in flight.
Answer
C)
Explanation
Regularity messages relate to the operation and maintenance of facilities necessary for flight operations — essentially administrative and logistical communications with the lowest priority in the ICAO hierarchy.
- Option A describes urgency-related messages.
- Option B defines distress messages.
- Option D describes flight safety messages.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q16: Among the following messages, which one has the highest priority? ^t90q16
DE · FR
- A) QNH 1013
- B) Wind 300 degrees, 5 knots
- C) Turn left
- D) Request QDM
Answer
D)
Explanation
A request for QDM (magnetic heading to steer toward a station) implies the pilot may be lost or unable to navigate independently, making it a potential urgency or flight safety matter with higher priority than routine operational messages.
- Options A (QNH) and B (wind) are routine advisory information.
- Option C (turn left) is a standard ATC instruction but carries lower priority than a navigation assistance request.
ICAO Message Priority Order (highest to lowest):
| Priority | Category | Signal | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Distress | MAYDAY | Engine failure, fire |
| 2 | Urgency | PAN PAN | Low fuel, passenger illness |
| 3 | Flight safety | — | ATC clearances, instructions |
| 4 | Meteorological | — | Weather reports, SIGMET |
| 5 | Flight regularity | — | Schedule changes, ops info |
Key Terms
- QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
- ATC = Air Traffic Control
### Q17: How should the call sign HB-YKM be correctly transmitted? ^t90q17
DE · FR
- A) Home Bravo Yankee Kilo Mikro
- B) Hotel Bravo Yuliett Kilo Mikro
- C) Hotel Bravo Yankee Kilo Mike
- D) Home Bravo Yuliett Kilo Mike
Answer
C)
Explanation
Using the ICAO phonetic alphabet: H = Hotel, B = Bravo, Y = Yankee, K = Kilo, M = Mike.
Option A uses "Home" instead of "Hotel" and "Mikro" instead of "Mike.
Option B uses "Yuliett" (which is J = Juliett, not Y) and "Mikro.
- Option D uses "Home" and "Yuliett.
- Only option C uses all correct ICAO phonetic words.
Key Terms
- D — Drag
- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q18: How should the call sign OE-JVK be correctly transmitted? ^t90q18
DE · FR
- A) Oscar Echo Juliett Victor Kilo
- B) Omega Echo Juliett Victor Kilogramm
- C) Omega Echo Jankee Victor Kilo
- D) Oscar Echo Jankee Victor Kilogramm
Answer
A)
Explanation
Using the ICAO phonetic alphabet: O = Oscar, E = Echo, J = Juliett, V = Victor, K = Kilo.
Key Terms
- V — Velocity / Airspeed
- D — Drag
- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q19: How is an altitude of 4500 ft correctly transmitted? ^t90q19
DE · FR
- A) Four tousand five zero zero.
- B) Four five tousand.
- C) Four tousand five hundred.
- D) Four five zero zero.
Answer
C)
Explanation
ICAO phraseology for altitudes uses "thousand" and "hundred" where appropriate: 4500 ft is spoken as "four thousand five hundred.
- Option A adds unnecessary zeros after "five.
Option B reverses the structure nonsensically.
Option D uses digit-by-digit recitation, which is reserved for transponder codes and QNH values, not altitudes.
Key Terms
- D — Drag
- QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q20: How is a heading of 285 degrees correctly transmitted? ^t90q20
DE · FR
- A) Two eight five.
- B) Two hundred eight five.
- C) Two hundred eighty-five.
- D) Two eight five hundred.
Answer
A)
Explanation
Headings and bearings are always transmitted as three individual digits spoken separately: "two eight five." The words "hundred" are never used for headings because digit-by-digit transmission eliminates ambiguity.
- Options B and C use "hundred" or natural number forms, which are not correct for heading transmissions.
- Option D adds "hundred" after the digits, which is meaningless.
Key Terms
D — Drag
### Q21: How is a frequency of 119.500 MHz correctly transmitted? ^t90q21
DE · FR
- A) One one niner decimal five zero zero.
- B) One one niner tousand decimal five zero.
- C) One one niner decimal five.
- D) One one niner decimal five zero.
Answer
C)
Explanation
Frequencies are transmitted digit by digit with "decimal" for the decimal point, and trailing zeros after significant digits are dropped. 119.500 MHz becomes "one one niner decimal five." Note "niner" is used for 9 to prevent confusion with "nein" (no).
- Option A retains unnecessary trailing zeros.
- Option B inserts "tousand" which is not used for frequencies.
- Option D keeps one trailing zero unnecessarily.
Q22: How is the directional information "12 o'clock" correctly transmitted? ^t90q22
DE · FR
- A) One two o'clock
- B) One two.
- C) Twelve o'clock.
- D) One two hundred.
Answer
C)
Explanation
Clock positions for traffic advisories are spoken as the full number followed by "o'clock": "twelve o'clock" means directly ahead.
Option A splits "twelve" into digits, which could be confused with other numerical data.
Option B omits "o'clock," making the reference ambiguous.
- Option D adds "hundred," which has no meaning in clock position references.
Q23: In what time format are times transmitted in aviation? ^t90q23
DE · FR
- A) Standard time.
- B) Local time.
- C) UTC.
- D) Time zone time.
Answer
C)
Explanation
All aeronautical communications use Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), formerly known as GMT or Zulu time, ensuring consistency across time zones worldwide. Pilots must convert local time to UTC for all flight plans, ATC communications, and weather reports.
- Options A, B, and D all reference local or regional time systems that would cause confusion in international operations.
Key Terms
ATC = Air Traffic Control
### Q24: When there is doubt about ambiguity, how should a time of 1620 be transmitted? ^t90q24
DE · FR
- A) Two zero.
- B) Sixteen twenty
- C) One tousand six hundred two zero
- D) One six two zero.
Answer
D)
Explanation
When there is any risk of ambiguity, ICAO requires the full four-digit UTC time spoken as individual digits: "one six two zero." This eliminates confusion about whether minutes alone or the complete time is being given.
- Option A gives only the minutes, which could be ambiguous.
- Option B uses natural number grouping, which is non-standard.
- Option C uses "tousand" and "hundred," which are not used for time transmission.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q25: What does the phrase "Roger" mean? ^t90q25
DE · FR
- A) Permission for proposed action is granted
- B) I have received all of your last transmission
- C) An error has been made in this transmission. The correct version is...
- D) I understand your message and will comply with it
Answer
B)
Explanation
"Roger" is an acknowledgement of receipt only — it means "I have received all of your last transmission" and nothing more. It does not imply agreement, compliance, or permission.
Q26: What does the phrase "Correction" mean? ^t90q26
DE · FR
- A) An error has been made in this transmission. The correct version is...
- B) I have received all of your last transmission
- C) Permission for proposed action is granted
- D) I understand your message and will comply with it
Answer
A)
Explanation
"Correction" signals that the speaker has made an error in the current transmission and the correct information follows immediately. This prevents the receiving party from acting on faulty data.
Q27: What does the phrase "Approved" mean? ^t90q27
DE · FR
- A) An error has been made in this transmission. The correct version is...
- B) I have received all of your last transmission
- C) I understand your message and will comply with it
- D) Permission for proposed action is granted
Answer
D)
Explanation
"Approved" means that ATC has granted permission for the action the pilot proposed or requested. It is used specifically in response to pilot requests.
Key Terms
ATC = Air Traffic Control
### Q28: Which phrase does a pilot use to check the readability of their transmission? ^t90q28
DE · FR
- A) You read me five
- B) Request readability
- C) How do you read?
- D) What is the communication like?
Answer
C)
Explanation
"How do you read?" is the standard ICAO phrase requesting a readability check. The expected response uses the 1-to-5 scale (e.g., "I read you five").
- Option A is the format of a readability report, not the request.
- Option B is not standard phraseology.
- Option D is plain language and not prescribed ICAO terminology.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q29: Which phrase does a pilot use when requesting to fly through controlled airspace? ^t90q29
DE · FR
- A) Would like
- B) Request
- C) Apply
- D) Want
Answer
B)
Explanation
"Request" is the standard ICAO phraseology for asking ATC for a clearance, service, or permission — for example, "Request transit controlled airspace.
- Options A, C, and D are colloquial or non-standard terms that should not be used in radiotelephony because they reduce clarity and may not be understood by controllers in multilingual environments.
Key Terms
- ATC = Air Traffic Control
- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q30: What phrase does a pilot use when a transmission is to be answered with "yes"? ^t90q30
DE · FR
- A) Roger
- B) Yes
- C) Affirm
- D) Affirmative
Answer
C)
Explanation
"Affirm" is the ICAO-standard word for "yes" in civil aviation radiotelephony.
- Option A ("Roger") means receipt acknowledged, not agreement.
- Option B ("Yes") is plain language and not standard phraseology.
- Option D ("Affirmative") is commonly used in military communications but "Affirm" is the correct civil aviation standard per ICAO.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q31: What phrase does a pilot use when a transmission is to be answered with "no"? ^t90q31
DE · FR
- A) No
- B) Finish
- C) Negative
- D) Not
Answer
C)
Explanation
"Negative" is the standard ICAO phraseology for "no" or "that is not correct," chosen for its unambiguous clarity across languages and radio conditions.
- Option A ("No") is plain language and not standard, and may be misheard.
- Option B ("Finish") has no meaning in this context.
- Option D ("Not") is incomplete and not prescribed ICAO terminology.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q32: Which phrase should a pilot use to inform the tower that they are ready for take-off? ^t90q32
DE · FR
- A) Ready
- B) Ready for departure
- C) Request take-off
- D) Ready for start-up
Answer
B)
Explanation
"Ready for departure" is the correct standard phrase at the holding point. Importantly, the word "take-off" is reserved exclusively for the actual clearance ("Cleared for take-off") or its cancellation, to prevent premature action on a misheard word.
- Option A ("Ready") is too vague.
- Option C uses "take-off" outside the clearance context.
- Option D indicates readiness for engine start, not runway departure.
Q33: What phrase does a pilot use to inform the tower about a go-around? ^t90q33
DE · FR
- A) No landing
- B) Approach canceled
- C) Going around
- D) Pulling up
Answer
C)
Explanation
"Going around" is the standard ICAO phrase for discontinuing an approach and initiating a missed approach procedure. It must be transmitted immediately upon the decision.
- Options A, B, and D are all non-standard expressions that are not recognised in ICAO phraseology and could cause confusion, particularly in high-workload situations.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q34: What is the call sign suffix of the aerodrome control unit? ^t90q34
DE · FR
- A) Ground
- B) Airfield
- C) Tower
- D) Control
Answer
C)
Explanation
The aerodrome control unit uses the call sign suffix "Tower" (e.g., "Dusseldorf Tower"), responsible for aircraft on the runway and in the circuit.
- Option A ("Ground") is for surface movement control.
- Option B ("Airfield") is not a standard ICAO call sign suffix.
- Option D ("Control") is used for area control centres, not aerodrome control.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q35: What is the call sign suffix of the surface movement control unit? ^t90q35
DE · FR
- A) Ground
- B) Earth
- C) Control
- D) Tower
Answer
A)
Explanation
Surface movement control uses the suffix "Ground" (e.g., "Frankfurt Ground"), handling aircraft and vehicles on taxiways and aprons.
- Option B ("Earth") is not an aviation call sign suffix.
- Option C ("Control") designates area control.
- Option D ("Tower") designates aerodrome runway and circuit control.
Q36: What is the call sign suffix of the flight information service? ^t90q36
DE · FR
- A) Advice
- B) Info
- C) Information
- D) Flight information
Answer
C)
Explanation
FIS units use the suffix "Information" (e.g., "Langen Information" or "Scottish Information"), providing traffic advisories and weather information to VFR pilots.
- Options A and B are informal abbreviations not used as official call sign suffixes.
- Option D ("Flight information") is too long — only "Information" is the prescribed suffix.
Key Terms
VFR = Visual Flight Rules
### Q37: What is the correct abbreviated form of the call sign D-EAZF? ^t90q37
DE · FR
- A) DEF
- B) DZF
- C) DEA
- D) AZF
Answer
B)
Explanation
ICAO abbreviation rules for five-character call signs retain the first character (nationality prefix D) plus the last two characters (ZF): D-EAZF becomes D-ZF, spoken "Delta Zulu Foxtrot.
Option A omits the middle characters incorrectly.
Option C takes the first three letters.
Option D omits the nationality prefix entirely.
- Only option B follows the correct first-plus-last-two rule.
Key Terms
- D — Drag
- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q38: Under what condition may a pilot abbreviate the call sign of their aircraft? ^t90q38
DE · FR
- A) After passing the first reporting point
- B) Within controlled airspace
- C) After the ground station has used the abbreviation
- D) If there is little traffic in the traffic circuit
Answer
C)
Explanation
A pilot may only use the abbreviated call sign after the ground station has used it first, ensuring positive identification has been established.
- Options A, B, and D describe situations that do not grant abbreviation rights — the initiative to abbreviate always lies with the ground station regardless of traffic, airspace class, or position.
Q39: How should the aircraft call sign be used at first contact? ^t90q39
DE · FR
- A) Using the first two characters only
- B) Using the last two characters only
- C) Using all characters
- D) Using the first three characters only
Answer
C)
Explanation
At first contact with any ATC unit, the full aircraft call sign must be used (e.g., "Delta Echo Alfa Zulu Foxtrot") so the controller can positively identify the aircraft.
- Options A, B, and D all use partial call signs, which risk confusion with other aircraft and are contrary to ICAO standard procedures for initial contact.
Key Terms
- ATC = Air Traffic Control
- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q40: How should radio communication be correctly established between D-EAZF and Dusseldorf Tower? ^t90q40
DE · FR
- A) Tower from D-EAZF
- B) Dusseldorf Tower over
- C) Dusseldorf Tower D-EAZF
- D) D-EAZF Dusseldorf Tower
Answer
C)
Explanation
The standard format for initial radio contact is: station called first, then own call sign — "Dusseldorf Tower, Delta Echo Alfa Zulu Foxtrot.
Q41: What does readability 1 indicate? ^t90q41
DE · FR
- A) The transmission is readable now and then
- B) The transmission is unreadable
- C) The transmission is readable but with difficulty
- D) The transmission is perfectly readable
Answer
B)
Explanation
On the ICAO readability scale (1 to 5), readability 1 means the transmission is completely unreadable — no useful information can be extracted.
- Option A describes readability 2 (readable now and then).
- Option C describes readability 3 (readable with difficulty).
- Option D describes readability 5 (perfectly readable).
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q42: What does readability 2 indicate? ^t90q42
DE · FR
- A) The transmission is readable but with difficulty
- B) The transmission is readable now and then
- C) The transmission is perfectly readable
- D) The transmission is unreadable
Answer
B)
Explanation
Readability 2 means the transmission is only intermittently intelligible — parts come through but the listener cannot reliably understand the full message.
- Option A describes readability 3.
- Option C describes readability 5.
- Option D describes readability 1.
- A pilot receiving a readability 2 report should try to improve transmission quality.
Q43: What does readability 3 indicate? ^t90q43
DE · FR
- A) The transmission is unreadable
- B) The transmission is readable but with difficulty
- C) The transmission is perfectly readable
- D) The transmission is readable now and then
Answer
B)
Explanation
Readability 3 means the transmission is intelligible but requires effort and concentration from the listener, with some words unclear.
- Option A describes readability 1.
- Option C describes readability 5.
- Option D describes readability 2.
- Readability 3 is often workable for short operational messages but is inadequate for complex clearances.
Q44: What does readability 5 indicate? ^t90q44
DE · FR
- A) The transmission is readable now and then
- B) The transmission is unreadable
- C) The transmission is perfectly readable
- D) The transmission is readable but with difficulty
Answer
C)
Explanation
Readability 5 is the highest quality on the ICAO scale — the transmission is perfectly clear and intelligible with no difficulty.
- Option A describes readability 2.
- Option B describes readability 1.
- Option D describes readability 3.
- "I read you five" is the standard response indicating ideal communication conditions.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q45: Which piece of information from a ground station does not require readback? ^t90q45
DE · FR
- A) Altitude
- B) Wind
- C) SSR-Code
- D) Runway in use
Answer
B)
Explanation
Wind information is advisory and acknowledged with "Roger" — no readback is required. Items requiring mandatory readback include: ATC clearances, runway in use, altimeter settings, SSR codes, level instructions, and heading and speed instructions.
- Options A, C, and D are all safety-critical items that must be read back to confirm correct receipt.
Key Terms
ATC = Air Traffic Control
### Q46: Which piece of information from a ground station does not require readback? ^t90q46
DE · FR
- A) Heading
- B) Traffic information
- C) Taxi instructions
- D) Altimeter setting
Answer
B)
Explanation
Traffic information (e.g., "traffic at your two o'clock, one thousand above") is acknowledged with "Roger" or "Traffic in sight" and does not require formal readback.
- Options A (heading), C (taxi instructions), and D (altimeter setting) are all safety-critical items subject to mandatory readback under ICAO procedures.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
Q47: How should the instruction "DZF after lift-off climb straight ahead until 2500 feet before turning right heading 220 degrees, wind 090 degrees, 5 knots, runway 12, cleared for take-off" be correctly acknowledged? ^t90q47
DE · FR
- A) DZF after lift-off climb straight ahead 2500 feet, then turn right heading 220, 090 degrees, 5 knots, cleared for take-off
- B) DZF after lift-off climb straight ahead 2500 feet, wilco, heading 220 degrees, 090 degrees, 5 knots, cleared for take-off
- C) DZF after lift-off climb straight ahead 2500 feet, then turn right heading 220, runway 12, cleared for take-off
- D) DZF after lift-off climb straight ahead 2500 feet, then turn right heading 220, 090 degrees, 5 knots
Answer
C)
Explanation
The readback must include all safety-critical items: departure instructions (climb straight ahead to 2500 ft, then turn right heading 220), the runway designator (runway 12), and the take-off clearance. Wind information does not require readback and is correctly omitted in option C.
- Option A incorrectly reads back the wind.
- Option B misuses "wilco" mid-readback.
- Option D omits the runway and take-off clearance, which are mandatory readback items.
Q48: How should the instruction "Next report PAH" be correctly acknowledged? ^t90q48
DE · FR
- A) Roger
- B) Positive
- C) Wilco
- D) Report PAH
Answer
C)
Explanation
"Wilco" (will comply) is the correct response to an instruction requiring future action — the pilot acknowledges receipt and confirms they will report at waypoint PAH.
- Option A ("Roger") only confirms receipt without implying compliance with the instruction.
- Option B ("Positive") is not standard ICAO phraseology in this context.
- Option D ("Report PAH") is an incomplete acknowledgement.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q49: How should the instruction "Squawk 4321, Call Bremen Radar on 131.325" be correctly acknowledged? ^t90q49
DE · FR
- A) Squawk 4321, wilco
- B) Roger
- C) Squawk 4321, 131.325
- D) Wilco
Answer
C)
Explanation
Both the transponder code and the frequency change are safety-critical items requiring readback. The correct acknowledgement reads back the squawk code (4321) and the new frequency (131.325) to confirm correct receipt.
- Options A and D use "wilco" which does not confirm the specific numerical values.
- Option B ("Roger") is entirely insufficient for safety-critical items.
Q50: How should "You are now entering airspace Delta" be correctly acknowledged? ^t90q50
DE · FR
- A) Entering
- B) Roger
- C) Airspace Delta
- D) Wilco
Answer
B)
Explanation
"You are now entering airspace Delta" is an informational statement from ATC, not an instruction requiring compliance. "Roger" (message received) is the correct and sufficient response.
- Option A ("Entering") is an incomplete acknowledgement.
- Option C partially repeats the content without proper acknowledgement format.
- Option D ("Wilco") is inappropriate because there is no instruction to comply with.
Key Terms
ATC = Air Traffic Control
### Q51: A pilot transmits the following to ATC: "We are landing at 10:45. Please order us a taxi." What type of message is this? ^t90q51
DE · FR
- A) It is an urgency message.
- B) It is a message relating to the regularity of flights.
- C) It is a service message.
- D) It is an inadmissible message.
Answer
D)
Explanation
ATC frequencies are reserved exclusively for aeronautical communications related to flight safety, urgency, and operational matters. Ordering a ground taxi is a personal service request that has no place on an aviation frequency — it is therefore an inadmissible message.
- Options A, B, and C incorrectly categorise this personal request within legitimate message types.
Key Terms
ATC = Air Traffic Control
### Q52: You are flying VFR and have received ATC clearance to enter Class C airspace to land. Shortly after entering, your radio fails. What do you do if no other special provisions apply? ^t90q52
DE · FR
- A) You set the transponder to code 7600, continue in accordance with the last clearance and follow light signals from the control tower.
- B) By virtue of the clearance issued, you have the right to fly in Class C airspace and land there. You only need to set the transponder to code 7700.
- C) You must head to the alternate aerodrome by the most direct route and set the transponder to code 7000.
- D) Regardless of the clearance obtained, you are no longer authorized to fly in this airspace. You set the transponder to code 7600, leave the airspace as quickly as possible and land at the nearest suitable aerodrome.
Answer
D)
Explanation
For VFR flights, radio communication is mandatory in Class C airspace. When radio fails, the previous clearance is insufficient — the pilot must squawk 7600 (radio failure), leave the controlled airspace by the shortest route, and land at the nearest suitable aerodrome.
- Option A is wrong because VFR flights cannot simply continue on the last clearance.
- Option B incorrectly uses code 7700 (emergency, not radio failure).
- Option C uses code 7000 (VFR conspicuity), not the radio failure code.
Key Terms
- ATC = Air Traffic Control
- VFR = Visual Flight Rules
### Q53: Through which service can you obtain routine aviation meteorological observations (METAR) for several airports while in flight? ^t90q53
DE · FR
- A) Via SIGMET.
- B) Via AIRMET.
- C) Via GAMET.
- D) Via VOLMET.
Answer
D)
Explanation
VOLMET is the continuous radio broadcast service providing METARs and TAFs for a series of aerodromes, allowing pilots in flight to receive current weather observations.
- Option A (SIGMET) reports significant meteorological phenomena hazardous to all aircraft.
- Option B (AIRMET) warns of weather hazards relevant to low-level flights.
- Option C (GAMET) provides area forecasts for low-level operations.
- None of these broadcast routine aerodrome observations like VOLMET does.
Key Terms
- METAR = Aerodrome routine weather report
- SIGMET = Significant Meteorological Information
- VOLMET = Weather broadcasts for aircraft in flight
### Q54: What does the abbreviation QNH mean? ^t90q54
DE · FR
- A) The atmospheric pressure at aerodrome level (or at the runway threshold).
- B) The atmospheric pressure measured at the highest obstacle on the aerodrome.
- C) The altimeter setting required to read the aerodrome elevation when on the ground.
- D) The atmospheric pressure measured at a point on the Earth's surface.
Answer
C)
Explanation
QNH is the altimeter sub-scale setting that, when applied, causes the altimeter to read the aerodrome elevation above mean sea level when on the ground. It is a corrected pressure value, not a direct pressure measurement.
- Option A describes QFE (pressure at aerodrome level).
- Option B is not a standard altimetry term.
- Option D is too generic and does not specifically describe QNH.
Key Terms
- QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
- QFE = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
### Q55: What does the abbreviation QDM mean? ^t90q55
DE · FR
- A) True heading to steer to reach the radio beacon (nil wind).
- B) True bearing from the radio beacon.
- C) Magnetic bearing from the radio beacon.
- D) Magnetic heading to steer to reach the radio beacon (nil wind).
Answer
D)
Explanation
QDM is the magnetic heading to steer (in nil-wind conditions) to fly directly to the radio station.
- Option A describes QUJ (true heading to station).
- Option B describes QTE (true bearing from station).
- Option C describes QDR (magnetic bearing from station).
- The Q-code system uses these distinct abbreviations to prevent confusion between bearings, headings, true, and magnetic references.
Q56: How many times must the radiotelephony distress signal (MAYDAY) or the urgency signal (PAN PAN) be spoken? ^t90q56
DE · FR
- A) Twice.
- B) Four times.
- C) Three times.
- D) Once.
Answer
C)
Explanation
Both the distress signal ("MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY") and the urgency signal ("PAN PAN PAN PAN PAN PAN") require the key phrase to be spoken three times. This repetition ensures the nature and priority of the message is clearly recognised even in poor radio conditions or with partial interference.
- Options A, B, and D specify incorrect repetition counts.
Q57: What information should, where possible, be included in an urgency message? ^t90q57
DE · FR
- A) The identification of the aircraft, its position and level, the nature of the emergency, the assistance required.
- B) The identification of the aircraft, the departure aerodrome, the position, level and heading of the aircraft.
- C) The identification and type of aircraft, the nature of the emergency, the intentions of the flight crew, and the position, level and heading of the aircraft.
- D) The identification and type of aircraft, the assistance required, the route, the destination aerodrome.
Answer
C)
Explanation
An urgency message (PAN PAN) should contain: identification and type of aircraft, the nature of the emergency, the crew's intentions, and position/level/heading information — enabling ATC to provide effective assistance.
- Option A omits aircraft type and crew intentions.
- Option B omits the nature of the emergency and crew intentions.
- Option D includes route and destination, which are flight plan data rather than urgency-specific information.
Key Terms
- D — Drag
- ATC = Air Traffic Control
### Q58: What is the correct priority order for messages in the aeronautical mobile service? ^t90q58
DE · FR
- A) 1. Distress messages, 2. Flight safety messages, 3. Urgency messages.
- B) 1. Flight safety messages, 2. Distress messages, 3. Urgency messages.
- C) 1. Urgency messages, 2. Distress messages, 3. Flight safety messages.
- D) 1. Distress messages, 2. Urgency messages, 3. Flight safety messages.
Answer
D)
Explanation
The ICAO message priority order is: (1) Distress (MAYDAY) — grave and imminent danger, (2) Urgency (PAN PAN) — serious but not immediately life-threatening, (3) Flight safety messages — ATC clearances and instructions.
- Options A, B, and C all place these categories in an incorrect order.
- Distress always takes absolute precedence.
ICAO Message Priority Order (highest to lowest):
| Priority | Category | Signal | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Distress | MAYDAY | Engine failure, fire |
| 2 | Urgency | PAN PAN | Low fuel, passenger illness |
| 3 | Flight safety | — | ATC clearances, instructions |
| 4 | Meteorological | — | Weather reports, SIGMET |
| 5 | Flight regularity | — | Schedule changes, ops info |
Key Terms
- ATC = Air Traffic Control
- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q59: How are the letters BAFO spelled using the ICAO phonetic alphabet? ^t90q59
DE · FR
- A) BRAVO ALPHA FOXTROT OSCAR
- B) BETA ALPHA FOXTROT OSCAR
- C) BRAVO ANNA FOX OSCAR
- D) BRAVO ALPHA FOXTROT OTTO
Answer
A)
Explanation
Using the ICAO phonetic alphabet: B = Bravo, A = Alpha, F = Foxtrot, O = Oscar.
- Option B uses "Beta" (Greek alphabet, not ICAO).
- Option C uses "Anna" and "Fox" (non-standard local variants).
- Option D uses "Otto" (a German non-standard alternative for O).
- Only option A uses the correct ICAO phonetic words for all four letters.
Key Terms
- F — Force
- D — Drag
- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q60: You are flying your aircraft on a north-easterly heading at 2,500 feet. How do you reply when ATC asks for your position? ^t90q60
DE · FR
- A) Heading 045 at flight level 25.
- B) 045 degrees and 2,500 feet.
- C) Heading 45 at 2,500 feet.
- D) Heading 045 at 2,500 feet.
Answer
D)
Explanation
The correct format is "Heading" followed by three digits (always three — "045" not "45"), then the altitude in feet when below the transition altitude.
- Option A incorrectly uses flight level (FL 25 = 2,500 ft on standard pressure), which is only used above the transition altitude.
- Option B uses "degrees" and "and," which are not standard phraseology.
- Option C uses only two digits for the heading instead of the required three.
Key Terms
- FL = Flight Level
- ATC = Air Traffic Control
### Q61: Which frequency range allows radio waves to travel the greatest distance? ^t90q61
DE · FR
- A) UHF
- B) VHF
- C) LW
- D) MW
Answer
C)
Explanation
Long waves (LW / LF band) travel the greatest distance because they diffract around the curvature of the Earth via ground wave propagation, allowing reception well beyond line-of-sight.
- Options A (UHF) and B (VHF) are limited to line-of-sight range, which depends on altitude and terrain.
- Option D (MW / medium wave) has an intermediate range — better than VHF but less than LW.
- Aviation primarily uses VHF for its clarity, despite the range limitation.
Key Terms
- D — Drag
- VHF = Very High Frequency
### Q62: What abbreviation designates the universal time system used by air navigation services? ^t90q62
DE · FR
- A) LMT
- B) GMT
- C) UTC
- D) LT
Answer
C)
Explanation
UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) is the official time standard adopted by ICAO for all aeronautical communications, flight plans, and publications.
- Option B (GMT) is historically similar but not the official ICAO designation.
- Option A (LMT — Local Mean Time) and Option D (LT — Local Time) are not used in official aeronautical communications because they vary by location.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q63: According to ICAO, what is the recommended speaking rate for radio communications? ^t90q63
DE · FR
- A) 200 words/minute.
- B) 50 words/minute.
- C) 100 words/minute.
- D) 150 words/minute.
Answer
C)
Explanation
ICAO recommends approximately 100 words per minute for radio communications — a moderate pace that ensures intelligibility, especially for non-native English speakers and in degraded radio conditions.
- Option A (200 words/minute) is far too fast for clear understanding.
- Option B (50 words/minute) is unnecessarily slow and would waste frequency time.
- Option D (150 words/minute) is above the recommended rate.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q64: Which statement concerning radiotelephony in the aeronautical mobile service is correct? ^t90q64
DE · FR
- A) In communications with ATC, use exclusively ICAO standard phraseology. Plain language is only permitted at uncontrolled aerodromes.
- B) It does not matter whether ICAO standard phraseology or plain language is used, provided the message is understandable.
- C) In principle, use plain language as it is most understandable. Standard phraseology may only be used in connection with ATC clearances.
- D) ICAO standard phraseology should in principle be used to avoid misunderstandings. Plain language is to be used only in situations for which there is no corresponding standard phraseology.
Answer
D)
Explanation
ICAO standard phraseology is the default for all radiotelephony, minimising misunderstanding risk in multilingual environments. Plain language is permitted only when no standard phrase exists for the situation.
- Option A is too rigid — plain language is not limited to uncontrolled aerodromes.
- Option B is dangerous — standardised terminology exists precisely because "understandable" is subjective.
- Option C reverses the principle, incorrectly making plain language the default.
Key Terms
- ATC = Air Traffic Control
- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q65: What is the correct English term for "service d'information de vol d'aérodrome"? ^t90q65
DE · FR
- A) FLIGHT INFORMATION SERVICE
- B) AIRPORT TRAFFIC INFORMATION SERVICE
- C) AERODROME FLIGHT INFORMATION SERVICE
- D) AERODROME INFORMATION SERVICE
Answer
C)
Explanation
AFIS (Aerodrome Flight Information Service) is the flight information service specific to an aerodrome, providing pilots with information about aerodrome conditions and known traffic without issuing clearances.
- Option A (Flight Information Service) is the broader regional FIS, not aerodrome-specific.
Option B uses "Airport Traffic," which is not the official ICAO term.
Option D omits "Flight," which is a key part of the official designation.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q66: What is the correct abbreviated call sign for an aircraft with the full call sign AB-CDE? ^t90q66
DE · FR
- A) DE
- B) A-DE
- C) CDE
- D) AB-DE
Answer
B)
Explanation
The ICAO abbreviation rule retains the first character (nationality prefix) and the last two characters: AB-CDE becomes A-DE.
- Option A omits the nationality prefix entirely.
- Option C takes the last three characters without the nationality prefix.
- Option D retains the full two-character nationality prefix, which is not the standard abbreviation method — only the first character is kept.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q67: When is a pilot permitted to use an abbreviated call sign? ^t90q67
DE · FR
- A) At any time provided there is no risk of confusion.
- B) Never. Only the air navigation service has the right to abbreviate the call sign.
- C) If the ground station communicates in this way.
- D) After the first call.
Answer
C)
Explanation
A pilot may abbreviate their call sign only after the ground station has initiated the abbreviation. The ground station takes the lead because it can verify there are no similar call signs on frequency.
- Option A is wrong because the pilot cannot self-determine the risk of confusion.
- Option B is incorrect because both parties may use the abbreviated form, not just ATC.
- Option D is wrong because abbreviation requires ATC initiative, not simply having completed the first call.
Key Terms
ATC = Air Traffic Control
### Q68: Which instructions and information must always be read back? ^t90q68
DE · FR
- A) Surface wind, visibility, temperature, runway in use, altimeter settings, heading and speed instructions.
- B) Runway in use, altimeter settings, SSR codes, level instructions, heading and speed instructions.
- C) Runway in use, visibility, surface wind, heading instructions, altimeter settings.
- D) Surface wind, runway in use, altimeter settings, level instructions, SSR codes.
Answer
B)
Explanation
The mandatory readback items under ICAO/EASA are: runway in use, altimeter settings, SSR (transponder) codes, level (altitude/flight level) instructions, and heading and speed instructions.
- Options A, C, and D all include surface wind and/or visibility, which are advisory information that do not require readback — they are acknowledged with "Roger.".
Key Terms
- EASA = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q69: What does the instruction "Squawk ident" mean? ^t90q69
DE · FR
- A) You have been identified by radar.
- B) You must re-enter the transponder code that has been assigned to you.
- C) You must press the "IDENT" button on your transponder.
- D) You must make a turn to identify yourself.
Answer
C)
Explanation
"Squawk ident" instructs the pilot to press the IDENT button on their transponder, which generates a distinct enhanced signal on the controller's radar display to help identify the specific aircraft among surrounding traffic.
- Option A describes the controller's confirmation after identification.
Option B would be "Squawk [code]" or "Recycle.
Option D describes a radar identification turn, which is a different procedure.
Q70: How does a pilot end the readback of an ATC clearance? ^t90q70
DE · FR
- A) With "WILCO".
- B) With the call sign of the ATC ground station.
- C) With the call sign of their aircraft.
- D) With "ROGER".
Answer
C)
Explanation
Every readback of an ATC clearance must end with the aircraft's own call sign, confirming unambiguously which aircraft has received and correctly repeated the clearance.
- Option A ("Wilco") may appear in a response but does not replace the call sign requirement.
- Option B (ground station call sign) is incorrect — the readback ends with the aircraft's identification.
- Option D ("Roger") only acknowledges receipt and does not identify the aircraft.
Key Terms
ATC = Air Traffic Control
### Q71: In which category are messages from an aircraft in a state of serious and/or imminent danger requiring immediate assistance classified? ^t90q71
DE · FR
- A) Messages concerning flight safety.
- B) Urgency messages.
- C) Distress messages.
- D) Messages concerning flight regularity.
Answer
C)
Explanation
An aircraft facing grave and imminent danger requiring immediate assistance transmits distress messages (MAYDAY), the highest priority category in aeronautical communications.
- Option A (flight safety messages) covers ATC instructions and clearances.
- Option B (urgency messages) covers serious but not immediately life-threatening situations.
- Option D (regularity messages) covers administrative operational communications.
Key Terms
ATC = Air Traffic Control
### Q72: From what point may an aircraft use its abbreviated callsign? ^t90q72
DE · FR
- A) When the aeronautical station has used the abbreviated callsign when addressing the aircraft.
- B) Once communication is well established.
- C) In case of heavy traffic.
- D) When there is no possibility of confusion.
Answer
B)
Explanation
An aircraft may use its abbreviated callsign once radio communication is well established with the ground station, and only after the ground station has itself first used the abbreviated form.
- Option A is partly correct but incomplete — it is the ground station's use that triggers permission.
- Option C (heavy traffic) and Option D (no confusion risk) do not independently grant abbreviation rights; the ground station must initiate it.
Q73: An aircraft fails to establish radio contact with a ground station on the designated frequency or any other appropriate frequency. What action must the pilot take? ^t90q73
DE · FR
- A) Land at the nearest aerodrome on route.
- B) Proceed to the alternate aerodrome.
- C) Try to establish communication with other aircraft or other aeronautical stations.
- D) Display SSR emergency code 7500.
Answer
C)
Explanation
If unable to contact the designated station, the pilot should first try to establish communication with other aircraft or aeronautical stations that could relay the message.
- Option A is premature — communication alternatives should be exhausted first.
- Option B assumes prior designation of an alternate.
- Option D is incorrect because code 7500 indicates hijacking/unlawful interference, not communication failure (which is 7600).
Q74: In the aeronautical mobile service, which of the following is an international distress frequency? ^t90q74
DE · FR
- A) 123.45MHz.
- B) 121.500KHz.
- C) 6500 KHz.
- D) 121.500MHz.
Answer
D)
Explanation
The international VHF distress (guard) frequency is 121.500 MHz, monitored continuously by ATC facilities worldwide.
Option A (123.45 MHz) is an air-to-air advisory frequency.
Option B incorrectly states 121.500 KHz — the correct unit is MHz, not KHz (121.500 KHz would be in the LF band).
- Option C (6500 KHz) is not a standard distress frequency.
Key Terms
- ATC = Air Traffic Control
- VHF = Very High Frequency
### Q75: How must the letters NDGF be pronounced according to the ICAO phonetic alphabet? ^t90q75
DE · FR
- A) NOVEMBER DELTA GOLF FOXTROT.
- B) NOVEMBER DECEMBER GOLF FOXTROT
- C) NORBERT DELTA GOLF FOX.
- D) NOVEMBER DELTA GAMMA FOX.
Answer
A)
Explanation
Using the ICAO phonetic alphabet: N = November, D = Delta, G = Golf, F = Foxtrot.
- Option B uses "December" for D (not ICAO standard).
- Option C uses "Norbert" (non-standard) and "Fox" (the correct word is "Foxtrot").
- Option D uses "Gamma" (Greek alphabet) for G and "Fox" instead of "Foxtrot.".
Key Terms
- D — Drag
- F — Force
- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q76: What does the term "aeronautical station" mean? ^t90q76
DE · FR
- A) A radio station of the aeronautical fixed service, on the ground or on board an aircraft, intended for the exchange of radio communications.
- B) A land station of the aeronautical mobile service. In certain cases, an aeronautical station may be located on board a ship or offshore platform.
- C) A radio station of the aeronautical fixed service.
- D) Any radio station intended for the exchange of radio communications.
Answer
B)
Explanation
An aeronautical station is defined as a land station in the aeronautical mobile service, providing two-way communication with aircraft. In certain cases, it may be located on a ship or offshore platform.
- Option A incorrectly refers to the fixed service (ground-to-ground) rather than the mobile service (ground-to-air).
- Option C is also an incorrect service designation.
- Option D is too broad and encompasses all radio stations regardless of service type.
Key Terms
D — Drag
### Q77: What does the abbreviation "HJ" mean? ^t90q77
DE · FR
- A) From sunset to sunrise.
- B) From sunrise to sunset.
- C) Continuous day and night service.
- D) No fixed operating hours.
Answer
B)
Explanation
HJ (from French "Heure de Jour") means daylight hours — from sunrise to sunset. This designation appears in AIPs and NOTAMs for facilities open only during daylight.
- Option A describes HN (sunset to sunrise).
- Option C describes H24 (continuous).
- Option D describes HX (no fixed hours).
Q78: Which instructions and information must always be read back verbatim? ^t90q78
DE · FR
- A) Runway in use, altimeter settings, level instructions, SSR codes, heading and speed instructions.
- B) Surface wind, runway in use, altimeter settings, level instructions, SSR codes.
- C) Runway in use, visibility, surface wind, heading instructions, altimeter settings.
- D) Surface wind, visibility, temperature, runway in use, altimeter settings, heading and speed instructions.
Answer
B)
Explanation
The mandatory readback items are: runway in use, altimeter settings, level instructions, SSR codes, and heading/speed instructions. Surface wind is also included in some regional implementations.
- Options C and D include visibility and/or temperature, which are advisory and do not require readback.
- Option A is close but omits surface wind, while option B matches the ICAO standard list.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q79: In which message category can ATC clearances, take-off and landing clearances, and traffic information from the air traffic control service be classified? ^t90q79
DE · FR
- A) Messages concerning flight safety.
- B) Messages concerning flight regularity.
- C) Urgency messages.
Answer
A)
Explanation
ATC clearances, take-off/landing instructions, and traffic information are all classified as flight safety messages, ranked third in the ICAO priority hierarchy after distress and urgency messages.
- Option B (regularity messages) covers administrative and logistical communications.
- Option C (urgency messages) specifically concerns aircraft or persons facing a serious safety condition, not routine ATC operations.
Key Terms
- ATC = Air Traffic Control
- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q80: What does the instruction "Squawk 1234" mean? ^t90q80
DE · FR
- A) Conduct a radio check on frequency 123.4 MHz.
- B) Set code 1234 on the transponder and switch it to ON.
- C) Be ready to monitor frequency 123.4 MHz.
- D) Transmit briefly (1-2-3-4) for a bearing.
Answer
B)
Explanation
"Squawk 1234" means the pilot must select code 1234 on the transponder and ensure it is operating. This enables radar controllers to identify the aircraft using the assigned code.
Q81: What does the abbreviation "ATIS" stand for? ^t90q81
DE · FR
- A) Air Trafic Information Service
- B) Automatic Terminal Information System
- C) Airport Terminal Information Service
- D) Automatic Terminal Information Service
Answer
D)
Explanation
ATIS stands for Automatic Terminal Information Service — a continuously broadcast recording of current meteorological and operational information for an aerodrome, identified by a letter code that changes with each update.
Key Terms
ATIS = Automatic Terminal Information Service
### Q82: What is the call sign suffix of the Flight Information Service? ^t90q82
DE · FR
- A) FLIGHT CENTER
- B) INFO
- C) INFORMATION.
- D) AERODROME.
Answer
C)
Explanation
The Flight Information Service uses the call sign suffix "Information" (e.g., "Geneva Information" or "Zurich Information").
- Option A ("Flight Center") is not a standard ICAO suffix.
- Option B ("Info") is an informal abbreviation not used as an official suffix.
- Option D ("Aerodrome") is not used as a call sign suffix for FIS.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q83: What does the term "QDR" mean? ^t90q83
DE · FR
- A) True heading to the station (zero wind)
- B) Magnetic heading to the station (zero wind)
- C) True bearing from the station
- D) Magnetic bearing from the station
Answer
D)
Explanation
QDR is the magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft — the direction in which the aircraft lies as seen from the station, referenced to magnetic north.
- Option A describes QUJ (true heading to station).
- Option B describes QDM (magnetic heading to station).
- Option C describes QTE (true bearing from station).
- These Q-codes must be distinguished carefully to avoid navigation errors.
Q84: What influences the reception quality of VHF radio? ^t90q84
DE · FR
- A) The twilight effect.
- B) The ionosphere.
- C) Atmospheric disturbances, in particular thunderstorm conditions.
- D) Flight altitude and topographical conditions.
Answer
D)
Explanation
VHF radio propagates by line-of-sight, so reception quality depends primarily on flight altitude (which determines how far the radio horizon extends) and topography (mountains and terrain can block signals).
- Option A (twilight effect) affects NDB/ADF reception, not VHF.
- Option B (ionosphere) affects HF sky-wave propagation, not VHF.
- Option C (thunderstorms) may cause some static but is not the primary factor for VHF reception quality.
Key Terms
VHF = Very High Frequency
### Q85: What does the term "QFE" mean? ^t90q85
DE · FR
- A) Altimeter setting that causes the instrument to indicate the aerodrome elevation on the ground.
- B) Atmospheric pressure measured at the height of the highest obstacle on an aerodrome.
- C) Atmospheric pressure at the aerodrome elevation (or runway threshold).
- D) Atmospheric pressure measured at a point on the earth's surface.
Answer
C)
Explanation
QFE is the atmospheric pressure at the aerodrome elevation or runway threshold. When set on the altimeter, the instrument reads zero on the ground and displays height above the aerodrome in flight.
- Option A describes QNH behaviour (reading aerodrome elevation on the ground).
- Option B is not a standard definition.
- Option D is too generic and could describe any surface pressure measurement.
Key Terms
- QFE = Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
- QNH = Pressure adjusted to mean sea level
### Q86: In the aeronautical mobile service, messages are classified by importance. What is the correct priority order? ^t90q86
DE · FR
- A) Distress messages, messages concerning flight safety, urgency messages.
- B) Meteorological messages, radio direction-finding messages, messages concerning flight regularity.
- C) Radio direction-finding messages, distress messages, urgency messages.
- D) Distress messages, urgency messages, messages concerning safety.
Answer
D)
Explanation
The correct ICAO priority order is: (1) Distress messages, (2) Urgency messages, (3) Flight safety messages, followed by meteorological, direction-finding, regularity, and other messages.
- Option A incorrectly places flight safety above urgency.
- Option B lists only lower-priority categories.
- Option C places direction-finding above distress, which is incorrect — distress always has absolute priority.
ICAO Message Priority Order (highest to lowest):
| Priority | Category | Signal | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Distress | MAYDAY | Engine failure, fire |
| 2 | Urgency | PAN PAN | Low fuel, passenger illness |
| 3 | Flight safety | — | ATC clearances, instructions |
| 4 | Meteorological | — | Weather reports, SIGMET |
| 5 | Flight regularity | — | Schedule changes, ops info |
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q87: What is the urgency signal in radiotelephony? ^t90q87
DE · FR
- A) PAN PAN (preferably spoken three times).
- B) MAYDAY (preferably spoken three times).
- C) URGENCY (preferably spoken three times).
- D) ALERFA (preferably spoken three times).
Answer
A)
Explanation
The radiotelephony urgency signal is "PAN PAN" spoken three times, indicating a serious condition that requires timely assistance but is not an immediate life-threatening emergency.
- Option B (MAYDAY) is the distress signal for grave and imminent danger.
- Option C ("URGENCY") is not standard phraseology.
- Option D (ALERFA) is an internal ATC alert phase designation, not a radiotelephony signal.
Key Terms
ATC = Air Traffic Control
### Q88: On the readability scale, what does degree "5" mean? ^t90q88
DE · FR
- A) Readable intermittently.
- B) Unreadable.
- C) Readable, but with difficulty.
- D) Perfectly readable.
Answer
D)
Explanation
Readability 5 is the highest level on the ICAO scale, meaning the transmission is perfectly clear and intelligible.
- Option A describes readability 2 (intermittently).
- Option B describes readability 1 (unreadable).
- Option C describes readability 3 (with difficulty).
- The standard response is "I read you five.".
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q89: What is the name of the time system used worldwide by air traffic services and in the aeronautical fixed service? ^t90q89
DE · FR
- A) Local time (LT) using the 24-hour clock.
- B) Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
- C) There is no particular time system, as generally only minutes are transmitted.
- D) Local time using the AM and PM system.
Answer
B)
Explanation
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is the universal time standard used by all air traffic services and aeronautical fixed services worldwide. It eliminates time zone ambiguity in international operations.
Options A and D use local time, which varies by location and is not used in aeronautical communications.
Option C is factually incorrect — a specific time system (UTC) is always used.
Q90: What elements should a distress message contain? ^t90q90
DE · FR
- A) Aircraft callsign, departure point, position, level.
- B) Aircraft callsign, position, assistance required.
- C) Aircraft callsign and type, nature of the distress situation, pilot's intentions, position, level, heading.
- D) Aircraft callsign, flight route, destination.
Answer
C)
Explanation
A complete distress message (MAYDAY) should contain: aircraft callsign and type, the nature of the distress, the pilot's intentions, and position/level/heading — giving rescue services maximum information to coordinate assistance.
- Option A omits the nature of distress and pilot intentions.
- Option B omits aircraft type, pilot intentions, and heading.
- Option D omits all emergency-specific information and lists only flight plan data.
Key Terms
D — Drag
### Q91: What does "FEW" mean for cloud coverage in a METAR weather report? ^t90q91
DE · FR
- A) 3 to 4 eighths
- B) 1 to 2 eighths
- C) 8 eighths
- D) 5 to 7 eighths
Answer
B)
Explanation
In METAR cloud coverage reporting, FEW designates 1 to 2 oktas (eighths) of sky covered — the sparsest cloud category.
- Option A describes SCT (Scattered, 3-4 oktas).
- Option C describes OVC (Overcast, 8 oktas).
- Option D describes BKN (Broken, 5-7 oktas).
- These standardised ICAO designations ensure unambiguous weather reporting worldwide.
Key Terms
- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
- METAR = Aerodrome routine weather report
### Q92: What does "SCT" mean for cloud coverage in a METAR weather report? ^t90q92
DE · FR
- A) 1 to 2 eighths
- B) 8 eighths
- C) 5 to 7 eighths
- D) 3 to 4 eighths
Answer
D)
Explanation
SCT stands for Scattered, representing 3 to 4 oktas (eighths) of sky covered by cloud.
- Option A describes FEW (1-2 oktas).
- Option B describes OVC (Overcast, 8 oktas).
- Option C describes BKN (Broken, 5-7 oktas).
- Scattered cloud coverage does not necessarily restrict VFR flight, but pilots must check cloud base heights against applicable VFR minima.
Key Terms
- METAR = Aerodrome routine weather report
- VFR = Visual Flight Rules
### Q93: What does "BKN" mean for cloud coverage in a METAR weather report? ^t90q93
DE · FR
- A) 8 eighths
- B) 3 to 4 eighths
- C) 5 to 7 eighths
- D) 1 to 2 eighths
Answer
C)
Explanation
BKN stands for Broken, meaning 5 to 7 oktas (eighths) of the sky are covered — predominantly overcast with some gaps.
- Option A describes OVC (Overcast, 8 oktas).
- Option B describes SCT (Scattered, 3-4 oktas).
- Option D describes FEW (1-2 oktas).
- A broken layer may significantly impact VFR operations, especially if cloud bases are low.
Key Terms
- METAR = Aerodrome routine weather report
- VFR = Visual Flight Rules
### Q94: Which transponder code signals a radio failure? ^t90q94
DE · FR
- A) 7000
- B) 7500
- C) 7600
- D) 7700
Answer
C)
Explanation
Transponder code 7600 is the internationally standardised squawk for loss of radio communication (NORDO), alerting radar controllers to the communication failure.
- Option A (7000) is the standard VFR conspicuity code in European airspace.
- Option B (7500) signals unlawful interference (hijacking).
- Option D (7700) indicates a general emergency.
- These four codes must be memorised as they each trigger specific ATC responses.
Key Terms
- ATC = Air Traffic Control
- VFR = Visual Flight Rules
### Q95: What is the correct phrase to begin a blind transmission? ^t90q95
DE · FR
- A) No reception
- B) Transmitting blind
- C) Listen
- D) Blind
Answer
B)
Explanation
When a pilot can transmit but cannot receive, the blind transmission must begin with the phrase "Transmitting blind" (or "Transmitting blind on [frequency]") to alert any receiving station of the one-way nature of the communication.
- Options A, C, and D are not standard ICAO phraseology for initiating blind transmissions.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q96: How many times shall a blind transmission be made? ^t90q96
DE · FR
- A) Three times
- B) Four times
- C) One time
- D) Two times
Answer
C)
Explanation
A blind transmission is made once on the current frequency (and optionally repeated once on the emergency frequency if appropriate). Making it multiple times would congest the frequency unnecessarily.
- Options A, B, and D specify excessive repetitions that are not part of standard ICAO procedure for blind transmissions.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q97: In what situation is it appropriate to set transponder code 7600? ^t90q97
DE · FR
- A) Flight into clouds
- B) Emergency
- C) Loss of radio
- D) Hijacking
Answer
C)
Explanation
Transponder code 7600 is specifically designated for loss of radio communication (NORDO), alerting radar controllers so they can provide appropriate separation and visual signals.
- Option A (flight into clouds) does not have a specific transponder code.
- Option B (emergency) requires code 7700.
- Option D (hijacking) requires code 7500.
Q98: What is the correct course of action when experiencing a radio failure in class D airspace? ^t90q98
DE · FR
- A) The flight has to be continued according to the last clearance complying with VFR rules or the airspace has to be left by the shortest route
- B) The flight has to be continued above 5000 feet complying with VFR flight rules or the airspace has to be left using a standard routing
- C) The flight has to be continued according to the last clearance complying with VFR flight rules or the airspace has to be left using a standard routing
- D) The flight has to be continued above 5000 feet complying with VFR flight rules or the airspace has to be left by the shortest route
Answer
A)
Explanation
ICAO procedures for VFR radio failure in controlled airspace require the pilot to either continue the flight according to the last ATC clearance received while complying with VFR rules, or to leave the airspace by the shortest route.
- Options B and D incorrectly specify flying above 5000 feet, which is not part of the radio failure procedure.
- Option C incorrectly substitutes "standard routing" for "shortest route.".
Key Terms
- ATC = Air Traffic Control
- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
- VFR = Visual Flight Rules
### Q99: Which phrase must be repeated three times before transmitting an urgency message? ^t90q99
DE · FR
- A) Mayday
- B) Help
- C) Urgent
- D) Pan Pan
Answer
D)
Explanation
An urgency message is preceded by "Pan Pan" spoken three times ("PAN PAN, PAN PAN, PAN PAN"). This alerts all stations on the frequency to a serious but not immediately life-threatening situation.
- Option A ("Mayday") is the distress signal for grave and imminent danger.
- Options B ("Help") and C ("Urgent") are not standard ICAO radiotelephony phrases.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q100: On which frequency should an initial distress message be transmitted? ^t90q100
DE · FR
- A) Emergency frequency
- B) FIS frequency
- C) Radar frequency
- D) Current frequency
Answer
D)
Explanation
The initial distress or urgency call should be made on the frequency currently in use, because that frequency is already being monitored by the appropriate ATC unit handling the aircraft. Switching frequencies risks losing contact and wastes critical time.
Key Terms
ATC = Air Traffic Control
### Q101: What kind of information should be included in an urgency message? ^t90q101
DE · FR
- A) Intended routing, important information for support, intentions of the pilot, departure aerodrome, destination aerodrome, heading and altitude
- B) Nature of problem or observation, important information for support, intentions of the pilot, information about position, heading and altitude
- C) Nature of problem or observation, important information for support, departure aerodrome, information about position, heading and altitude
- D) Intended routing, important information for support, intentions of the pilot, information about position, departure aerodrome, heading and altitude
Answer
B)
Explanation
An urgency message (PAN PAN) must include: the nature of the problem, important support information, the pilot's intentions, and position/heading/altitude data — enabling ATC to coordinate assistance effectively.
- Options A and D include departure/destination aerodromes and routing, which are flight plan details not specifically required in an urgency broadcast.
- Option C omits the pilot's intentions, which are essential for ATC planning.
Key Terms
- D — Drag
- ATC = Air Traffic Control
### Q102: What is the correct designation of the frequency band from 118.000 to 136.975 MHz used for voice communication? ^t90q102
DE · FR
Answer
C)
Explanation
The 118.000 to 136.975 MHz band falls within the Very High Frequency (VHF) range, which is the standard for civil aviation voice communication due to its reliable line-of-sight propagation and clarity.
- Option A (HF, 3-30 MHz) is used for long-range oceanic communications.
- Option B (LF, 30-300 kHz) is used for NDB navigation.
- Option D (MF, 300 kHz - 3 MHz) is used for medium-range broadcasting.
Key Terms
- D — Drag
- VHF = Very High Frequency
### Q103: In what case is visibility transmitted in meters? ^t90q103
DE · FR
- A) Greater than 10 km
- B) Up to 5 km
- C) Greater than 5 km
- D) Up to 10 km
Answer
B)
Explanation
In METAR reports, visibility is expressed in meters when it is 5 km (5000 m) or less, providing the precision needed at operationally critical low visibilities. When visibility exceeds 5 km, it is reported in kilometers.
- Options A and C describe conditions where kilometers would be used.
- Option D (up to 10 km) extends the meter-reporting threshold beyond the standard 5 km cutoff.
Key Terms
METAR = Aerodrome routine weather report
### Q104: How are urgency messages defined? ^t90q104
DE · FR
- A) Messages concerning aircraft and their passengers facing a grave and imminent threat that require immediate assistance.
- B) Messages concerning urgent spare parts needed for a continuation of flight and which need to be ordered in advance.
- C) Messages concerning the safety of an aircraft, a watercraft, or some other vehicle or person in sight.
- D) Information concerning the apron personnel and which imply an imminent danger to landing aircraft.
Answer
C)
Explanation
Urgency messages (PAN PAN) concern the safety of an aircraft, watercraft, vehicle, or person in sight — situations that are serious but do not yet constitute the grave and imminent danger of a distress situation.
Q105: What do distress messages contain? ^t90q105
DE · FR
- A) Information concerning the apron personnel and which imply an imminent danger to landing aircraft.
- B) Information concerning urgent spare parts required for a continuation of flight and which have to be ordered in advance.
- C) Information concerning aircraft and their passengers facing a grave and imminent threat that require immediate assistance.
- D) Information concerning the safety of an aircraft, a watercraft, or some other vehicle or person in sight.
Answer
C)
Explanation
Distress messages (MAYDAY) contain information about aircraft and passengers facing a grave and imminent danger requiring immediate assistance — the highest priority category.
Option A concerns ground personnel, not an airborne distress.
Option B is an administrative logistics matter.
- Option D describes urgency-level situations (PAN PAN), which are serious but not immediately life-threatening.
Q106: What is the approximate speed of electromagnetic wave propagation? ^t90q106
DE · FR
- A) 300000 m/s
- B) 123000 km/s
- C) 123000 m/s
- D) 300000 km/s
Answer
D)
Explanation
Electromagnetic waves (including radio waves) propagate at the speed of light, approximately 300,000 km/s (3 × 10⁸ m/s) in a vacuum.
- Option A (300,000 m/s) is off by a factor of 1,000 — this would be only 300 km/s.
- Option B (123,000 km/s) and Option C (123,000 m/s) are both incorrect values that do not correspond to any known physical constant.
Q107: In what cases is visibility transmitted in kilometers? ^t90q107
DE · FR
- A) Up to 10 km
- B) Greater than 5 km
- C) Up to 5 km
- D) Greater than 10 km
Answer
B)
Explanation
In METAR reporting, visibility is expressed in kilometers when it exceeds 5 km (e.g., "6KM" or "9999" for 10 km or more). Below 5 km, meters are used for greater precision at operationally critical low visibilities.
- Option A (up to 10 km) incorrectly extends the kilometer range below 5 km.
- Option C (up to 5 km) is the meter-reporting range.
- Option D (greater than 10 km) is too restrictive.
Key Terms
METAR = Aerodrome routine weather report
### Q108: How can you obtain meteorological information for airports during a cross-country flight? ^t90q108
DE · FR
- A) METAR
- B) GAMET
- C) AIRMET
- D) VOLMET
Answer
D)
Explanation
VOLMET is the continuous radio broadcast service that provides current METAR observations for a series of aerodromes, available to pilots in flight on designated frequencies.
- Option A (METAR) is the report format itself, not a broadcast service pilots can access in flight via radio.
- Option B (GAMET) is an area weather forecast.
- Option C (AIRMET) provides warnings of weather phenomena over a region, not individual airport observations.
Key Terms
- METAR = Aerodrome routine weather report
- VOLMET = Weather broadcasts for aircraft in flight
### Q109: Which of the following factors affects the reception of VHF transmissions? ^t90q109
DE · FR
- A) Twilight error
- B) Altitude
- C) Height of ionosphere
- D) Shoreline effect
Answer
B)
Explanation
VHF radio propagates by line-of-sight, so altitude is the primary factor determining reception range — higher altitude means a more distant radio horizon.
- Option A (twilight error) affects NDB/ADF systems, not VHF.
- Option C (ionosphere height) influences HF sky-wave propagation, not VHF.
- Option D (shoreline effect) also affects NDB bearings, not VHF communication quality.
Key Terms
- D — Drag
- VHF = Very High Frequency
### Q110: On what frequency shall a blind transmission be made? ^t90q110
DE · FR
- A) On a tower frequency
- B) On the current frequency
- C) On the appropriate FIS frequency
- D) On a radar frequency of the lower airspace
Answer
B)
Explanation
Blind transmissions must be made on the current frequency in use, because that is the frequency being monitored by the ATC unit responsible for the aircraft. Switching to another frequency would mean the relevant controller might not hear the transmission.
- Options A, C, and D are all incorrect unless they happen to be the current frequency.
Key Terms
ATC = Air Traffic Control
### Q111: Under what condition may a VFR flight without radio enter a class D aerodrome? ^t90q111
DE · FR
- A) It is the destination aerodrome
- B) There are other aircraft in the aerodrome circuit
- C) Approval has been granted before
- D) It is the aerodrome of departure
Answer
C)
Explanation
Entry into Class D airspace without radio is only permissible when prior approval has been obtained (e.g., by telephone before departure, or a clearance received before the radio failed). Without prior approval, two-way radio communication is mandatory for Class D.
- Options A and D (destination or departure aerodrome status) do not constitute authorization.
- Option B (presence of other traffic) has no bearing on the radio requirement.
Key Terms
VFR = Visual Flight Rules
### Q112: What is the correct transponder code for emergencies? ^t90q112
DE · FR
- A) 7500.
- B) 7000.
- C) 7700.
- D) 7600.
Answer
C)
Explanation
Transponder code 7700 is the internationally standardised emergency squawk that triggers alarms on ATC radar displays.
- Option A (7500) indicates unlawful interference (hijacking).
- Option B (7000) is the standard VFR conspicuity code in European airspace.
- Option D (7600) indicates radio communication failure.
- Each code triggers a different ATC response protocol.
Key Terms
- ATC = Air Traffic Control
- VFR = Visual Flight Rules
### Q113: What information is broadcast on a VOLMET frequency? ^t90q113
DE · FR
- A) Navigational information
- B) NOTAMS
- C) Current information
- D) Meteorological information
Answer
D)
Explanation
VOLMET (from French "vol" = flight, "météo" = weather) broadcasts meteorological information — specifically current weather reports (METARs) and sometimes TAFs for a series of aerodromes.
- Option A (navigational information) is not provided via VOLMET.
- Option B (NOTAMs) are distributed through other channels.
- Option C ("current information") is too vague and non-specific.
Key Terms
VOLMET = Weather broadcasts for aircraft in flight
### Q114: How long is an ATIS broadcast valid for? ^t90q114
DE · FR
- A) 10 minutes.
- B) 60 minutes.
- C) 30 minutes.
- D) 45 minutes.
Answer
C)
Explanation
ATIS broadcasts are updated at approximately 30-minute intervals (or sooner if conditions change significantly), making each broadcast valid for about 30 minutes. Each update is assigned a new identification letter.
- Option A (10 minutes) is too short for standard updates.
- Options B (60 minutes) and D (45 minutes) are too long, given how rapidly aerodrome conditions can change.
Key Terms
ATIS = Automatic Terminal Information Service
### Q115: What is the standard abbreviation for the term abeam? ^t90q115
DE · FR
- A) ABM
- B) ABA
- C) ABE
- D) ABB
Answer
A)
Explanation
ABM is the ICAO-standard abbreviation for "abeam," describing a position at right angles to the aircraft's track (directly to the side). This abbreviation is used in flight plans, ATC communications, and aeronautical publications.
- Options B, C, and D are not recognised ICAO abbreviations for this term.
Key Terms
- ATC = Air Traffic Control
- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q116: What abbreviation stands for visual flight rules? ^t90q116
DE · FR
- A) VFR
- B) VMC
- C) VRU
- D) VFS
Answer
A)
Explanation
VFR stands for Visual Flight Rules — the set of regulations governing flight by visual reference.
Option B (VMC) means Visual Meteorological Conditions, describing the weather requirements for VFR flight — a related but distinct concept.
Options C and D are not standard aviation abbreviations.
Key Terms
- VFR = Visual Flight Rules
- VMC = Visual Meteorological Conditions
### Q117: What is the ICAO abbreviation for obstacle? ^t90q117
DE · FR
- A) OBS
- B) OBST
- C) OST
- D) OBTC
Answer
B)
Explanation
OBST is the ICAO-standard abbreviation for obstacle, used in NOTAMs, aeronautical charts, and obstacle data publications.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q118: What does the abbreviation FIS stand for? ^t90q118
DE · FR
- A) Flight information system
- B) Flashing information service
- C) Flight information service
- D) Flashing information system
Answer
C)
Explanation
FIS stands for Flight Information Service, providing advice and information useful for safe and efficient flight conduct. It is a service, not a system — making option A incorrect.
- Options B and D contain "flashing," which has no relevance to this aviation service.
Q119: What does the abbreviation FIR stand for? ^t90q119
DE · FR
- A) Flow information radar
- B) Flight information region
- C) Flow integrity required
- D) Flight integrity receiver
Answer
B)
Explanation
FIR stands for Flight Information Region — a defined volume of airspace within which flight information service and alerting service are provided under ICAO standards. It is the fundamental building block of airspace management.
- Options A, C, and D are fabricated terms with no aviation meaning.
Key Terms
- FIR = Flight Information Region
- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q120: What does the abbreviation H24 stand for? ^t90q120
DE · FR
- A) Sunrise to sunset
- B) No specific opening times
- C) 24 h service
- D) Sunset to sunrise
Answer
C)
Explanation
H24 means continuous 24-hour service — the facility is operational at all times without interruption.
- Option A (sunrise to sunset) describes HJ.
- Option B (no specific hours) describes HX.
- Option D (sunset to sunrise) describes HN.
- H24 is used in AIPs and NOTAMs for permanently staffed facilities.
Q121: What does the abbreviation HX stand for? ^t90q121
DE · FR
- A) Sunset to sunrise
- B) 24 h service
- C) Sunrise to sunset
- D) No specific opening hours
Answer
D)
Explanation
HX is the ICAO abbreviation indicating no specific or predetermined operating hours — the facility may be available on request or intermittently. Pilots must check NOTAMs or contact the facility to confirm availability.
- Option A describes HN (sunset to sunrise).
- Option B describes H24 (continuous service).
- Option C describes HJ (sunrise to sunset).
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q122: How is the directional information 12 o'clock correctly transmitted? ^t90q122
DE · FR
- A) Twelve o'clock.
- B) One two o'clock
- C) One two.
- D) One two hundred.
Answer
A)
Explanation
Clock positions used for traffic advisories are spoken as the full natural number followed by "o'clock": "Twelve o'clock" means directly ahead.
Option B splits the number into individual digits, which could create confusion with other numerical data.
Option C omits "o'clock," making the reference ambiguous.
- Option D adds "hundred," which is meaningless in clock-position terminology.
Q123: What does the phrase Roger mean? ^t90q123
DE · FR
- A) I understand your message and will comply with it
- B) An error has been made in this transmission. The correct version is...
- C) Permission for proposed action is granted
- D) I have received all of your last transmission
Answer
D)
Explanation
"Roger" means solely "I have received all of your last transmission" — it is a receipt acknowledgement only, not a commitment to comply or a grant of permission.
Key Terms
ATC = Air Traffic Control
### Q124: What does the phrase Correction mean? ^t90q124
DE · FR
- A) Permission for proposed action is granted
- B) An error has been made in this transmission. The correct version is...
- C) I have received all of your last transmission
- D) I understand your message and will comply with it
Answer
B)
Explanation
"Correction" signals that the speaker has made an error in the current transmission, and the corrected information follows immediately. This prevents the listener from acting on incorrect data.
Q125: What does the phrase Approved mean? ^t90q125
DE · FR
- A) I have received all of your last transmission
- B) An error has been made in this transmission. The correct version is...
- C) Permission for proposed action is granted
- D) I understand your message and will comply with it
Answer
C)
Explanation
"Approved" means ATC has granted permission for the specific action the pilot proposed or requested.
Key Terms
- ATC = Air Traffic Control
- ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q126: What phrase does a pilot use when a transmission requires a "yes" answer? ^t90q126
DE · FR
- A) Yes
- B) Affirm
- C) Roger
- D) Affirmative
Answer
B)
Explanation
"Affirm" is the ICAO-standard civil aviation word for "yes.
Option A ("Yes") is plain language and not standard phraseology, potentially misheard on radio.
Option C ("Roger") means receipt acknowledged, not agreement.
- Option D ("Affirmative") is common in military usage but "Affirm" is the correct civil aviation standard per ICAO.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q127: What phrase does a pilot use when a transmission requires a "no" answer? ^t90q127
DE · FR
- A) Finish
- B) Not
- C) No
- D) Negative
Answer
D)
Explanation
"Negative" is the ICAO-standard phrase for "no" or "that is not correct," chosen for unambiguous clarity in radio communications.
- Option A ("Finish") has no defined meaning in this context.
- Option B ("Not") is incomplete and non-standard.
- Option C ("No") is plain language that could be misheard, especially in noisy radio conditions or across language barriers.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
### Q128: How should the instruction "DZF after lift-off climb straight ahead until 2500 feet before turning right heading 220 degrees, wind 090 degrees, 5 knots, runway 12, cleared for take-off" be correctly acknowledged? ^t90q128
DE · FR
- A) DZF after lift-off climb straight ahead 2500 feet, then turn right heading 220, 090 degrees, 5 knots
- B) DZF after lift-off climb straight ahead 2500 feet, then turn right heading 220, runway 12, cleared for take-off
- C) DZF after lift-off climb straight ahead 2500 feet, wilco, heading 220 degrees, 090 degrees, 5 knots, cleared for take-off
- D) DZF after lift-off climb straight ahead 2500 feet, then turn right heading 220, 090 degrees, 5 knots, cleared for take-off
Answer
B)
Explanation
The correct readback includes all safety-critical items: the departure instruction (climb straight ahead to 2500 ft, turn right heading 220), the runway designator (runway 12), and the take-off clearance. Wind information does not require readback and is correctly omitted.
- Option A omits the runway and clearance.
- Option C misuses "wilco" within a readback.
- Option D reads back the wind unnecessarily while including the clearance.
Q129: How should the instruction "Next report PAH" be correctly acknowledged? ^t90q129
DE · FR
- A) Positive
- B) Roger
- C) Wilco
- D) Report PAH
Answer
C)
Explanation
"Wilco" (will comply) is the correct acknowledgement for an instruction that requires future action — the pilot confirms both receipt and intention to report at waypoint PAH.
- Option A ("Positive") is not standard ICAO phraseology.
- Option B ("Roger") acknowledges receipt only, without confirming compliance.
- Option D ("Report PAH") is an incomplete acknowledgement without the compliance element.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization
Q130: How should the instruction "Squawk 4321, Call Bremen Radar on 131.325" be correctly acknowledged? ^t90q130
DE · FR
- A) Wilco
- B) Roger
- C) Squawk 4321, wilco
- D) Squawk 4321, 131.325
Answer
D)
Explanation
Both the transponder code and the new frequency are safety-critical items that must be read back to confirm correct receipt: "Squawk 4321, 131.325.
Q131: How should "You are now entering airspace Delta" be correctly acknowledged? ^t90q131
DE · FR
- A) Airspace Delta
- B) Wilco
- C) Roger
- D) Entering
Answer
C)
Explanation
"You are now entering airspace Delta" is informational — ATC is providing awareness, not issuing an instruction. The correct response is "Roger" (message received).
- Option A is a partial repetition without proper acknowledgement.
- Option B ("Wilco") implies an instruction to comply with, which does not exist here.
- Option D ("Entering") is incomplete and non-standard.
Key Terms
ATC = Air Traffic Control
Q132: What does "FEW" mean for cloud coverage in a METAR weather report? ^t90q132
DE · FR
- A) 3 to 4 eighths
- B) 8 eighths
- C) 5 to 7 eighths
- D) 1 to 2 eighths
Answer
D)
Explanation
FEW designates 1 to 2 oktas (eighths) of sky covered by cloud — the least amount of coverage in the METAR scale.
- Option A describes SCT (Scattered, 3-4 oktas).
- Option B describes OVC (Overcast, 8 oktas).
- Option C describes BKN (Broken, 5-7 oktas).
- These four designations (FEW, SCT, BKN, OVC) are the standard ICAO cloud coverage categories.
Key Terms
ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization; METAR = Aerodrome routine weather report
Q133: What does "SCT" mean for cloud coverage in a METAR weather report? ^t90q133
DE · FR
- A) 5 to 7 eighths
- B) 1 to 2 eighths
- C) 3 to 4 eighths
- D) 8 eighths
Answer
C)
Explanation
SCT (Scattered) represents 3 to 4 oktas (eighths) of sky coverage in a METAR report.
- Option A describes BKN (Broken, 5-7 oktas).
- Option B describes FEW (1-2 oktas).
- Option D describes OVC (Overcast, 8 oktas).
- Scattered cloud typically permits VFR flight, but pilots must verify that cloud bases meet the required vertical separation minima.
Key Terms
METAR = Aerodrome routine weather report; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
Q134: What does "BKN" mean for cloud coverage in a METAR weather report? ^t90q134
DE · FR
- A) 3 to 4 eighths
- B) 8 eighths
- C) 1 to 2 eighths
- D) 5 to 7 eighths
Answer
D)
Explanation
BKN (Broken) represents 5 to 7 oktas (eighths) of sky coverage — the sky is predominantly covered with some gaps visible.
- Option A describes SCT (Scattered, 3-4 oktas).
- Option B describes OVC (Overcast, 8 oktas).
- Option C describes FEW (1-2 oktas).
- A broken cloud layer, especially with low bases, can significantly restrict VFR operations and requires careful assessment.
Key Terms
METAR = Aerodrome routine weather report; VFR = Visual Flight Rules
