40 - Human Performance and Limitations

Q1: The "swiss cheese model" can be used to explain the... ^q1

A) State of readiness of a pilot.
B) Procedure for an emergency landing.
C) Optimal problem solution.
D) Error chain. Correct: D)

Q2: What is the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere at 6000 ft? ^q2

A) 78 %
B) 12 %
C) 21 %
D) 18.9 % Correct: C)

Q3: What is the percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere? ^q3

A) 21 %
B) 78 %
C) 0.1 %
D) 1 % Correct: B)

Q4: At which altitude is the atmospheric pressure approximately half the MSL value (1013 hPa)? ^q4

A) 18000 ft
B) 22000 ft
C) 10000 ft
D) 5000 ft Correct: A)

Q5: What does the term "Red-out" mean? ^q5

A) "Red vision" during negative g-loads
B) Falsified colour perception during sunrise and sunset
C) Anaemia caused by an injury
D) Rash during decompression sickness Correct: A)

Q6: Which of the following symptoms may indicate hypoxia? ^q6

A) Joint pain in knees and feet
B) Muscle cramps in the upper body area
C) Blue discolouration of lips and fingernails
D) Blue marks all over the body Correct: C)

Q7: From which altitude on does the body usually react to the decreasing atmospheric pressure? ^q7

A) 2000 feet
B) 10000 feet
C) 12000 feet
D) 7000 feet Correct: D)

Q8: What is the function of the red blood cells (erythrocytes)? ^q8

A) Blood coagulation
B) Blood sugar regulation
C) Oxygen transport
D) Immune defense Correct: C)

Q9: What is the function of the blood platelets (thrombocytes)? ^q9

A) Oxygen transport
B) Blood sugar regulation
C) Immune defense
D) Blood coagulation Correct: D)

Q10: What is an appropriate reaction when a passenger during cruise flight suddenly feels uncomfortable? ^q10

A) Avoid conversation and choose a higher airspeed
B) Adjust cabin temperature and prevent excessive bank
C) Switch on the heater blower and provide thermal blankets
D) Give additional oxygen and avoid low load factors Correct: B)

Q11: What is the correct term for the system which, among others, controls breathing, digestion, and heart frequency? ^q11

A) Critical nervous system
B) Autonomic nervous system
C) Automatical nervous system
D) Compliant nervous system Correct: B)

Q12: Which characteristic is important when choosing sunglasses used by pilots? ^q12

A) Curved sidepiece
B) Non-polarised
C) Unbreakable
D) No UV filter Correct: B)

Q13: The connection between middle ear and nose and throat region is called... ^q13

A) Inner ear.
B) Eardrum.
C) Cochlea.
D) Eustachian tube. Correct: D)

Q14: Wings level after a longer period of turning can lead to the impression of... ^q14

A) Starting a climb.
B) Steady turning in the same direction as before.
C) Turning into the opposite direction.
D) Starting a descent. Correct: C)

Q15: Which of the following options does NOT stimulate motion sickness (disorientation)? ^q15

A) Non-accelerated straight and level flight
B) Head movements during turns
C) Turbulence in level flight
D) Flying under the influence of alcohol Correct: A)

Q16: Which optical illusion might be caused by a runway with an upslope during the approach? ^q16

A) The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too low and therefore approaches the runway above the regular glide slope
B) The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too slow and speeds up above the normal approach speed
C) The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too fast and reduces the speed below the normal approach speed
D) The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too high and therefore descents below the regular glide slope Correct: D)

Q17: What impression may be caused when approaching a runway with an upslope? ^q17

A) An undershoot
B) A landing beside the centerline
C) An overshoot
D) A hard landing Correct: C)

Q18: Visual illusions are mostly caused by... ^q18

A) Binocular vision.
B) Colour blindness.
C) Rapid eye movements.
D) Misinterpretation of the brain. Correct: D)

Q19: The average decrease of blood alcohol level for an adult in one hour is approximately... ^q19

A) 0.01 percent.
B) 0.03 percent.
C) 0.1 percent.
D) 0.3 percent. Correct: A)

Q20: A risk factor for decompression sickness is... ^q20

A) Sports.
B) 100 % oxygen after decompression.
C) Scuba diving prior to flight.
D) Smoking. Correct: C)

Q21: Which statement is correct with regard to the short-term memory? ^q21

A) It can store 7 (±2) items for 10 to 20 seconds
B) It can store 5 (±2) items for 1 to 2 minutes
C) It can store 10 (±5) items for 30 to 60 seconds
D) It can store 3 (±1) items for 5 to 10 seconds Correct: A)

Q22: For what approximate time period can the short-time memory store information? ^q22

A) 3 to 7 seconds
B) 10 to 20 seconds
C) 35 to 50 seconds
D) 30 to 40 seconds Correct: B)

Q23: The ongoing process to monitor the current flight situation is called... ^q23

A) Situational thinking.
B) Situational awareness.
C) Anticipatory check procedure.
D) Constant flight check. Correct: B)

Q24: Under which circumstances is it more likely to accept higher risks? ^q24

A) Due to group-dynamic effects
B) If there is not enough information available
C) During check flights due to a high level of nervousness
D) During flight planning when excellent weather is forecast Correct: A)

Q25: Which dangerous attitudes are often combined? ^q25

A) Invulnerability and self-abandonment
B) Self-abandonment and macho
C) Macho and invulnerability
D) Impulsivity and carefulness Correct: C)

Q26: Complacency is a risk due to... ^q26

A) Increased cockpit automation.
B) The high error rate of technical systems.
C) The high number of mistakes normally made by humans.
D) Better training options for young pilots. Correct: A)

Q27: The ideal level of arousal is at which point in the diagram? See figure (HPL- 002) P = Performance A = Arousal / Stress Siehe Anlage 1 ^q27

A) Point B
B) Point C
C) Point D
D) Point A Correct: A)

Q28: Which of the following qualities are influenced by stress? 1. Attention 2. Concentration 3. Responsiveness 4. Memory ^q28

A) .1, 2, 3
B) .2, 4
C) 1
D) 1, 2, 3, 4 Correct: D)

Q29: Which answer is correct concerning stress? ^q29

A) Everybody reacts to stress in the same manner
B) Stress and its different symptoms are irrelevant for flight safety
C) Stress can occur if there seems to be no solution for a given problem
D) Training and experience have no influence on the occurence of stress Correct: C)

Q30: During flight you have to solve a problem, how to you proceed? ^q30

A) There is no time for solving problems during flight
B) Solve problem immediately, otherwise refer to the operationg handbook
C) Contact other pilot via radio for help, keep flying
D) Primarily fly the airplane and keep it stable, then attend to the problem and keep flying the airplane Correct: D)

Q31: The majority of aviation accidents are caused by... ^q31

A) Technical failure.
B) Meteorological influences.
C) Human failure.
D) Geographical influences. Correct: C)

Q32: Air consists of oxygen, nitrogen and other gases. What is the approximate percentage of other gases? ^q32

A) 21 %
B) 1 %
C) 78 %
D) 0.1 % Correct: B)

Q33: Carbon monoxide poisoning can be caused by... ^q33

A) Alcohol.
B) Unhealthy food.
C) Little sleep.
D) Smoking. Correct: D)

Q34: Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hyperventilaton? ^q34

A) Cyanose
B) Disturbance of consciousness
C) Spasm
D) Tingling Correct: A)

Q35: Which of the human senses is most influenced by hypoxia? ^q35

A) The oltfactory perception (smell)
B) The tactile perception (sense of touch)
C) The auditory perception (hearing)
D) The visual perception (vision) Correct: D)

Q36: What is the function of the white blood cells (leucocytes)? ^q36

A) Immune defense
B) Blood coagulation
C) Oxygen transport
D) Blood sugar regulation Correct: A)

Q37: Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for hypoxia? ^q37

A) Blood donation
B) Smoking
C) Menstruation
D) Diving Correct: D)

Q38: The occurence of a vertigo is most likely when moving the head... ^q38

A) During a turn.
B) During a straight horizontal flight.
C) During a climb.
D) During a descent. Correct: A)

Q39: Which answer states a risk factor for diabetes? ^q39

A) Sleep deficiency
B) Overweight
C) Smoking
D) Alcohol consumption Correct: B)

Q40: What is a latent error? ^q40

A) An error which only has consequences after landing
B) An error which has an immediate effect on the controls
C) An error which is made by the pilot actively and consciously
D) An error which remains undetected in the system for a long time Correct: D)

Q41: Regarding the communication model, how can the use of the same code during radio communication be ensured? ^q41

A) By the use of proper headsets
B) By a particular frequency allocation
C) By the use of radio phraseology
D) By using radios certified for aviation use only Correct: C)

Q42: Which factor can lead to human error? ^q42

A) Proper use of checklists
B) The bias to see what we expect to see
C) Double check of relevant actions
D) To be doubtful if something looks unclear or ambiguous Correct: B)

Q43: At which point in the diagram will a pilot find himself to be overstrained? See figure (HPL-002) P = Perfromance A = Arousal / Stress Siehe Anlage 1 ^q43

A) Point B
B) Point C
C) Point A
D) Point D Correct: D)

Q44: Which of the following is responsible for the blood coagulation? ^q44

A) Capillaries of the arteries
B) Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
C) Blood plates (thrombocytes)
D) White blood cells (leucocytes) Correct: C)

Q45: In which situation is it NOT possible to achieve a pressure compensation between the middle ear and the environment? ^q45

A) During a light and slow climb
B) Breathing takes place using the mouth only
C) All windows are completely closed
D) The eustachien tube is blocked Correct: D)

Q46: A Grey-out is the result of... ^q46

A) Hyperventilation.
B) Tiredness.
C) Hypoxia.
D) Positive g-forces. Correct: D)

Q47: What is the best combination of traits with respect to the individual attitude and behaviour for a pilot? ^q47

A) Introverted - stable
B) Introverted - unstable
C) Extroverted - stable
D) Extroverted - unstable Correct: C)

Q48: What ist the correct term for an involuntary and stereotypical reaction of an organism to the stimulation of a receptor? ^q48

A) Reduction
B) Coherence
C) Virulence
D) Reflex Correct: D)

Q49: What is the parallax error? ^q49

A) Wrong interpretation of instruments caused by the angle of vision
B) Misperception of speed during taxiing
C) Long-sightedness due to aging especially during night
D) A decoding error in communication between pilots Correct: A)

Q50: In what different ways can a risk be handled appropriately? ^q50

A) Avoid, ignore, palliate, reduce
B) Avoid, reduce, transfer, accept
C) Extrude, avoid, palliate, transfer
D) Ignore, accept, transfer, extrude Correct: B)

Q51: Which altitude marks the lower limit where the the body is unable to completely compensate the effects of the low atmospheric pressure? ^q51

A) 5000 feet
B) 22000 feet
C) 12000 feet
D) 7000 feet Correct: C)

Q52: What is an indication for a macho attitude? ^q52

A) Risky flight maneuvers to impress spectators on ground
B) Comprehensive risk assessment when faced with unfamiliar situations
C) Quick resignation in complex and critical situations
D) Careful walkaround procedure Correct: A)